Lexical relation
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This document discusses various linguistic concepts including: 1) Binary terms that cannot be modified like "alive/dead" and terms that can be modified like "very old". 2) Synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, and other word relationships. 3) Active and passive voice and conversions between sentences. 4) Quantifiers like "all", "no", "some", and "many" and how vagueness is tolerated in language. 5) How general and specific terms are used and the direction of inference between them.
Lexical relation
- 1. Created by : Eva Rostiana Dewi & Ika Amalia
- 2. Binary on off alive dead open shut awake asleep Cannot be modified : Very much alive Quite dead Wide open Slightly dirty Non-binary Old Young Wide Narrow Can be modified : Very old Rather young Quite wide Extremely narrow
- 3. Synonyms (p) Jack is a seaman. (q) Jack is a sailor. Non-binary antonym (p) Luke is rich. (q) Luke is poor. Hyponym subordinate (P) Rover is a collie. (q) Rover is a dog. Binary antonym (p) The window is open. (q) The window is closed.
- 4. Converse pairs 20a The map is above the chalkboard. 20b The chalkboard is below the map. Converse Argument Predicate 22a Dad lent to me a little money. 22b I borrowed a little money from Dad. Converse Sentence Active sentence Passive sentence 23a Danny broke a window. A window was broken by Danny. 23b Simon climbed the wall The wall was climbed by Simon.
- 5. Quantifiers like all, no, some, many, few. The meanings of some, many (or much in uncountable noun phrases). Few (little in uncountable noun phrase) are vague, and the vagueness exists by tacit agreement of the language community.
- 6. First term as subject General - Specific Specific - General ( + ) ( - ) All dogs chase cats All collies chase cats All collies chase cats ~ All dogs chase cats No dogs chase cats No collies chase cats No collies chase cats ~ No dogs chase cats ( - ) ( + ) Some dogs chase cats ~ Some collies chase cats Some collies chase cats Some dogs chase cats ( - ) ( - ) Few dogs chase cats ~ Few collies chase cats Few collies chase cats ~ Few dogs chase cats Many dogs chase cats ~ Many collies chase cats Many collies chase cats ~ Many dogs chase cats
- 7. Second term as object General - Specific Specific - General ( - ) ( + ) All dogs chase cats ~ All dogs chase angoras All dogs chase angoras All dogs chase cats ( + ) ( - ) No dogs chase cats No dogs chase angoras No dogs chase angoras ~ No dogs chase cats ( - ) ( + ) Some dogs chase cats ~ Some dogs chase angoras Some dogs chase angoras Some dogs chase cats ( + ) ( - ) Few dogs chase cats Few dogs chase angoras Few dogs chase angoras ~ Few dogs chase cats ( - ) ( + ) Many dogs chase cats ~ Many dogs chase angoras Many dogs chase angoras Many dogs chase cats