LESSON 1-INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY historians archaelogy

Reading in the Philippine History

What occurs in your mind
when you hear the word
“history”?

Chapter 1
Introduction to
History:
Definitions, issues,
sources and
methodology

After undergoing this topic, learners are expected to:
 1. Understand the meaning of history as an academic
discipline and
 2. Identify the underlying philosophy and methodology
of the discipline;
 3. Apply the knowledge in historical methodology and
philosophy in assessing and analyzing existing
historical narratives;
 4. Examine critically the value of historical evidences
and sources; and
 5. Appreciate the importance of history in the social and
national life of the Philippines.

 This chapter introduces history as a discipline
and as a narrative. It presents the definition of
the history, which transcends the common
definition of history as the study of the past.
This chapter also discusses several issues in
history that consequently opens up for the
theoretical aspects of the discipline.
 History has always been known as the study of
the past. Students of general education often
dread the subject for its notoriety in requiring
them to memorize dates, places, names, and
events from distant eras.
Introduction

 History is derived from the Greek word
“historia” which means "knowledge acquired
through inquiry or investigation.
 Historia became known as the account of the
past of a person or of a group of people through
written documents and historical evidences.
 History deals with the study of past events.
 Aristotle- a Greek philosopher looked upon
history as the systematic accounting of a set of
natural phenomena, taking into consideration
the chronological arrangement of the account.
Definition and Subject Matter
What is History?

Chronological Account
 Example:
 1861
 On June 19th José Rizal is born to become the seventh child
born to his parents. Three days later Rizal was christened
with the name Jose Protasio Rizal-Mercado y Alonso-
Realonda.
 1870
 José begins school under the instruction of Justiniano
Aquin Cruz at just nine years of age.
 1871
 José continues his education under the instruction of Lucas
Padua.
 1872
 Rizal is examined by those in charge of college entrance to
St. Tomas University in Manila; he enters the school system
as a scholar

Historians- Primary responsible for the production of
historical knowledge through continuous research
and rethinking of history. An individuals who write
about history.
What are the historian responsibilities?
 Obtaining historical data from libraries, archives
and artifacts.
 Determining the authenticity of historical data.
 Determining the significance of historical data.
 Teaching or researching at universities.
 Translating historical documents into a suitable
language.
 Researching the historical development of
empires, countries, cities or tribes.

 Preserving artifacts and significant
documents in museums or libraries.
 Contributing to academic journals and
presenting at conferences.
 Studying history at the intersection of
society, culture and economics.
 Assisting and partaking in public exhibits.
 Obtaining extensive information on
historical figures for biographies.
 Interviewing subject experts to gain a
deeper understanding of historical events.

 History became an important
academic discipline. It became the
historian's duty to write about the
lives of important individuals like
monarchs, heroes, saints, and
nobilities. History was also focused
on writing about wars, revolutions,
and other important
breakthroughs.

Factual history- It talks about the
plain and basic information( what,
when, where and who)
Speculative history- It talks about
(why and how). It tries to
speculate on the cause and effect
of an event.
Theories on how to investigate
history

 What is history?
 Why study history?
 History for whom?
 How was a certain historical text written?
 Who wrote it?
 What was the context of its publication?
 Particular historical method was employed?
 What were the sources used?
Questions and Issues in History

Historical Method
-is the process of critically examining and
analyzing the records and survival of the past.
Historiography
- the imaginative reconstruction of the past from
the data derived by the process.
- is the history of history. History and
historiography should not be confused with each
other. The former's object of study is the past, the
events that happened in the past, and the causes
of such events.

Historical analysis is important
element of historical method,
historians should:
1. Select the subject to investigate.
2. Collect probable sources of
information on the subject.
3. Examine the sources
genuineness .
4. Extract credible “particulars”
from the sources.

 Historical Data- are sources from artifacts that have
been left by the past. These artifacts can either be
relics or “remain” and or the testimonies of
witnesses
 Relics or “remain”- whose existence offer
researchers a clue about the past. Example, a coin, a
ruin, a manuscript, a book, a portrait, a stamp, a piece
of wreckage, a strand of hair.
 Testimonies of witnesses- oral or written may have
been created to serve as records that describe an
event, such as the record of property exchange,
speeches, and commentaries.
Sources of Historical Data

Three ways to categorized written sources
1. Narrative or literary- are chronicles or tracts
presented in narrative form, written to impart
the message whose motives for their
composition vary widely.
For example: Scientific tract, newspaper, article,
ego document or personal narrative, novel or
film, biography, panegyric and hagiography.
Written Sources of History

 2. Diplomatic sources-
- document/record an existing a legal
situation or create a new one treated as
the purest, the best
-legal document usually sealed or
authenticated to provide evidence that
a legal transaction has been completed.
-possess specific formal properties such
as hand and print style, the ink, the
seal.

3. Social document
-Information pertaining to economic,
social, political, or judicial significance.
--records kept by bureaucracies.
-Examples: government reports, such as
municipal accounts, research findings,
and documents like parliamentary
procedures, civil registry records,
property registers, and record of
census.

 1. Material evidence- also known as
archeological evidence is one of the most
important unwritten evidences.
 Example: pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves,
churches, roads, and others that tell a story bout
the past. These artifacts can tell a great deal about
the ways of life of people in the past, and their
culture.
 2. Oral evidence- much are told by the tales or
sagas of an ancient peoples and the folk songs or
popular rituals, interviews is another major form
of oral evidence.
NON-WRITTEN SOURCES OF
HISTORY

1. Direct/Primary sources- are
original, first- hand account of an
event that are usually written
during or close to the event.
These sources are original and
factual, not interpretive. Their
key function is to provide facts.
Classification of historical sources

2. Indirect/Secondary sources
are those sources, which were
produced by an author who used
primary sources to produce the
material. In other words,
secondary sources are historical
sources, which studied a certain
historical subject.

External criticism is the
practice of verifying the
authenticity of evidence by
examining its physical
characteristics; ; consistency
with the historical
characteristic of the time when
it was produced, and the
materials used for the evidence.

Internal criticism, on the
other hand, is the
examination of the
truthfulness of the evidence.
It looks at the content of the
source and examines the
circumstance of its
production.

Prepared by:
JOYCE B. ENANO, LPT, MAT
RMMC-MI Instructor

Activity: Historical Birthday

LESSON 1-INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY historians archaelogy

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