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Left ventricular angiogram (1)
Left ventricular angiography is used to assess global and regional left ventricular function and anatomy. It involves inserting a catheter into the left ventricle and injecting contrast dye to visualize the ventricle on x-ray imaging. The procedure provides key information on mitral valve function, ventricular shape and wall motion abnormalities, and congenital defects like VSD. LV volumes and ejection fraction are calculated from the images to quantify function. Regional wall motion is graded and correlated to coronary artery territories. Characteristic appearances are seen in conditions like cardiomyopathy, mitral regurgitation, and septal defects. Potential complications include arrhythmias and endocardial injury.
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Overview of LV angiogram's history and initial procedures from 1929 to 1950s.
Defines LV anatomy and function, highlights conditions like mitral regurgitation and congenital heart disease.
Details various catheter types and power injectors for LV angiography, emphasizing advantages and drawbacks.
Step-by-step LV injection techniques, contrast usage, and imaging parameters for successful angiography.Describes acquisition methods including frame rates and angles for optimal LV imaging.
Specific angiographic views necessary to assess various conditions affecting the left ventricle.
Schematic representation and typical frames captured during normal left ventriculogram.
Methods to evaluate LV function including ejection fraction, chamber volume, and wall stress.
Assessments to determine both global LV dysfunction and specific regional wall motion abnormalities.
Angiographic criteria and quantification techniques for diagnosing severity of mitral regurgitation.
Characteristics and assessment techniques for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, taku tsubo, and ventricular septal defect.
Lists potential complications associated with the procedure like arrhythmias, embolism, and contrast media issues.
Identifying important patterns and anomalies in angiographic images essential for interpretation.
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Left ventricular angiogram (1)
- 1. LEFT VENTRICULAR ANGIOGRAM SHYAMSASIDHARAN
- 2. TARGETS INTRODUCTION INDICATIONS EQUIPMENT PROCEDURE COMPLICATIONS NORMAL LV ANGIOGRAM CALCULATION OF LV FUNCTION MITRAL REGURGITATION VSD SPOTTERS
- 3. INTRODUCTION In 1929Werner Forssman, inserted a urologic catheter into his right atrium from a left antecubital vein cut down he had performed on himself using a mirror. Retrograde left heart catheterization was first done by Zimmerman,Limon Lason & Bouchard in 1950’s (Nobel prize in 1956). Used to be the only method available for assessing LV segmental dysfunction.
- 4. INDICATIONS Define theanatomy and function of left ventricle. Global and segmental LV function-qualitative and quantitative Mitral valvular regurgitation Congenital heart disease –VSD Cardiomyopathy LV non compaction.
- 5. EQUIPMENT 1.INJECTION CATHETERS -largeamount of contrast in short period of time. -6F/7F/8F catheter with multiple side holes. -angled(145-155) pigtail catheters -straight tip ventriculographic catheters- sones catheter, NIH,eppendorf catheters,Lehmann catheter. -Balloon tip ventriculographic catheters- Berman
- 6. Equipment.. 2.Power injectors –flow injectors (Medrad) - volume and rate of delivery can be selected - maximal pressure limit of 1000psi - can be synchronised with R wave - hand injection should be avoided.
- 7. EQUIPMENT… 3.Biplane ventriculography betterthan single plane ventriculography. -more information at no additional risk. -single injection of contrast. Disadvantages- higher cost additional time Reduced quality of cineangiographic images
- 8. PROCEDURE Approach toLV– Retro aortic ,injection directly into the ventricles Anterograde/trans septal approach Apical left ventricular puncture Optimal catheter position –midcavitary adequate delivery to body and apex will not interfere with MV function less endocardial staining and ventricular ectopy
- 9. PROCEDURE.. Cine leftventriculography with contrast vol – 30-36ml rate – 10-12ml/sec(pig tail) - 7-10 ml/sec(sones) Older imaging systems required image acquisition at deep inspiration. Newer imaging systems permits imaging during normal quite breathing.
- 10. FILMING PROJECTION ANDTECHNIQUE Cine left ventriculography – 15-30 frames/sec Typically 30 deg RAO and 60 deg LAO views are obtained 30 deg RAO eliminates overlap of LV and the vertebral column anterior apical inferior segmental wall motion mitral valve profile ideal for assessment of MR
- 11. FILMING PROJECTION.. 60deg LAO - assess ventricular septal integrity and motion - lateral and posterior segmental function - aortic valvular anatomy -15-30 deg cranial angulation for profiling entire IVS
- 12. VIEWS FOR SPECIFICCONDITIONS CONDITION VIEW LV FUNCTION 30 RAO/60 LAO MEMBRANOUS VSD 70 LAO 30 CRANIAL / RAO MUSCULAR VSD 4-C PROJECTION(45LAO-45CRANIAL) 70 LAO 30 CRANIAL / RAO AVSD 4-C PROJECTION(45LAO-45CRANIAL) 45RAO-45CRANIAL LVOTO 70 LAO 30 CRANIAL / RAO DORV 70 LAO 30 CRANIAL / RAO D-TGA 70 LAO 30 CRANIAL / RAO L-TGA RAO CRANIAL/LAO CRANIAL
- 13. NORMAL LV ANGIOGRAM-SCHEMATIC
- 14. NORMAL LV ANGIOGRAM RAODIASTOLIC FRAME RAO SYSTOLIC FRAME
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- 16. LV FUNCTION ASSESSMENT Cineventriculography was the first method introduced in the routine practice to determine the LVEF. The area-length technique is the most widely used method to quantify the left ventricular diastolic and systolic volumes.
- 17. LV FUNCTION ASSESSMENT MEASURE Ventricular dimension Area Wall thickness DERIVE Chamber volume Ejection Fraction LV mass LV wall stress
- 18. STEPS IN LVVOLUME CALCULATION 1.Tracing LV outline or silhoutte 2.Marking aortic valve border 3.Calculation of LV volume by computer based algorithms 4.Magnification correction 5.Applying Regression Equation
- 19. Angiographic stroke volume,SV= EDV – ESV Ejection fraction,EF = (EDV – ESV) / EDV LV wall thickness,h is measured at end diastole at LV free wall 2/3 distance from aortic valve to apex in RAO LV Mass = Vc+w - VC CALCULATION OF LV MASSCALCULATION OF LV EF
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- 22. REGIONAL LV DYSFUNCTION Regional wall motion can be graded qualitatively as normal, hypokinetic, akinetic, dyskinetic,or hyperkinetic. The analyses of the RAO and LAO projections as the following segments:
- 23. REGIONAL LV DYSFUNCTION… CORONARYARTERY SEGMENTS LAD Anterolateral Apical Septal Diagonal branches Anterolateral Ramus intermedius Anterolateral Superolateral Left circumflex (dominant RCA) Posterolateral Superolateral Dominant right coronary artery Posterobasal Diaphragmatic Inferolateral
- 24. MITRAL REGURGITATION Diagnosisand assessment of severity of MR DEGREE VENTRICULOGRAPHIC CRITERIA 1+ Faint opacification of the left atrium with clearing of contrast during each beat 2+ Opacification of the atrium that does not clear but is not as dense as the left ventricle 3+ Opacification of the atrium with the same density as the ventricle 4+ Immediate, dense opacification of the atrium with filling of the pulmonary veins
- 25. MR - REGURGITANTFRACTION Angiographic quantification of MR Total Stroke Volume (TSV = EDV – ESV) calculated from LVgram. Forward Stroke Volume(FSV) calculated by Fick method or indicator dilution technique. Regurgitant Stroke Volume (RSV) = TSV – FSV Regurgitant Fraction (RF) = RSV/TSV ANGIO GRADE DOPPLER RF(%) ANGIO RF(%) 1 28 +/- 9 <20 2 38 +/- 9 21 - 40 3 44 +/- 10 41 - 60 4 59 +/- 12 >60
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- 27. HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHIES InHCM, cavity obliteration is commonly seen together with small ventricular end- systolic volumes . Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve may result in severe degrees of mitral regurgitation. The ventriculogram in the apical variant typically appears with a “spade”- shaped contour.
- 28. TAKO TSUBO CARDIOMYOPATHY Diffuse akinesis of LV apex with preserved basal contractilty. Characteristically resemble the shape of a japanese octopus trap(tako-tsubo)
- 29. VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT A standard view in the evaluation of patients with ASDs or muscular VSDs is the hepatoclavicular view at 30◦ to 45◦ LAO and 30◦ to 45◦ cranial
- 30. COMPLICATIONS… Ventricular extrasystole– mechanical stimulation Ventricular tachycardia – mostly NSVT Intramyocardial injection/endocardial staining Myocardial perforation Left anterior fascicular block Transient complete heart block Embolism- air/thrombus Complications of contrast media
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- 40. SPOTTER 10 “STACK OFCOINS” APPEARANCE
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