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Lecture-2_Ecology-and-Biogeochemical-Cycles.ppt
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- 2. WHAT IS ECOLOGY? THESTUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AN ORGANISM AND ITS’ ENVIRONMENT IS CALLED ECOLOGY
- 3. WHAT DO YOUMEAN BY ENVIRONMENT? The environment is made up of two factors: • Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth • Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
- 4. 4 The Nonliving Environment •Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of an organism’s environment. • Examples include air currents, temperature, moisture, light, and soil. • Abiotic factors affect an organism’s life.
- 5. 5 The Living Environment •Biotic factors- all the living organisms that inhabit an environment. • All organisms depend on others directly or indirectly for food, shelter, reproduction, or protection.
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- 12. 12 What are theSimplest Levels? • Atom • Molecule • Organelle • Cell • Tissue • Organ • System
- 13. 13 Levels of Organization •Ecologists have organized the interactions an organism takes part in into different levels according to complexity.
- 14. 14 1st Level ofOrganization • Organism: An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops
- 15. Organism - anyunicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual. •The lowest level of organization
- 16. 16 2nd Level ofOrganization • Population: A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time.
- 17. POPULATION a groupof organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed Produce fertile offspring Compete with each other for resources (food, mates, shelter, etc.)
- 18. 18 3rd Level ofOrganization • Biological Community: All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time.
- 19. Community - severalinteracting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
- 20. 20 4th Level ofOrganization • Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic)
- 22. 22 5th Level ofOrganization • Biosphere: The portion of Earth that supports life.
- 23. 23 The Biosphere • Lifeis found in air, on land, and in fresh and salt water. • The BIOSPHERE is the portion of Earth that supports living things.
- 24. •The highest levelof organization
- 26. Habitat vs. Niche Niche- the role a species plays in a community; its total way of life Habitat- the place in which an organism lives out its life
- 27. Habitat vs. Niche Aniche is determined by the tolerance limitations of an organism, or a limiting factor. Limiting factor- any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence of organisms in a specific environment.
- 28. Examples of limitingfactors - •Amount of water •Amount of food •Temperature •Amount of space •Availability of mates Habitat vs. Niche
- 29. Feeding Relationships • Thereare 3 main types of feeding relationships 1. Producer - Consumer 2. Predator - Prey 3. Parasite - Host
- 30. Feeding Relationships Producer- all autotrophs(plants), they trap energy from the sun • Bottom of the food chain
- 31. Feeding Relationships Consumer- allheterotrophs: they ingest food containing the sun’s energy Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Decomposers
- 32. Feeding Relationships CONSUMERS 1. Primaryconsumers • Eat plants • Herbivores 2. Secondary, tertiary … consumers • Prey animals • Carnivores
- 33. Feeding Relationships Consumer-Carnivores-eat meat •Predators – Hunt prey animals for food.
- 34. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Carnivores-eat meat • Scavengers – Feed on carrion, dead animals
- 35. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Omnivores-eat both plants and animals
- 36. Feeding Relationships Consumer- Decomposers • Breakdownthe complex compounds of dead and decaying plants and animals into simpler molecules that can be absorbed
- 37. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosis- twospecies living together 3 Types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Parasitism 3. Mutualism
- 38. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one speciesbenefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. orchids on a tree Epiphytes: A plant, such as a tropical orchid or a bromeliad, that grows on another plant upon which it depends for mechanical support but not for nutrients. Also called xerophyte, air plant.
- 39. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalism- one speciesbenefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped Ex. polar bears and cyanobacteria
- 40. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- one speciesbenefits (parasite) and the other is harmed (host) • Parasite-Host relationship
- 41. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitism- parasite-host Ex.lampreys, leeches, fleas, ticks, tapeworm
- 42. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial to bothspecies Ex. cleaning birds and cleaner shrimp
- 43. Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism- beneficial toboth species Ex. lichen
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- 46. Trophic Levels • Eachlink in a food chain is known as a trophic level. • Trophic levels represent a feeding step in the transfer of energy and matter in an ecosystem.
- 47. Trophic Levels Biomass- theamount of organic matter comprising a group of organisms in a habitat. • As you move up a food chain, both available energy and biomass decrease. • Energy is transferred upwards but is diminished with each transfer.
- 48. Trophic Levels Producers- Autotrophs Primaryconsumers- Herbivores Secondary consumers- small carnivores Tertiary consumers- top carnivores E N E R G Y
- 51. Trophic Levels Food chain-simple model that shows how matter and energy move through an ecosystem
- 53. Trophic Levels Food web-shows all possible feeding relationships in a community at each trophic level • Represents a network of interconnected food chains video
- 54. Food chain Foodweb (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)
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- 60. Definition: Movement of chemical elementsin a circular pathway, from organisms to physical environment, back to organisms.
- 62. What Sustains Lifeon Earth? Solar energy, the cycling of matter, and gravity sustain the earth’s life.
- 63. Carbon Cycle Allliving things are made of carbon. Carbon is also a part of the ocean, air, and even rocks. In the atmosphere, carbon is attached to some oxygen in a gas called carbon dioxide.
- 64. Plants usecarbon dioxide and sunlight to make their own food and grow. The carbon becomes part of the plant. Plants that die and are buried may turn into fossil fuels made of carbon like coal and oil over millions of years.When humans burn fossil fuels, most of the carbon quickly enters the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
- 65. Carbon dioxideis a greenhouse gas and traps heat in the atmosphere. Without it and other greenhouse gases, Earth would be a frozen world. But humans have burned so much fuel that there is about 30% more carbon dioxide in the air today than there was about 150 years ago, and Earth is becoming a warmer place. In fact, ice cores show us that there is now more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere than there has been in the last 420,000 years.
- 66. Carbon cycle- •Photosynthesis andrespiration cycle carbon and oxygen through the environment.
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- 69. Water Cycle Thewater cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle or H2O cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere.The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff, and subsurface flow. In so doing, the water goes through different phases: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (vapor).
- 70. The watercycle involves the exchange of heat, which leads to temperature changes. For instance, when water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment.When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment.These heat exchanges influence climate. By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cycle purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports minerals to different parts of the globe. It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the Earth, through such processes as erosion and sedimentation. Finally, the water cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and ecosystems on Earth
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- 76. Nitrogen Cycle Continuousnatural cycle of biological, chemical, and geological processes by which nitrogen is circulated in the Earth's environment. Although the most plentiful element in atmosphere (78 percent by volume, compared to 21 percent of oxygen), nitrogen cannot be used directly by most living things unless it is converted ('fixed,' see nitrogen fixation) into nitrogen-compounds by microorganism such as the bacteria present in the root-nodules of legumes, blue-green algae, and by the action of lightning.
- 77. These compoundsare taken up by plants as nutrients from the soil and converted into plant proteins (amino acids). Plant proteins become animal proteins when eaten and metabolized by herbivorous animals, and when carnivorous animals eat the herbivorous.
- 78. These proteinsreturn to the soil through animal excrement and the decomposition of dead animals and plants, and are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia (gaseous compound of nitrogen and hydrogen) by a set of bacteria in the soil. A portion of this ammonia is converted into soil nitrogen (fixed nitrogen) by another set of bacteria and the balance is released into the atmosphere as free nitrogen(N2).
- 79. Nitrogen cycle- Atmospheric nitrogen(N2) makes up nearly 78%-80% of air. Organisms can not use it in that form. Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen into usable forms.
- 80. Nitrogen cycle- Only incertain bacteria and industrial technologies can fix nitrogen. Nitrogen fixation-convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonium (NH4 +) which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids. N2 NH4 +
- 81. Nitrogen cycle- Nitrogen-fixing bacteria: Some livein a symbiotic relationship with plants of the legume family (e.g., soybeans, clover, peanuts).
- 82. Nitrogen cycle- •Some nitrogen-fixingbacteria live free in the soil. •Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies.
- 84. Atmospheric nitrogen Lightning Nitrogen fixing bacteria Ammonium Nitrification bybacteria Nitrites Nitrates Denitrification by bacteria Plants Animals Decomposers Nitrogen Cycle
- 86. Phosphorous Cycle Thephosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on Earth.
- 87. Phosphorus isan essential nutrient for plants and animals in the form of ions PO43- and HPO42-. It is a part of DNA- molecules, of molecules that store energy (ATP and ADP) and of fats of cell membranes. Phosphorus is also a building block of certain parts of the human and animal body, such as the bones and teeth.
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- 91. Oxygen Cycle Theoxygen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that describes the movement of oxygen within its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere (air), the total content of biological matter within the biosphere (the global sum of all ecosystems), and the lithosphere (Earth's crust). Failures in the oxygen cycle within the hydrosphere (the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet) can result in the development of hypoxic zones.
- 92. The maindriving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmosphere and life as we know it .
- 95. Sulfur cycle Sulphuris one of the components that make up proteins and vitamins. Proteins consist of amino acids that contain sulphur atoms. Sulphur is important for the functioning of proteins and enzymes in plants, and in animals that depend upon plants for sulphur. Plants absorb sulphur when it is dissolved in water.Animals consume these plants, so that they take up enough sulphur to maintain their health. Read more:
- 97. Most ofthe earth's sulphur is tied up in rocks and salts or buried deep in the ocean in oceanic sediments. Sulphur can also be found in the atmosphere. It enters the atmosphere through both natural and human sources. Natural recourses can be for instance volcanic eruptions, bacterial processes, evaporation from water, or decaying organisms. When sulphur enters the atmosphere through human activity, this is mainly a consequence of industrial processes where sulphur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S) gases are emitted on a wide scale.
- 98. REPORTING 1. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES-WATERCYCLE 2. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES-CARBON CYCLE 3. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES-PHOSPHORUS CYCLE 4. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES-NITROGEN CYCLE 5. BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES-OXYGEN CYCLE 6. ECOSYSTEMS 7. POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT-WATER ENVIRONMENT 8. POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT-AIR ENVIRONMENT 9. POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT-SOLID ENVIRONMENT 10. TOXIC AND HAZARDOUSWASTETREATMENT 11. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 12. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13. ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE CERTIFICATE
- 99. PRELIM PERIOD PROJECT1 – RECYCLING –THEME: CHRISTMAS DECORATION-DEADLINE DEC 13 RESEARCHWORK- DIFFERENT LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION (individual) DESCRIBEAND GIVE EXAMPLE FOR EACH ORGANIZATION (LOCAL)-DEADLINE NOV 29 FOR REPORTING-HARDCOPYAND SOFTCOPY TO BE SUBMITTED 1WEEK BEFORETHE ACTUAL REPORTING