Lecture#2.pptx
- 1. Lecture # 2 Ms. Rabia Shaukat E-mail: [email protected] Functional English
- 2. Sentences Using capitals Punctuation Parts of speech Parts of a sentence Main Parts of Speech
- 3. Sentences When we talk or write in English, we use sentences to express ourselves. Sentences are important because if you do not clearly write sentences then, the meaning of the same cannot be understood clearly. A sentence is a group of words that communicates a complete thought (Example: Raju goes to school). A group of words, which does not make complete sense, is known as a phrase (Example: Raju goes). A sentence always begins with a capital letter, and it always ends with a question mark, full stop or exclamation mark. Read out aloud the examples given below. • Did you work on your project? • I completed it yesterday. • That is good! • a group of words that makes complete sense.
- 4. Using capitals • We know that all sentences begin with capital letters. Do you know at what other points in a sentence we should use capital letters? • It is easy to know what to capitalise if you remember the word ‘MINTS’. MINTS is a set of simple rules that help you capitalise words correctly. Each letter in the word MINTS refers to one capitalisation rule
- 5. Capitalization Rules Alphabet M I N T S What it shows: Months The letter Names Titles Starting letter of sentences Rule Capitalise the first letter in all the names of months. Capitalise the letter ‘I’ when it is used to begin a word. Capitalise the first letter in the names of people, places and days. Capitalise the first letter in the titles used before people’s name. Capitalise the first letter in every sentence. Example I will go to college in June. I play tennis with him every day. This Tuesday, Vidya will be in Rajasthan. Dr Shah and Mr Patel work together. The cat ran out of the house.
- 6. Punctuation It is a set of marks, such as the full stop and the comma, which help us separate parts of a sentence and explain its meaning. Like uppercase letters, punctuation is also a very important part of sentences and has some rules. Some common punctuation marks and their use have been given in next slide. the use of symbols such as full stops or periods, commas, or question marks to divide written words into sentences and clauses.
- 7. Punctuation Marks Punctuation name Sign Use Examples Full stop . Shows the end of a sentence. Also used to show short form of long words. For example, ‘doctor’ can be shortened to ‘Dr’ when we use it as a title before a name. This is a sentence. This is another sentence. Sanjay is a doctor. His patients call him Dr Sanjay. Comma , Sometimes, we use a comma to indicate a pause in the sentence. After the waiter gave me a menu, I ordered food. We can also use a comma to separate items when we are listing out more than two items in a row. I bought apples, oranges and grapes. Question mark ? We use a question mark at the end of a question. What is your name? How old are you? Exclamation mark ! We use an exclamation mark at the end of a word or a sentence to indicate a strong feeling, such as surprise, shock or anger. What a pleasant surprise! You are late! Apostrophe (’) We use an apostrophe followed by an s to show that something belongs to someone. That is Divya’s pen. Are these Abdul’s books? We also use an apostrophe to indicate the shortened form of some words in informal speech. Let’s go. (Instead of Let us go.) He isn’t here. (Instead of He is not here.)
- 8. Parts of speech There are Nine basic parts of speech in the English language. These are noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, articles, conjunction, preposition, and interjection. The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence
- 9. Parts of Speech A noun is a word for a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are often used with an article (the, a, an), but not always. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. A verb expresses action or being. An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. An interjection is a word used to express emotion. You should be able to use these parts of the speech in making sentences. • The different types of words we use in sentences are called parts of speech. Some examples are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs, as shown in next slide.
- 10. Main Parts of Speech Parts of Speech What they do Example sentences Example words Noun Nouns are words that refer to a person, place, thing or idea. These are ‘naming words.’ In the sentence, ‘Reema wrote a letter.’ Both Reema and letter are nouns. Dog Table India Sanjay Pronoun A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun In the second sentence, “Reema wrote a letter. She is tired.” ‘She’ is used in place of the noun Reema, it is a pronoun. I They He You Adjectives Adjectives are words that describe other words In the sentence “Reema wrote a long letter.” Long is an adjective that describes the noun ‘letter’. Small Blue Sharp Loud Verbs Verbs are words that show action In the sentence: “Reema wrote a letter.” Wrote is the verb. It tells what action Reema did. Run Eat Think Sit Adverbs Adverbs are words that add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They answer the questions — How? How often? When? And Where? In the sentence “Reema quickly wrote a letter.” Quickly is an adverb. It tells us how Reema did the action (writing). Easily Always Inside Before
- 11. Main Parts of Speech
- 12. Supporting parts of speech Supporting Parts of Speech Use Examples Articles The words ‘a’, ‘an’ and ‘the’ are known as articles. Articles are generally used before nouns. An is used before words with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) sound A is used before nouns with a consonant (all other alphabets) sound The is used to refer to specific or particular words The car stopped suddenly because a cat ran in front of it. A book An apple An umbrella The sun Conjunctions Conjunctions are words that join two nouns, phrases or sentences. Some common conjunctions are ‘and’, ‘or’ and ‘but’. Instead of, Sheela went to the market. I also went to the market. Sheela and I went to the market. Instead of, “Do you want oranges? Do you want apples?” “Do you want oranges or apples?” Prepositions Prepositions connect one word with another to show the relation between them. They usually answer the questions ‘where’, ‘when’ and ‘how’. Some common prepositions are ‘on’, ‘at’, ‘under’ and ‘in’. The cat is on the roof. The shop is at the end of the road. Rahul is standing under the tree. I live in Delhi. Interjections These words express strong emotions, such as happinessss surprise, anger or pain. They have an exclamation mark at the end Wow! Oh! Oh no! Thanks! Help!
- 13. Supporting parts of speech
- 14. Activity 1 Identifying parts of speech Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • Read aloud the paragraph given below. • “my house is near mr. Jhons shop i went to his shop on friday to buy vegetables i bought potatoes onions carrots and a cabbage Mr. Patel is a friendly man have you met him” • This paragraph contains examples of the parts of speech you learnt about in this lesson. • Identify as many of these parts of speech as you can and mark them. • Write the paragraph with proper punctuation and capitalization.
- 15. Activity 2 Constructing sentences Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • Form pairs of students. • List out five parts of speech that you learnt in the lesson. • Select one of them and create two simple sentences which use these parts of speech. • For example, if you have chosen adjectives, create two sentences that have adjectives.
- 16. Activity 3 Identify name, place, animal, thing Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • Number yourselves from 1 to 5. • Each member of a group has to say a word that is either a name, place, animal or thing; the fifth member has to do an action. • Each group gets 30 seconds to think what they are going to say and do.
- 17. Parts of a sentence Almost all English sentences have a subject and a verb. Some also have an object. A subject is the person or thing that does an action. A verb describes the action. Object is the person or thing that receives the action. ہے چیز یا شخص وہ موضوع ایک ہے۔ ہوتا بھی اعتراض کو کچھ ہے۔ ہوتا فعل ایک اور مضمون ایک میں جملوں انگریزی تمام ًاتقریب ہے کرتا حاصل عمل جو ہے چیز یا شخص وہ آبجیکٹ ہے۔ کرتا بیان کو عمل فعل ایک ہے۔ کرتا عمل کوئی جو
- 18. Parts of a sentence
- 19. Parts of a sentence Sentence Subject Verb Object I ate an apple. I ate an apple. He cooked dinner. He cooked dinner. She kicked the football. She kicked the football. Dia and Sanjay broke the bottle. Dia and Sanjay broke the bottle.
- 20. Types of objects • The object in a sentence can be either direct or indirect. Direct objects are the ones directly ‘acted on’ by the action word (verb). If the verb is ‘reads’ and we ask “What does Divya read?” The answer is ‘book’ which is the direct object. A direct object answers the question ‘what?’. • An indirect object answers questions, such as ‘to whom’ and ‘for whom’. For example, in the sentence “Abdul gave a gift to his mother.” The verb is ‘gave’. As you can see in Figure 1.9, there are two objects here — ‘gift’ and ‘mother’. • What did Abdul give? The gift. To whom did Abdul give the gift? To his mother. Here, ‘gift’ is the direct object and ‘his mother’ is the indirect object. Some sentences only have direct objects while some have both direct and indirect objects. •Simple present gets converted to simple past. •Present Continuous gets converted to past continuous. •Present Perfect gets converted to past perfect. •Present Perfect Continuous gets converted to Past Perfect Continuous. •Simple Past gets converted to Past Perfect
- 21. Direct and Indirect Objects Sentence Verb Verb + What? Verb + By whom/to whom? Direct object Indirec t object Sanjay bought vegetables. bought Vegetables vegetables Fatima and Sonia played Tennis. played Tennis tennis He offered me an orange. offered Orange me orange me The teacher gave us homework. gave Homework us homework us
- 22. Types of sentences Active and passive sentences The action (verb) in both the sentences is breaking of the glass. But the ‘subject’ of both sentences is different. In the first sentence, the subject (Sanjay) does the action. In the second sentence, the subject (the glass) receives the action.
- 23. Active and Passive Sentences • Sentences where the subject does an action are known to be in the Active voice. • Sentences in which the subject receives an action are known to be in the Passive • voice.
- 24. Types of sentences (according to their purpose)
- 25. Types of Sentences Statement or Declarative Sentence Question or Interrogative Sentence Emotion/Reaction or Exclamatory Sentence Order or Imperative Sentence This is the most common type of sentence. It provides information or states a fact. It always ends with a ‘full-stop’ (‘.’). This type of sentence asks a question. It always ends with a question mark (‘?’). An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong emotion, such as joy, sadness, fear or wonder. It always ends with an exclamation mark (‘!’). These sentences show an order, command, request, or advice. It can end with a full stop or an exclamation mark (‘.’ or ‘!’).
- 26. Types of Sentences (Examples) I go to school. I like eating vegetables. Did you go to school? Do you like eating vegetables? I came first in class! Go to college today. Go eat your vegetables. It is very cold. This room is unclean. How is the weather? Could you help clean this room? Oh, it’s so cold! Wear your sweater. Clean this room. I completed my project. I exercise everyday Did you complete your project? Do you exercise everyday? I completed my project! Complete your project. Go and exercise today.
- 27. Paragraphs • You have learnt about sentences. A group of sentences forms a paragraph. While writing a paragraph, make sure the sentences have a common idea. When you want to write about a different idea, make a new paragraph. For example, if you are writing about your school, the first paragraph can be of sentences about the name, location, size and other such details. In the next paragraph you can use sentences to describe what you like about your school.
- 28. (Example) I go to Government Higher Secondary School, Narowal. There are about 100 students and seven teachers in my school. My school is on the main road, very close to the City Railway Station and local hospital. I love going to school and learning new lessons. My school has a playground where I play cricket with my friends at the end of the day. There is a library too and I borrow one book every week. I love my school.
- 29. Activity 1 Making sentences Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • Form pairs of students. • First, write down three sentences that contain direct objects. Then, write down three other sentences that contain both direct and indirect objects. • Use different colours to mark the different parts of each sentence (Subject, Verb, Object). • One volunteer shows their list to the class, who correct if needed.
- 30. Activity 2 Active and passive voice Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • With the same pairs as above, write a paragraph on any topic. • The paragraph should have at least two sentences in active voice and two sentences in passive voice. • One volunteer reads out their paragraph to the class. • The class gives feedback, if correct.
- 31. Activity 3 Types of sentences Materials required Notebook, pen Procedure • With the same pairs as above, make a list of minimum eight sentences. These should have at least two sentences of each type—declarative, interrogative, exclamatory and imperative. • For each type of sentence, different volunteers read out their sentences to the class. The class gives feedback on the correctness of the sentences.
- 32. Thank you