lesson_1_Introduction_to_computers_pptx.pptx

Prof. Umme Ammara Tariq
Lecturer of Computer Science
1
CHAPTER 1:
Basics of Information Technology
Introduction to Computers

Paper Patteren Scheme
 MCQ’S (15)
 Short Questions (3 sections-> 8 out of 12)
 Long Questions (3 out of 5)
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Course Outline
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 Chapter 1: Identify the Basics of Information Technology.
 Chapter 2: Information Networks.
 Chapter 3: Data Communication.
 Chapter 4: Application and uses of computers.
 Chapter 5: Computer Architecture.
 Chapter 6: Security,Copyright an the Law.

Definition of a computer
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 By definition, a computer is an electronic device that inputs
data, processes data(converting it into information that is
useful to people) outputs and stores information.
 Computers are controlled by programmed instructions that
transform the data into meaningful information.
 Generally a Computer is a device that accepts input,
processes it, stores data, and produces output.

Information Processing Cycle
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 Steps followed to process data
 Input
 Processing
 Output
 Storage

Input and Output
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 Input devices accept data in a form that the
computer can use and then send it to processing
unit
 input devices such as keyboard,mouse,scanning
devices etc
 Output devices shows up the processd data.
 output devices such as display
screen,videos,printer.

Secondary Storage devices
 Which store data an program outside the
computer.
 Store data on temporary basis.
 Hard disk,floppy diskettes,CD’s.
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Parts of a Computer System
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 Computer hardware:
 A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the
parts you can see and touch.
 Machine is called Hardware
 Such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc.
 These are mechanical devices that make up the computer.

Input
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 Input: Information provided to the computer by a person,
the environment, or another computer.
Examples of Input
 words and symbols
 numbers
 pictures
 audio signals from a microphone
 signals from another computer
 temperature, speed, pressures, etc. from sensors

Processing
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 Processing - manipulation of data.
 Data are symbols that represent raw facts, objects, and ideas
about people, places, events, and things that are of importance
in an organization.
 A computer program or software is a series of instructions
that tell a computer how to carry out a processing task.
 Examples of Processing
 Arithmetic calculations
 Sorting a list
 Modifying pictures
 Drawing graphs

Output
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 Output - the result produced by a computer after processing
the data.
 Output device –displays, prints, or transmits the results after
processing.
 Examples of Output
 images on a monitor
 printed documents
 sounds
 signals to device controllers

Memory and Storage
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 Memory - the area of a computer that temporarily holds
data that is being processed or waiting to be processed,
stored, or output.
 Storage - The area where data can be left on a permanent
basis while it is not needed for processing.
 Examples of Storage
 magnetic disks
 CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory)
 magnetic tapes
 Flash disk
 Memory card
 Floppy disk

Personal and Home Uses of
Computers
 Computers allow people with
disabilities to do normal
activities.
 Shopping online
 Playing games with other people
 Work from home
 Entertainment such as listening
to music, watching videos etc.
 Enable communication through
the use of (electronic mails) e-
mails , chats etc.
Introduction to Computers 13

Business Uses of Computers
 Computers allow companies to
keep large amounts of
information at hand.
 Databases
 Makes ordering and tracking
resources quicker and easier.
 Allows people to have
meetings from different
locations.
 Helps in information
management which eases the
process of decision making .
 Computers allow people across
the world to communicate
easily.

Educational Uses of Computers
 The Internet allows access to
hundreds of online research
materials.
 Allows colleagues to
correspond quickly about
ongoing research.
 Eases the process of analysing
research data.

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 Computer systems have four parts
 Hardware
 Software
 Data
 User (people)

Computer Hardware Components
 Display Device (Monitor
or LCD screen)
 System Unit
 Floppy disk drive
 CD ROM drive
 Hard disk drive
 Keyboard
 Mouse
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Other hardware components
 DVD drive (Digital Versatile Disk)
 CD writer (Compact disk)
 Sound card and speakers
 Modem (Modulate and Demodulate)
 Printers.
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Peripherals
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 A peripheral device designates equipment that might be
added to a computer system to enhance its functionality.
 Examples:
 Printer
 Digital camera
 Scanner
 Joystick

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 Computer Software
 Is the set of instructions that makes the computer perform tasks.
 The software is a part of the computer you cannot touch but is
very important.
 The software is all the programming that makes the computer
run; controlling everything that the computer does.
 For any computer to function, it needs to have software installed
on it.

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 Data:
 Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate
and process into information that is useful to people.
 Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced
to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as
numbers.
 Users:
 People operating the computer.
 Tell the computer what to do.

Essential Computer Hardware
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 A computer’s hardware devices falls into one of the four
categories;
1. Processor
2. Memory
3. Input and Output
4. Storage

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 Processing Devices
 The procedure that transforms raw data into useful information
is called processing.
 The processor is like the brain of the computer.
 Organizes and carries out instructions from either the user or
software.
 Manipulate the data.
 Most computers have several processors.
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) refers to a computer’s processor.

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 Memory devices
 Memory is made up of one or more sets of chips that Store
data or program instructions either temporarily or
permanently. Memory is divided into two types:
a) Random Access Memory (RAM)
 RAM holds data and program instructions temporarily while the CPU
works with them.
 RAM is volatile, meaning it holds data only when the power is on.
When the power is off, RAM's contents are lost.
 The “random” in RAM implies that any portion of RAM can be
accessed at anytime. This helps make RAM very fast.
 More RAM results in a faster system.

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b) Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Permanent storage of programs.
 ROM is called non-volatile memory because it never loses its contents.
 Holds instructions that the computer needs to operate.
 Memory is measured in terms of:
 Kilobyte (KB) - 1,000 bytes
 Megabyte (MB) - 1,000,000 bytes
 Gigabyte (GB) - 1,000,000,000 bytes
 Terabyte (TB) - 1,000,000,000,000 bytes.

Position of RAM and ROM on the
MotherBoard
26

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 Input and Output Devices
 Input devices accept data and instructions from the user or
from another computer system.
 Output devices return processed data to the user or to another
computer system.
 Input devices include: keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera,
microphone etc.
 Output devices include: monitor, printer, stereo speakers,
headphones etc.
 Communications devices (such as modems and network
interface cards) perform both input and output, allowing
computers to share information.

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 Storage Devices
 The purpose of storage is to hold data permanently, even
when the computer is turned off.
 Storage devices hold data not currently being used by
the CPU.
 Data is commonly stored on a magnetic or optical disk.
 A disk drive is a device that reads data from and writes
data to a disk. Most new computers feature a floppy disk
drive, a hard disk drive, and an optical disk drive.
 The most common optical storage devices are CDROM
and DVD-ROM drives.

Computer Software
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 Software is a set of instructions that drive a computer to
perform specific tasks.
 These instructions tell the machine’s physical components
what to do.
 A set of instructions is often called a program.
 When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be
running or executing the program.
 The two most common types of programs are system
software and application software.

Computer Software
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1) System software: Is any program that controls the
computer’s hardware or that can be used to maintain the
computer in some way so that it runs more efficiently.
 System Software provides a platform for running
application software.
 There are three basic types of system software:
a) An operating system tells the computer how to use
its own components. All computers require an
operating system.
 The OS tells the computer how to interact with the
user and its own devices.
 Examples of operating systems include Windows,
Macintosh operating system and Linux.

Computer Software
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b) A network operating system allows computers to
communicate and share data across a network while
controlling network operations and overseeing the
network’s security. Example is Windows server 2003.
c) A utility is a program that makes the computer system
easier to use or performs highly specialized functions.
 Utilities are used to manage disks, troubleshoot
hardware problems, and perform other tasks that the
operating system itself may not be able to do. For
example a Symantec antivirus, Partition Magic etc.

Computer Software
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2) Application Software: Tells the computer how to
accomplish specific tasks, such as word processing or
drawing, for the user.
 Some of the major categories of these applications include:
 Word processing software for creating text-based documents
 Spreadsheets for creating numeric-based documents such as
budgets.
 Presentation programs for creating and presenting electronic
slide shows.
 Graphics programs for designing illustrations or
manipulating photographs, movies etc.
 Database management software for building and
manipulating large sets of data such as names, addresses etc.

Data and Information
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 Data are the words, numbers, symbols and graphics that
describe people, events, things, and ideas.
 Data becomes information when it is used as the basis for
initiating some action or for making a decision.
 Information are the words, numbers, and graphics used as
the basis for human actions and decisions.
 A set of data that has been given a name is called a file.
 A file that a user can open and use is called document.
 A folder is a place where groups of computer files and
other folders can be kept and organized.

Files
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 A file is a named collection of data, stored on a storage
medium such as a hard disk.
 There are two types of files
 Data files contains text, images, or other data that can be used
by a program.
 Executable files contains programs or instructions that tell the
computer how to perform a task.
 Filename extensions describe a file’s contents. For
example Executable files usually end in .exe, word files end
in .doc, adobe acrobat documents end in .pdf etc.

Extensions and Formats
 A filename might be followed by a filename extension that
further describes the file contents.
 Word files end in .doc
 Excel files end in .xls
 The file format is the arrangement of data in a file and the
coding scheme that is used to represent the data.
 The native file format is the format that is saved by the
application that created it.
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Assignment 1
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1. Discuss the history and evolution of computers.
(maximum. 3 pages).
2. Computers are used more extensively than ever for
tasks such as banking, investing, shopping and
communicating. Do you see this trend as having a
positive or a negative impact on our society and
economy? Give reasons to support your answer.
(maximum. 3 pages).

lesson_1_Introduction_to_computers_pptx.pptx

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