LINSEED OIL AS BIODIESEL

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE
FUELLED WITH LINSEED (FLAX SEED) METHYL ESTER
AS RENEWABLE FUEL.
A Mini project report submitted to
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, KAKINADA
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
KOTAGIRI SAI TEJA 16761A0330
Under the Guidance of
Mr.S.RAMIREDDY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 230. Krishna Dt
ISO 9001:2008 Certified & Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade,
(Approved by AICTE , Affiliated to JNTUK, Kakinada)
APRIL-2019
1

LAKIREDDY BALI REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(AUTONOMOUS)
(Approved by AICTE , Affiliated to JNTU, Accredited by NBA and ISO
9001:2008 Certified)
L.B.Reddy Nagar, Mylavaram – 521 230. Krishna Dist
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICALENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that a mini project work entitled “EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL
ENGINE FUELLED WITH LINSEED (FLAX SEED) METHYL ESTER AS
RENEWABLE FUEL” that is being submitted for the partial fulfilment of B.Tech
degree in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to JNTUK, Kakinada, is a bonafide work
done by KOTAGIRI SAI TEJA, 16761A0330 during the academic year 2018-19 and it
has been found worthy of acceptance according to the requirement of the university.
Project Supervisor Head of the Department
Mr.S.RAMI REDDY S.PICHI REDDY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR PROFESSOR & HOD
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Behind every achievement lies an unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who activated it,
without whom it would ever have been in existence. To them we lay the words of gratitude
imprinted with us.
I am grateful to our project guide MR.S.RAMI REDDY, (Assistant Professor) Department
Of Mechanical for his guidance, inspiration and constructive suggestions that helped me
in the preparation of this mini project.
I am extremely thankful to Dr.S.PICHI REDDY, H.O.D, Department of mechanical, for the
freedom of thought and action we had enjoyed during the entire course of our project work,
we shall always cherish under the guidance of him.
I am extremely thankful to all non-teaching staff of our Mechanical Department., and my
parents who have supported me during the course of project work.
KOTAGIRI SAI TEJA
(16761A0330)
3

INDEX
S.No Contents Page No
1 Abstract 5
2 Introduction 6
3 Literature Review 7
4 Components 8-11
5 Working Principle 12
6 Experimental Investigation 13-14
7 Detailed Tabular column 15-18
8 Formulae 19-21
9 Graphs 22-24
10 Table of Calculations 25
11
Result
26
12 Advantages
&
Disadvantages
&
Conclusion
27
13
References
28
4

Abstract:
Alternative fuels for diesel engines have become increasingly important due to increased
environmental concerns, and also due to several socioeconomic aspects. In this context,
vegetable oils and animal fats represent a promising alternative to conventional diesel fuel.
linseed oil(flax seed) is one of the renewable alternative sources for diesel due to its better
properties. In this study biodiesel is preparing from flax seed oil by transesterification and
subsequently all the physical and chemical properties are to be evaluated. Later, different
biodiesel blends such as B10, B20 and B30 with diesel are to be prepared on volume basis.
Finally, experimental tests will be planned with diesel as well as different flax seed biodiesel
blends to conduct performance test to investigate the performance characteristics such as
brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency of the diesel
engine. Linseed oil, other wise known as flax seed oil or simply flax oil. Its scientific name is
Linum usitatissimum,. The yellowish drying oil is derived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant
through pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties such as Cold Pressed, alkali
refined, sun Bleached, sun thickened, and polymerized (stand oil) marketed as flaxseed oil.
Linseed oil is the most commonly used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as
the traditional protective coating for the raw willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated and
unprocessed, linseed oil is used as nutritional supplement. It is available in Asian countries.
KOTAGIRI SAI TEJA S.RAMIREDDY
STUDENT SIGNATURE GUIDE SIGNATURE
5

Introduction:
India is one of the fastest developing countries with a stable economic growth, which
multiplies the demand for transportation in many folds. Fuel consumption is directly
proportionate to this demand. India depends mainly on imported fuels due to lack of fossil
fuel reserves and it has a great impact on economy. India has to look for an alternative to
sustain the growth rate. Bio-diesel is a promising alternative for our Diesel needs. With vast
vegetation and land availability, certainly bio-diesel is a viable source of fuel for Indian
conditions. Recent studies and research have made it possible to extract bio-diesel at
economical costs and quantities. The blend of Biodiesel with fossil diesel has many benefits
like reduction in emissions, increase in efficiency of engine, higher Cetane rating, lower
engine wear, low fuel consumption, reduction in oil consumption etc. It can be seen that the
efficiency of the engine increases by the utilization of Bio-diesel. This will have a great
impact on Indian economy.
Diesel fuels have deep impact on the industrial economy of a
country. These are used in heavy trucks, city transport buses, locomotives, electrical
generators, farm equipments, underground mine equipments etc. The general morphology of
oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are explained. Combustion parameters such as
density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, cetane number and calorific value of all types of
chosen oils and their blends with diesel oil are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending
vegetable oil with diesel on viscosity is discussed. The general morphology of oil plants and
seeds and availability of oils are explained. Combustion parameters such as density,
viscosity, flash point, fire point, cetane number and calorific value of all types of chosen oils
and their blends with diesel oil are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending vegetable oil
with diesel on viscosity is discussed. Effect of heating on viscosity of oils and their blends
with diesel is studied in this chapter.
6

LITERATURE REVIEW:
The oils that are extensively studied include Sunflower, Soya bean, Peanut, Rapeseed, Rice
bran, Karanji etc.,[1,2]. One of the disadvantages of using these oils in diesel engines is
nozzle deposits, which drastically affects the engine performance and emissions. The refining
processes of vegetable oil gives better performance compared to crude vegetable oil[3,4,5,6].
Goering et al [7] studied the characteristic properties of eleven vegetable oils to determine
which oils would be best suited for use as an alternative fuel source. Of the eleven oils tested,
corn, rapeseed, sesame, cottonseed, and soyabean oils had the most favourable fuel
properties. There is an improvement in the engine performance when these modified
vegetable oils are used instead of base vegetable oils [8,9,11,12]. This improvement in
performance is attributed to good atomization of these modified fuels in the injector nozzle
and a significant reduction in the viscosity. The performance of the non-edible oils like Rice
bran oil [15] and cotton seed oil [14] was found satisfactory. The idea of using vegetable oils
as fuel for diesel engines is not a new one. Rudolph Diesel used peanut oil as fuel in his
engine at Paris Exposition of 1900.However, despite the technical feasibility, vegetable oil as
fuel could not get acceptance, as it was more expensive compared to petroleum fuels. Later
the various factors as stated earlier, created renewed interest of researchers in vegetable oil as
substitute fuel for diesel engines. The density and viscosities of the blends increased with the
increase of biodiesel concentration in the fuel blend. It also reduces the filter clogging and
ensures smooth flow of oil. Some of the researchers[10,13] conducted the experiments on
diesel engine using non-edible vegetable oils used as alternate fuels and found maximum
Brake thermal efficiency, BSFC and emissions like CO,HC also increased without any engine
modification. The 8 uses of biodiesel [16] in conventional diesel engines result in substantial
reduction in the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate. Neat
oil is converted into Methyl ester of oil (biodiesel) using trans-esterification process. Methyl
and ethyl ester of karnja oil can also be used as fuel in compression ignition engine without
any engine modification. Higher viscosity is responsible for various undesirable combustion
properties of Neat vegetable oils. Four well known techniques are proposed to reduce the
viscosity levels of vegetable oil namely dilution, Pyrolysis, Micro emulsion and Trans
esterification [18].
7

COMPONENTS:
Linseed or Flaxseed
Flaxseed, also known as Linseed, are the highest dietary source of plant lignans, containing
100 - 800 times than any other source. Due to their tiny size it is near impossible to chew
each individual seed and for this reason, ground linseed meal is the most.
Linseed oil
The yellowish drying oil is derived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through pressing and
extraction. It is available in varieties such as Cold Pressed, alkali refined, sun Bleached, sun
thickened, and polymerized (stand oil) marketed as flaxseed oil. Linseed oil is the most
commonly used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as the traditional
protective coating for the raw willow of a cricket bat.
8

Fourstroke Diesel Engine
Four-stroke cycle Diesel engine or Compression ignition engine or constant pressure cycle
engine is meant for heavy duty applications, like heavy motor vehicles, stationary power
plants, ships and big industrial units, train locomotive , tractor and bus application. In this the
air compressed in the engine cylinder and fuel is injects through injector.
Working of the four stroke Diesel engine
a)Suction Stroke-The inlet valve opens during this stroke and only air is sucked into the
engine cylinder. The exhaust valve remains closed. When the piston reaches Bottom Dead
Centre (BDC), the suction stroke is completed as shown in Fig. (1) and inlet valve also
closes.
b) Compression Stroke- The piston moves from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead
Centre (TDC) position. Both the valves remain closed. The air drawn during suction stroke is
compressed.
c) Expansion or Power or Working Stroke- Just before the piston completes its
compression stroke, the diesel injected gets ignited and the rapid explosion takes place. The
expansion of hot gases pushes the piston down to BDC position. Both the valve remains
closed and the useful work is obtained from the engine.
d) Exhaust Stroke- The piston moves from BDC to TDC, the exhaust valve opens and the
inlet valve remains closed. The piston pushes the exhaust gases out through the exhaust valve
to the atmosphere till it reaches the TDC position and the cycle is completed.
9

Blends
In this case study I am using B10,B20,B30 blends and experimenting on this blends.The
compositions of blends used are given below:
B10 BLEND :
50ML LINSEED OIL + 450ML DIESEL+METHYL ESTER=500ML
BIODIESEL
B20 BLEND:
100ML LINSEED OIL+400ML DIESEL+METHYL ESTER=500ML
BIODIESEL
B30 BLEND:
150ML LINSEED OIL+350ML DIESEL+METHYL ESTER=500ML
BIODIESEL
10

DIESEL
As we all known that diesel is a fuel used in automobiles and it plays a crucial role in all
working places.
11

Working and preparation
In this experiment first linseed oil is prepared from linseed and then methyl
ester is added to it and three types of blends B10,B20,B30 blends are
prepared.The prepared 500ml biodiesel is tested on four stroke twin cylinder
water cooled diesel engine and first test the B10 blend note the values at
different loads 0,25,50,75,100.Repeat the same process for different blends in
the engine.
First pour the biodiesel in engine and run it at different loads for
sometime and note the values for different blends and calculate the mechanical
effecincy,volumetric effecincy,brake specific fuel consumption,brake thermal
effecincy,thermal effecincy,mass flow rate,isothermal effecicy,calorific value
,max load on engine,brake power,friction power,indicated power,indicated
thermal effecincy,actual volume of air drawn,swept volume,brake specific fuel
consumption
12

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
B10 BLEND
S.NO LOAD(%) SPEED(RPM) TIME TAKEN FOR FUEL
CONSUMPTION(20CC)
MANOMETRIC READING
1 0 1500 164 4.3
2 25 1500 120 4.3
3 50 1500 94 4.3
4 75 1500 84 4.3
5 100 1500 80 4.3
B20 BLEND
S.NO LOAD(%) SPEED(RPM) TIME TAKEN FOR FUEL
CONSUMPTION(20CC)
MANOMETRIC READING
1 0 1500 165 4.3
2 25 1500 160 4.3
3 50 1500 96 4.3
4 75 1500 92 4.3
5 100 1500 82 4.3
13

B30 BLEND
S.N
O
LOAD(
%)
SPEED(RPM) TIME TAKEN FOR FUEL
CONSUMPTION(20CC)
MANOMETRIC READING
1 0 1500 166 4.3
2 25 1500 120 4.3
3 50 1500 94 4.3
4 75 1500 80 4.3
5 100 1500 73 4.3
14

DETAILED TABLULAR COLUMN
S.NO PURE DIESEL(
LOAD)
MECHANICAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE SPECIFIC
FUEL
CONSUMPTION
INDICATEDSPECIFICFUEL
CONSUMPTION
1 0 0 0 0 0.163
2 25 29.46 14.17 0.45 0.160
3 50 45.65 28.5 0.35 0.155
4 75 55.79 35.02 0.28 0.149
5 100 62.56 31.4 0.25 0.133

S.NO B10 BLEND MECHANICAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE SPECIFIC
FUEL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION
1 0 0 0 0 0.159
2 25 28.65 16.6 0.54 0.155
3 50 44.63 25.9 0.34 0.154
4 75 54.45 34.89 0.25 0.140
5 100 61.47 44.32 0.20 0.124

EFFECINCY
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE SPECIFIC
FUEL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION
1 0 0 0 0 0.155
2 25 27.8 22.5 0.40 0.146
3 50 43.57 26.59 0.33 0.136
4 75 53.3 38.19 0.23 0.129
5 100 60.46 45.42
17
0.19 0.119

EFFECINCY
BRAKE THERMAL
EFFECINCY
BRAKE SPECIFIC
FUEL
CONSUMPTION
CONSUMPTION
1 0 0 0 0 0.149
2 25 26.6 16.6 0.54 0.145
3 50 42.26 25.9 0.34 0.144
4 75 52.3 33.21 0.27 0.141
5 100 59.4 41.76 0.21 0.138
18

FORMULAE
1) Maximum load on the Engine, [ ( W-S ) max ]
Brake Power, BP = KW
T = ( W - S ) * Re * 9.81 N-m
( W - S ) max = Kg
Where,
N is Rated Speed of engine 1500 RPM
T is Torque acting on the brake wheel N-m
W is Weight on load carrier Kg
S is Spring Balance Reading Kg
Re is Effective radius at which the net load is acting = m
D is Outer diameter of the brake drum m
d is diameter of the rope m
BP is Brake Power 5 HP = 3.68 KW
2) Mass flow rate of fuel, [m f ]
m f = Kg/sec
Where,
x is Fuel consumption cc
t is Time for ‘x’ cc fuel consumption sec
s is Specific Gravity of Fuel
3) Brake Power,[ BP ]
Brake Power, BP = KW
T = ( W - S ) * Re * 9.81 N-m
4) Frictional Power, [ FP ] KW 19

FP can be obtained from Willan’s Line by drawing graph between mass flow rate of fuel as
ordinate and Brake Power as abscissa or from PI meter.
5) Indicated Power,[ IP ]
IP = ( BP + FP) KW
6) Mechanical Efficiency,[ η m ]
η m = ( BP / IP ) *100
7) Brake Thermal Efficiency, [ η BTE ]
η BTE = BP/Mf *Cv
Where,
BP is Brake Power KW
m f is Mass flow rate of fuel Kg/sec
Cv is Calorific value of fuel KJ/Kg
8) Indicated Thermal Efficiency, η ITE
η ITE = IP/Mf*Cv
Where,
IP is Indicated Power KW
m f is Mass flow rate of fuel Kg/sec
Cv is Calorific value of fuel KJ/Kg
9) Actual volume of air taken into the cylinder, [ V a ]
V a = C d A o√ ( 2g h a ) m3 /sec
Where,
C d is Coefficient of Discharge of Orifice
A o is Cross Sectional Area of Orifice = m2

d o is Diameter of Orifice m
h a is Head of air = m
h w is Head of Water m
ρ w is Density of water Kg/m3
ρ a is Density of air =
Pa is Atmospheric Pressure N / m2
R is Characteristic Gas Constant of Air J /Kg-K
T a is Atmospheric Temperature of Air K
10) Swept Volume of Cylinder, [ V s ]
V s = K *3.14*D*D*L*N/4* 60 m3/sec
K is No. of cylinders = 1
D is Bore of the cylinder m
L is Stroke of the cylinder m
n is No. of working strokes per minute
n = N for two – stroke engine
n = N / 2 for four –stroke engine
N is the speed of the engine RPM
12) Brake Specific fuel consumption, [BSFC]
BSFC = Mf*3600/BP Kg/KW-hr
Where,
mf is Mass flow rate of fuel Kg/sec
BP is Brake Power
13) Indicated Specific fuel consumption, [ISFC]
ISFC = Mf*3600/Cv Kg/KW-hr
Where,
mf is Mass flow rate of fuel Kg/sec ( 21 )

Graphs
LOAD VS MECHANICAL EFFECINCY
22

LOAD VS BRAKE THERMAL EFFECINCY
23

LOAD VS BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION
24

Result
For Pure diesel I got brake thermal effecincy about 31% at full load
conditions but at 75%load I got 35% due to fluctuations and at full
load mechanical effecicy is 62%,brake specific fuel consumption is
0.25,indicated specific fuel consumption is 0.133
For B10 BLEND brake thermal effecincy rate is increasing and
mechanical effeecincy is almost equal to pure diesel effecincy and
brake and indicated specific fuel consumption values are also almost
equal.
For B20 BLEND brake thermal effecincy rate is similar to B10 blend
and mechanical effecincy is about 60% .
For B30 BLEND brake thermal effecincy rate is similar to previous
blends and mechanical effecincy is about 60%.
By observing above values blends used here values are almost equal
but there occurs a small differences and hence biodiesel prepared by
linseed oil can be used as biodiesel in auomobiles.
26

Advantages
Less pollution
Bio degeradable and non toxic
Better fuel economy
Positive economic impact
Saves the diesel for future generations and more health benefits
Disadvantages
Not suitable for use in low temperatures
Clogging in engine
Fuel distribution
Regional Suitability
Food shortage
CONCLUSION
By conducting the perfomance test on diesel engine with different blends we
can conclude that biodiesel prepared by linseed oil can be used as fuel and in
other resources and major drawback in it is cost of linseed oil is high and
sometimes not suitable in low temperatures.
27

Reference
Journals: 1. “Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with castor oil”,
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.2, No.10 (Oct 2009), PP.25-31. 2.
“Performance evaluation of a low heat rejection C I Engine using vegetable oils”,
International Journal of Multi.displ.Research & Advcs in Engg. (IJMRAE), Vol.1, No. I,
November 2009, PP. 53-70. 3. “Performance and Emission characteristics of a Diesel engine
with Linseed Oil”, Technology Spectrum Journal (Accepted).
Conferences: International: 1. “Study of performance & Emission characteristics of a virgin
oil in a semi adiabatic engine”, International Conference on I.C. Engines (ICONICE)
Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP.130-135. 2. “Experimental study of Emission
characteristics of a Palm oil fuelled 5 hp Kirloskar Diesel Engine”, International Conference
on I.C. Engines (ICONICE) Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP. 192-196.
28

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