Linux Assignment 3

Linux Assignment 3
Date: 12 Oct 2013
Subject: Assignment 3
Chapter 7 page 251 Exercises 1,3,4,8
1. What does the shell ordinarily do while a command is executing? What should you do if you do
not want for a command to finish before running another command?
While the command is executing, the shell waits for the process to finish. Or sleeps
3. What is a PID number? Why are these numbers useful when you run processes in the
background? Which utility displays the PID numbers of the commands you are running?
PID process identification numbers. Each of these numbers identifies the command running in the
background. You can use the PS (process status) utility to display the PID numbers of running
commands.
4. Assume that the following files are in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When CDPATH is set and the working directory is not specified in CDPATH, cd searches the
working directory only after it searches the directories specified by CDPATH.
b. $ pwd
/home/zach/grants
$ CDPATH=$(pwd)
$ cd $HOME/biblios
After executing the preceding commands, Zach's working directory is
/home/zach/biblios. When you give cd an absolute pathname as an argument, cd does not use
CDPATH.
8. Enter the following command:
$ sleep 30 | cat /etc/services
Is there any output from sleep? Where does cat get its input from? What has to happen before the
shell displays a prompt?
There is no output from sleep (try giving the command sleep 30 by itself).
The /etc/services file provides input for cat (when cat has an argument, it does not check standard
input). The sleep command has to run to completion before the shell displays a prompt.
Chapter 9, p.357, Advanced Exercises 10,11
10. Write a shell script that outputs the name of the shell executing it.
There are many ways to solve this problem. The following solutions are all basically the same.

These scripts take advantage of the PPID shell variable, which holds the PID number of the shell
that is the parent of the process using the variable. They also use the fact that echo changes multiple
sequential SPACEs to a single SPACE. The cut utility interprets multiple sequential SPACEs as
multiple delimiters, so the script does not work properly without echo.
$ cat a
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Ip Delivery For Fpgas Using Applets And Jhdl
Paper Summary The paper, "IP Delivery for FPGAs Using Applets and JHDL", describes the use of
Java applets in order to provide IP (Intellectual Property) based FPGA delivery and evaluation. As
IP–based FPGA approach has significant advantages such as it improves the productivity/quality,
and reduce design time. FPGA IP uses Java applets that allow designers to create, evaluate, test and
obtain circuits, and that too has to be done within a web browser. Several other approaches have
been introduced, which are similar to JHDL. Those can be described as follows;  Web–CAD: It
uses client–server architecture and transfers the simulation events across the network  Java CAD:
This is similar to Web–CAD. It has applets which are described in Java and uses RMI (Remote
Method Invocation) over the internet for simulating and evaluating the circuits.  JBits: This tool
does not use the internet to deliver IP cores and delivers pre–placed IP core. It is easily incorporated
with online Java applets. In Java–based applets, here "JHDL" is used as a design environment. It is
developed at BYU used for creating high–performance FPGA. JHDL libraries provide the
components and wires that are used to create the instance. The programming language used here is
Java and for simulation and compilation, Java Virtual Machine (JVM) platform is needed. Variety of
design tools it supported, such as  Schematic Viewer, allows the designer to quickly view the
structure and hierarchy of a circuit. 

Development Of A Simulation Management System
Summary
The main contribution of the proposed research is the development of a Simulation Management
System. Simulation models are vital to modern scientific research. These models tend to be
extremely complex, often with many sources of uncertainties and numerous factors. To understand
the impact of these factors and their interactions, on the simulation model results, requires effective
design of experiments. DoE allows construction of well defined procedures for ordering experiment
outcomes and offers a framework that can be used to replicate and validate those outcomes. In this
study, we propose an approach that integrates concepts of model–driven engineering, intelligent
agent technology, and variability modeling to support the management of the lifecycle of a
simulation experiment. The Model–Driven Engineering (MDE) methodology provides a framework
and strategy to move from the platform–independent experiment domain space to the technical
space involving platform–specific executable simulation experiment scripts. Experiment design
modeling is introduced for configurable experiment synthesis and execution. Feature–oriented
variability modeling is used to design a family of experiments by allowing explicit specification of
variability in the configuration of experiments Adaptation is needed for continuous management of
stochastic simulation experiments. In simulation lifecycle management systems, adaptation is
proposed for dynamic experiment model updating.
Our

Operating System Structure Of A Single Large Executable...
OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE The operating system can be defined as a collection of
written procedures, linked together into a single large executable binary program. The most useful
and better approach is divide the task into small components /modules instead of having one
monolithic system so that the operating system can function properly and can be modified easily.
Input, output and functions should be clearly defined in each of the system modules as far as we can
finally come with large and complex system. Simple structure, layered structure, microkernel,
client–server systems and virtual machines are among different structures of operating system.
1.Simple Structure Well defined structures are very important in operating systems. Scope,
functionality and well designed modules are main factor to consider to make sure the system will
satisfy user needs and provides a good service to users.MS–DOS is a good example of Simple
structure because of its history which starts with small, simple and limited system that did not
consider about the number of users and possibility of become popular operating system that can be
able to accommodate as many users as possible.MS–DOS do not consider the matter of separation
between the interfaces and levels of functionality. As Silberschatz (2013) observation on weakness
and explain the nature of MS–DOS as simple structure " Application programs are able to access the
basic I/O routines to write directly to the display and disk

Nt1330 Unit 6 Research Paper
Operating Systems COEN–283 Fall 2016 Assignment 6 –Security Ques 1: What are the main
differences between capability lists and access lists? Ans:– – An access list is a list for each object
consisting of the domains with a nonempty set of access rights for that objects. – A capability list is
a list of objects and the operations allowed on those objects for each domain. This means each
process has been associated with a list of objects that may be accessed, along with an indication of
which operations are permitted on each. Ques 2: (a) Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of
implementing an access matrix using access lists that are associated with objects. Ans:– – The
strength of storing an access list with each object is the control ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Discuss these solutions. Ans :– – One form of hardware support that guarantees that a buffer
overflow attack does not take place is to prevent the execution of code that is located in the stack
segment of a process's address space. – We know that buffer–overflow attacks are performed by
overflowing the buffer on a stack frame and overwriting the return address of the function, thereby
jumping to another portion of the stack frame that contains malicious executable code that had been
placed there as a result of the buffer overflow. – By preventing the execution of code from the stack
segment, this problem is eliminated. – Approaches that use a better programming methodology are
typically built around the use of bounds–checking to guard against buffer overflows. – Buffer
overflows do not occur in languages like Java where every array access is guaranteed to be within
bounds through a software check. Such approaches require no hardware support but result in run–
time costs associated with performing

Operating System Structure Of A Single Large Executable...
OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE The operating system can be defined as a collection of
written procedures, linked together into a single large executable binary program. The most useful
and better approach is divide the task into small components /modules instead of having one
monolithic system so that the operating system can function properly and can be modified easily.
Input, output and functions should be clearly defined in each of the system modules as far as we can
finally come with large and complex system. Simple structure, layered structure, microkernel,
client–server systems and virtual machines are among different structures of operating system. 1
Simple Structure Well defined structures are very important in operating systems. Scope,
functionality and well designed modules are main factor to consider to make sure the system will
satisfy user needs and provides a good service to users.MS–DOS is a good example of Simple
structure because of its history which starts with small, simple and limited system that did not
consider about the number of users and possibility of become popular operating system that can be
able to accommodate as many users as possible.MS–DOS do not consider the matter of separation
between the interfaces and levels of functionality. As Silberschatz (2013)," stated that an application
programs are able to access the basic I/O routines to write directly to the display and disk drives.
Such freedom leaves MS–DOS vulnerable to errant (or malicious)

A New Family Of Apple Os X And Ios Malware
WIRELURKER
Yedavalli Anantha Nag 30131626
ABSTRACT:
A new family of apple os x and ios malware was detected by palo alto networks , named wireluker .
It heralds a new era in malware across Apple's desktop and mobile platforms . It is the second
detected malware family that attacks iOS devices through OS X via USB and can infect installed
iOS applications similar to a traditional virus. This malware install's third–party applications on
non–jailbroken iOS devices through enterprise provisioning. WireLurker was generally used to
trojanize 467 OS X applications on the Maiyadi App Store, which was a third–party Mac application
in China. In the past six months, 469 infected applications were downloaded over 356,106 times and
have impacted thousands of devices.
WireLurker attacks any iOS device connected to USB with an infected OS X computer and installs
maiyadi applications or automatically generated malicious applications onto the device. WireLurker
exhibits anti–reversing with the help of multiple component versions, customized encryption, code
obfuscation, hiding files and complex code structure.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction......................................................................... 4
2. Behaviour of Wireluker...................................................... 4–5
3. versions of wireluker ..........................................................6
4. Analysis of os x malware................................................... 6
5. Ananlysis of ios

Designing A Windows Registry Autorun
MSC.BAT was used to initialize the persistent installation of the other two binaries,
NTLHAFD.GCP and NTSVCHOST.EXE, and cleanup the installation. A Windows registry Autorun
key was set to provide persistence. NTLHAFD.GCP was the backdoor and was encrypted with RC4
stream cipher and compressed using the Zlib library (GReAT, 2013a). Before executing the
decryption and memory load routines, the loader, NTSVCHOST.EXE, first attempted to connect to
legitimate Microsoft domains (update.microsoft.com, www.microsoft.com, and
support.microsoft.com) to determine if the victim computer was able to route to the internet. If the
infected computer was not online, the loader would not decrypt the backdoor, NTLHAFD.GCP.
When online, the loader would execute the decryption and memory load routines, and the backdoor
would communicate periodically with the designated Command–and–Control server. From an
antivirus perspective, the backdoor that was on disk was encrypted, and the more nefarious code
was only in its unencrypted form while in memory. In order to reverse engineer the malware, it
required either connecting to the internet or tricking the malware into believing it was on the
internet.
Red October's Second Stage – Command–and–Control and Loaded Modules After successfully
establishing a connection to one of the three hardcoded Command–and–Control servers built into
every installation of Red October, the backdoor was capable of loading additional modules. Some of
these

Nt1310 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Taskeng
Taskeng.exe Uninstallation Instruction: Easy Way To Remove Trojan Information About
Taskeng.exe The Taskeng.exe extension on a filename point out an executable file. Executable files
may, in few cases is dangerous for the computer. It is also very similar to the authorized Windows
Task Scheduler Engine – a Windows program to set a task to run automatically at specified moments
or times. Taskeng.exe Trojan is chargeable for permission obtaining on windows, the possible
downloading other malware on the computer and disable PC protection features. It may reduce
higher CPU percentage than the usual. The Taskeng.exe error has been correlated with numerous
errors on computers, including an error associated with a browser hijacker, known as ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original taskeng.exe file is a safe Microsoft Windows system process, called "Task Scheduler
Engine". But, the user are recommended to detect Taskeng.exe by identifying same file name.
How To Recognize Suspicious Variants?
If taskeng.exe is situated in a subfolder of the user's profile folder, the security rating is 71%
dangerous. There is no description of the program. Taskeng.exe is not a Windows system file. The
program is not visible. Taskeng.exe is able to monitor applications and manipulate other programs.
If taskeng.exe is situated in a subfolder of C:Windows, the security rating is 38% critical. The file
size is 464,384 bytes (60% of all occurrences) or 1,859,584 bytes. The program is not visible.
Taskeng.exe is a Microsoft signed file. The taskeng.exe file is not a Windows system file.
Taskeng.exe is able to record keyboard and mouse inputs.
If taskeng.exe is situated in a subfolder of "C:Program Files", the security rating is 62% dangerous.
Size of file is 705,922 bytes (33% of all occurrences), 532,480 bytes or 55,296 bytes.
The users are recommended to scan the computer with an anti–malware program in case the user
detect any out of the ordinary activities of the

Pros And Cons Of Antimalware Service Executable
Antimalware Service Executable If your PC is going slow or hanged because of disk usage and your
task manager is 100% full, then who's responsible for that?? It's "Antimalware Service Executable"
Now let's see what is this? Antimalware Service Executable is basically a built–in software by
Windows Defender Program. Windows defender helps our windows to be protected against spam
etc. Whenever your network is connected this software becomes active. It keeps scanning viruses,
Trojans etc. It is helpful in protecting such threads. It is responsible for detecting any potentially
harmful software that is downloaded from the Internet or copied from a USB–type unit. Why It
Takes High Computer Usage? Whenever we download new files or any software it keeps scanning
everything to check whether it is malicious or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But mostly people want operating system faster, wait less to perform tasks such as opening
programs or download files immediately, but security has a cost and you have to sacrifice a little
patience and let your system perform. But for impatient people, who need to work so fast and can't
work in slow system which denies execution need to disable it. Msmpeng.exe Antimalware Service
Executable In this system "MsMpEng.exe" file causes high CPU usage. MsMpEng.exe is an
executable file (a program) for Windows. The .exe extension file name is an abbreviation of
executable (executable). Executable files can change settings on your computer. It makes your
system slow. It scans all of your files repeatedly and thus your system get slow and sometimes don't
response anything. As we know that it provides protection and take action immediately when it finds
any spyware but impatient people want to fix it. So for them here we are presenting methods to
solve the problem of "Antimalware Service Executable" Methods of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Behavior Driven Development
White–paper Behavior driven development Change leads to ultimate pinnacle of success NAME:
Vinodh Sudhakar EMP–ID: 5015331 PROJECT: JAPA – AR INTRODUCTION: Nowadays in this
competitive and challenging business environment providing the solution for the complex business
needs is increasing day by day. The timeframe to deliver the solution to the client /user is stipulated.
Most of the project fail to deliver the solution, either the project were delivered late or exceeds the
set budget. The failure rates also rely upon the methodologies followed to develop a project. Hence,
the solution providers are changing the methodologies of developing software which can cope–up
with changing business needs and market demand to provide highly valuable, more ... Show more
Disadvantages of Agile model:  Lack of designing and documentation.  Difficult for the new
programmers to cope–up with agile programming BDD: Behavior Driven Development is all about
providing the solution from the point of View of stakeholders. The BDD almost rotates on the
concept of story which depicts an automatically executable increment of business needs. The story is
a collection of scenarios and each scenario determine the behavior of the system. The scenario is a
collection of executable steps. Framework:  Business and technical team should refer the same
system in a same way  The system should have proper and identified business value  Up–front
analysis, planning, design all have diminishing return. BDD LIFE–CYCLE: Business goal: The
right product to be build Features: Build only features that contribute business goals Examples:
Features should illustrate with proper scenarios Executable specification: It helps in guiding
development and testing. Living documentation: Help tester, developer and users what need to be
built. Real–Time Progress Reports: Illustrates how much completed and how much remaining need
to be completed. Business

Windows Vista and Group Policy Essay
Lab 10
CONFIGURING APPLICATIONS
|EXERCISE 10.1 |INSTALLING REMOTE SERVER ADMINISTRATION TOOLS |
|OVERVIEW |Before you can configure AD DS Group Policy settings from your Windows 7
workstation, you must |
| |install and enable the Remote Server Administration Tools, which includes the Group Policy
Management|
| |console. |
|Completion time |10 minutes |
15. Take a screen shot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
|
|Completion time |10 minutes |
|Question 2 |Why would you want to enable the Use policy accelerators policy in this case, rather
than the|
| |Turn off accelerators policy? Users can only access Accelaerators that are deployed through |
| |Group Policy. |
|Question 3 |Why is it necessary to disable the Turn on Internet Explorer Standards Mode for Local |
| |Intranet policy? Because Internet Explorer will use an Internet Explorer 7 user agent string |
| |for local intranet content if you don't configure this policy setting. |
|Question 4 |Why, in this case, is it necessary to enable both the Prevent Deleting Web sites that the |
| |User has Visited policy and the Turn off InPrivate Browsing policy? So users can't delete |
| |their browsing history, and so they can't browse in private. |
|Question 5 |Why isn't it necessary to enable the Turn off InPrivate Filtering as well? We disabled in
|

Assignment : Questions And Answers On The Computer System
plain the following unexpected result: $ whereis date tell you where is the executable file date is
located. date: /bin/date ...$ echo $PATH this command tell you what is the content in path
environment .:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin this command gives the list of directories are shared by
the shell when the command is given. $ cat > dateecho "This is my own version of date." this will
this message into file named date.$ ./date this is not executable.Tue May 21 11:45:49 PDT 2013 2.
What are two ways you can execute a shell script when you do not have execute permission for the
file containing the script? Can you execute a shell script if you do not have read permission for the
file containing the script? 1– In bash you can use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This script helps you keep track of phone conversations and meetings. $ cat journal# journal: add
journal entries to the file# $HOME/journal–filefile=$HOME/journal–filedate >> $fileecho –n
"Enter name of person or group: "read nameecho "$name" >> $fileecho >> $filecat >> $fileecho
"––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––" >>$fileecho >> $file a. What do
you have to do to the script to be able to execute it? We need to use $ chmod +x journal b. Why does
the script use the read builtin the first time it accepts input from the terminal and the cat utility the
second time? Because its read the name from stdin, cats instead of stdout. 6. Assume the
/home/zach/grants/biblios and /home/zach/biblios directories exist. Specify Zach's working directory
after he executes each sequence of commands. Explain what happens in each case. a. $
pwd/home/zach/grants$ CDPATH=$(pwd)$ cd$ cd biblios after the executing the preceding
command. Zach's working directory is /home/zach/grants/biblios. b. $ pwd/home/zach/grants$
CDPATH=$(pwd)$ cd $HOME/biblios After cdPath was set and the working directory specified in
CdPath. Cd is searches working directory just in one case which is after it search the directories
specified by cdpath. 7. Name two ways you can identify the PID number of the login shell. Ps ,
echo$$ 8. Enter the following command: $ sleep 30 | cat /etc/services Is there any output from
sleep? Where does cat get its input from? What

A Strong Object Recognition Using Lbp, Ltp And Rlbp
A Robust Object Recognition using LBP, LTP and RLBP
Nithya.K1, Karthi Prem.S2 and Udhayachandrika.A3 1Department of IT, Vivekanandha College of
Engineering for Women, nithuthaara91 @gmailcom 2Department of IT, Vivekanandha College of
Engineering for Women, karthiprem @gmail.com
3Department of IT, Vivekanandha College of Engineering for Women, udhayaa11 @gmail.com
Abstract– In this paper two set of edge–texture features is proposed such as Discriminative Robust
Local Binary Pattern (DRLBP) and Discriminative Robust Local Ternary Pattern (DRLTP) for
object recognition. The proposed DLBP and DRLTP are derived from the drawback of the Local
Binary Pattern (LBP), Local Ternary Pattern (LTP) and Robust LBP (RLBP).The LBP code and the
RLBP code are mapped in the same block .The proposed feature solves the problem of
discrimination between a bright object against dark background and vice–versa. The proposed
feature retains contrast information for representation of object contours the LBP, LTP and RLBP
discards. By this proposed features the objects in the image can be further analyzed for the exact
location of the object in the given image.
Keywords– Object recognition, Local Binary pattern, Local Ternary Pattern, Texture, features
extraction.
I. INTRODUCTION
The two part of the object recognition are category recognition and detection. The goal of the
category recognition is to classify object in to one of several predefined categories. The main aim of
the

Analysis Of Drive By Download Attack Vector
Drive–by Download Attack Vector
For the drive–by download attack vector, we create a system called the security Posture, Integration,
and Correlation Engine (SPICE). SPICE takes a feed of real time junk mail, sends a vulnerable
virtual machine to each link within the e–mail, sends a vulnerable virtual machine to every link
within the e mail, detects an infection on the virtual system, and logs all the information involved
across layers into a database associated with that attack. inside mins of being logged to the database,
SPICE immediately begins testing the new attack data against security controls from numerous
layers together with a junk mail filter, network intrusion detection system, domain reputation
systems, and antivirus. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
alas, at the same time as this sort of feed guarantees that the emails are spam, the distribution of junk
mail is skewed. Of the emails that even had hyperlinks, the clean majority factor to pharmaceutical
spam with most effective a fraction of a percentage serving active malicious content, handfuls in
line with day from unique websites. We ignore email attachments and awareness solely on the
power–by way of down load assault vector for this test. We filter out links traveling most effective
one from every domain for any twelve–hour period to lessen the weight on the VM clusters touring
each hyperlink. To visit the URLs in emails, we use four clusters of virtual machines (VM), with 40
in every cluster that run on top of VirtualBox across two physical machines. these virtual machines
run off RAM disk to decrease the impact of disk IO towards walking and reverting digital machines.
each cluster of digital machine has its very own configuration, with variations of browsers installed
and its plugins which include Java, Adobe Flash, Adobe Acrobat Reader. We then validate each
cluster's setup towards CANVAS a white hat penetration trying out device, ensuring they're certainly
at risk of present exploits recognized to be focused by make the most kits. We use Cuckoo Sandbox
to force these digital machines to visit each hyperlink logging host interest and new files created.
each cluster has its very own driving force, which takes the URL feed and instructs the

Emerging Developments Of Clinical Decision Support Systems...
Emerging Developments in Clinical Decision Support Systems and the Challenges in Knowledge
Representation By Florence F. Odekunle Department of Health Informatics School of Health
Related Professions Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey BINF 5005 Assignment 2 Fall 2015
Background Information Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is gaining increased recognition
in healthcare organization. This is due to an increasing recognition that a stronger CDSS is crucial to
achieve a high quality of patients care and safety1,2. CDSS is a class of computerized information
system that supports decision–making activities2. It uses patient data to provide tailored patient ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The output can also take a number of forms and can be delivered to a number of destinations at any
time before, during or post–interaction with the patient4. CDS is most effective when provided at
the time that the physician is formulating her assessment of the patient's condition and is making
ordering decisions2. CDS encompasses a variety of tools to enhance decision–making in the clinical
workflow. These tools include computerized alerts and reminders to care providers and patients;
clinical guidelines; condition–specific order sets; focused patient data reports and summaries;
documentation templates; diagnostic support, and contextually relevant reference information,
among other tools. Computer–assisted decision support is only acceptable when it allows the
physician to override a system–provided recommendation and choose an alternative action2. The
most successful decision–support intervention makes complying with the suggested action easy. A
brief rationale is generally provided with the recommendation, and complying with the
recommendation is as easy as hitting the Enter key or clicking the mouse. CDSS can vary greatly in
design and function, undergoing a constant evolution of their scope and application4. The majority
of CDS applications operate as components of comprehensive electronic health record systems,
although

Nt1330 Unit 3 Assignment 1 Threat Analysis
1st known threat: The first know threat that a server can have is DDoS attacks. I would rate DDoS
as a 4 out of 5 because if your company is well known, it is likely that you will come across DDoS
attacks. Over all I would rate this is as a 5 because DDoS can really slow down or shut your
company down and deny access to your server. A DDoS can should be a high risk because it can
happen at any time, also it shows were your vulnerabilities are.
2nd known threat: The second know threat to a server is CSS, cross site scripting makes use of
vulnerabilities in web applications. This huge because the company uses some web applications. I
would rate CSS a 4 out of 5 because with CSS you can contract malware which will do damage to
your computer over all I would rate this a 4 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you don't have strong enough password form your computer such as "apple, password, MacBook"
then you can be spoofed by hackers, and they can gain unauthorized access your computer. I would
rate spoofing a 3 because you should always keep storing passwords, especially for you encrypted
files. Overall I think that spoofing is a 3 because having strong firewalls and encryption passwords
should block spoofing and hackers won't be able to attack your computer and encrypted files that
easily.
2nd known threat: Sniffing is something that can also do damage and expose your company data and
files. If your network is not secure, your company can be sniffed by hackers who are trying to get
data from you network server. I would rate sniffing a 3 because if comes as a threat when your
system files are not secure and can cause you to have you company data revealed. Over all sniffing
should be rated a 2 because having a strong firewall and security could fix the problem of sniffing,
but you should always look to see if you notice that something odd is going on in you network

A Brief Note On The Primary Function Of Exec
Lab 2
CSNB324
Muath Abdullah SN091649
Answer Q1:
Execv(): it is a prototype of exec family, v is added to indicate the type of argument which in this
case specified as a vector (array of character pointers). The primary function of exec () system call is
to execute a file or a program. This is done by creating a new process image from a regular,
executable file.
This file is either an interpreter script or an executable file object. It has the form execv(char *path,
char *argv[], char *envp[]). The path argument is the pathname of a file that contains the new
program to be executed. The argv array is a list of parameter strings, and the envp array is a list of
environment variable strings and values that should be used when the process begins executing the
new programs. When a process encounters the execve() system call, the next instruction it executes
will be the one at the entry point of the new executable file.
Execvp()
The created child process does not have to run the same program as the parent process does. The
exec type system calls allow a process to run any program files, which include a binary executable
or a shell script. On this page, we only discuss one such system call: execvp(). The execvp() system
call requires two arguments: 1. The first argument is a character string that contains the name of a
file to be executed.
2. The second argument is a pointer to an array of character strings. More precisely, its type is char
**, which is exactly identical to the

Rational Unified Process
Introduction This paper has the intention to explain what Rational Unified Process (RUP) is like an
IBM product and a CASE tool. After is explained what phases it has, what are the most common
extensions thus what are its workflows more used. The Rational Unified Process (RUP) is a
software design method created by the Rational Software Corporation and now is part of IBM
developer software. This paper describes how to deploy software effectively. The Rational Unified
Process (RUP) use commercially proven techniques, and is a heavy weight process, and hence
particularly applicable to larger software development teams working on large projects. Rational
Unified Process (RUP) Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an object–oriented and ... Show more
The nature of the iterations will not necessarily change much; but the longevity of the software
produced will certainly increase. Early iterations (usually in the inception phase) have a tendency to
be thrown out. During elaboration, you will discover the rest of the use cases (or at least their first
approximations) and will implement the minimal set. During construction, users will drive towards
giving the customer the minimum system that they need. The nature of the iterations will not change
much, but your focus will be on identifying the smallest possible deliverable that will still meet at
least some of the customers needs. During construction, the use cases will change a bit as the
customer sees the growing system and feeds changes back to you. During transition, users will drive
towards fleshing out the functionality of the system, and incorporating the mounds of customer
feedback that users are surely to get. The nature of your iterations will not change much. During
transition, the use cases are likely to undergo drastic changes as the customers actually use the
system and realize that it is not exactly what they needed. Again, the essence of RUP is iteration,
and the essence of iteration is the production of executable deliverables. Users may also be
producing UML diagrams, or some other form of model too. Such models take two forms. One is a
model of the architecture, which is seeded during inception and established during

What Is UML To Java Executable Code Generator
UML to Java Executable Code Generator First A. Author, Second B. Author, Jr., and Third C.
Author, Member, IEEE Abstract Automatic Code generation from UML diagrams gains much
interest lately in software design, because it has many benefits as it reduces the effort to generate
code and moreover automated code is less error prone than writing code manually. However, major
challenges in this area include checking consistency of UML models, and ensuring accuracy,
maintainability, and efficiency of the generated code. In this paper we expand our work on a tool
called UJECTOR for automatic generation of executable java code from UML diagrams. UML
diagrams like class diagram, sequence diagram and activity diagram are passed as input to the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UML activity diagrams are used to provide code completeness and user interactions. Activity
diagrams are referenced in sequence diagrams. 2. RELATED WORK 2.1. OCode The tool takes
state diagram represented in Design Schema List language (DSL) as an input. It consists of two
components known as interpreter and code generator. The interpreter generates a transition table
from the DSL while code generator generates Java code from the transition table. 2.2. JCode The
tool takes state chart represented in DSL as an input. It consists of three components known as
interpreter, transformer and code generator. The interpreter takes DSL as an input and generates
intermediate transition table. The transformer generates transformed transition table from the
intermediate transition table. The transformer focuses on resolving concepts like state hierarchy,
state composition, compound transition, etc in the intermediate transition table. The transformed
transition table is used as an input to the code generator to generate Java code. 2.3. Rhapsody This
tool generates C++ code from UML object and state chart diagrams. It also takes message sequence
charts (MSC) as an additional input. The tool takes STATEMATE representation of state chart as an
input and generates C++ code. 2.4. dCode This tool generates Java code from UML object, activity
and state chart diagrams. The tool follows the same code generation process as described

Clinical Decision Support System ( Cdss ) Essay
Background Information Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is gaining increased recognition
in healthcare organizations. This is due to an increasing recognition that a stronger CDSS is crucial
to achieve a high quality of patients care and safety1,2. CDSS is a class of computerized information
system that supports decision–making activities2. It uses patient data to provide tailored patient
assessments and evidence–based treatment recommendations for healthcare providers to
consider2,3". Patient data can be input by digital entry, queried from other clinical information
systems or transmitted from medical devices. Patient data are compared against a knowledge–base
and made sense of by an inference mechanism. The knowledge base can be procured commercially
or developed in–house. The inference mechanism can be highly variable in sophistication ranging
from a simple 'yes 'no and 'if 'then statement to Bayesian prediction techniques and/or fuzzy logic.
The output can also take a number of forms and can be delivered to a number of destinations at any
time before, during or post–interaction with the patient4. CDS is most effective when provided at
the time that the physician is formulating her assessment of the patient's condition and is making
ordering decisions2. CDS encompasses a variety of tools to enhance decision–making in the clinical
workflow. These tools include computerized alerts and reminders to care providers and patients;
clinical guidelines;

Advantages Of The Antimalware Service Executable
Antimalware Service Executable
If your PC is going slow or hanged because of disk usage and your task manager is 100%, then
who's responsible for that??
It's "Antimalware Service Executable"
Now let's see what is this?
Antimalware Service Executable is basically a built–in software by Windows Defender Program.
Windows defender helps our windows to be protected against spam etc. Whenever your network is
connected this software becomes active. It keeps scanning viruses, Trojans etc. It is helpful in
protecting such threads.
It is responsible for detecting any potentially harmful software that is downloaded from the Internet
or copied from a USB–type unit.
Why It Takes High Computer Usage?
Whenever we download new files or any software it keeps scanning everything to check whether it
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But mostly people want operating system faster, wait less to perform tasks such as opening
programs or download files immediately, but security has a cost and you have to sacrifice a little
patience and let your system perform. But for impatient people, who need to work so fast and can't
work in slow system which denies execution need to disable it.
Msmpeng.exe Antimalware Service Executable
In this system "MsMpEng.exe" file causes high CPU usage. MsMpEng.exe is an executable file (a
program) for Windows. The .exe extension file name is an abbreviation of executable (executable).
Executable files can change settings on your computer. It makes your system slow. It scans all of
your files repeatedly and thus your system get slow and sometimes don't response anything.
As we know that it provides protection and take action immediately when it finds any spyware but
impatient people want to fix it. So for them here we are presenting methods to solve the problem of
"Antimalware Service Executable"
METHOD 1 – MODIFYING THE

Computer Security : Memory Controlr Overflow
Defining buffer overflow
Buffer overflow vulnerability considered one of the most common security exploit to exist, focuses
on buffers, or memory allocations exploits eventually giving the attacker full control over a
compromised system. This takes place when a process or programme writes or attempts to write
data onto a static sized memory block than it was initially allocated.
By taking advantage of the buffer overflow attacker are always aiming to completely take control of
the whole system by elevating their privileges to the Admin rights. To successfully attain this they
identify a function pointer in memory that they them taking advantage of the buffer overflow
functionality, where in many occasions pointing to a location where ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Upon the crashing of the server and the exploit is identified (EIP) the attacker then has at hand
where to inject the malicious code.
7. The malicious code commonly referred to as payload/shellcode which is a sequence of machine
instruction interpretable by the computer's CPU. Will then be executed.
8. Ensured the client has netcat to listen to specified ports where our shellcode will connect back.
9. ATM this point the payload executed of choice is the reverse shell a backdoor process that runs on
the server side and as soon as its executed its connects to the client that, as soon as it is been
executed at the server side, it connects back to the client, providing an interactive command
interpreter, thus allowing us to execute commands to the server. In this instance the reverse shell
was favoured because it can easily bypass any possible Firewall filtering incoming traffic to ports
that are not being used by the server.
Remediation against buffer overflow:
Enable ARC(Automatic reference counting) – this is a compiler(programme that processes
statements writing in a programming language e.g. C,C++) attribute that enables it to automatically
manage the memory objects.[2]
Implement full ASLR (Address Space Layout Randomization) protection – this enables to choose
different locations for your stack, heap, libraries, frameworks, and executable code each time you
run your software
Implement stack–smashing protection – Commonly done when compiling and

Usmc Case Study Summary
Fields SNC was confident while presenting the brief. He did not provide the purpose during the
Orientation, the Enemy statement was simply a repeat of what was given by the evaluator, and there
was no "in order to" for the Mission. The SOM briefed was too vague with no executable
instructions provided, and SNC failed to provide any Tasks. During the execution, SNC placed
himself in an appropriate location where his FT could hear him and he would be able to assist as
necessary; however, he was timid with little confidence or command presence. Instead of ordering
his FT members to complete tasks he asked them if they were comfortable doing those things.
Because of this, SNC did employ his FT members well and when they were able to successfully
complete a task SNC was unsure how to continue on. This indicated that SNC was ... Show more
He does pass information based upon memory instead of having a solid understanding of why he is
saying it. The Orientation was missing a purpose and the Mission had no "in order to" statement.
The SOM was very thorough indicating that SNC had developed a plan of action. Once the
execution began, SNC placed himself where he could best be seen and heard by his FT. SNC does
not yet possess a solid understanding of how best to employ his subordinates. When one of his FT
members made it to the far side of the obstacle, SNC realized there was no logical reason for having
sent him over there so he told him to touch the red and take the penalty. He only did this to get his
FT member off the obstacle quicker instead of maneuvering back to the beginning. SNC acted too
hastily when he realized time was short. He attempted to maneuver the obstacle on his own, with no
purpose behind his actions, and paying no attention to where the red areas on the cables were. His
FT lost confidence in him as they were just standing off to the side watching him not attempting to
do

Problems With Battling Malware Have Been Discussed, Moving...
Now that issues with battling malware have been discussed, moving to solutions is the next step.
Utilizing deobfuscation, especially through signature analysis, has already been discussed to its
fullest potential. New methods include CPU analyzers, holograpy, eigenvirus detection, differential
fault analysis, the growing grapes method, and whitelist protection. These are more general
approaches and therefore do not rely on storing certain specific characteristics of the code of
malware and tend to analyze behavior. Due to the extreme focus on deobfuscation, these ideas have
only been explored fairly recently and are currently underdeveloped. As was stated in the previous
section, CPU analyzers are a possible valid method of detecting malware. While it can be unreliable
alone, O 'Kane et al. believe it can be a good preliminary detection method for metamorphic
malware due to high CPU processing times (2011). The main issue is valid processes may trigger a
warning with this type of detection. This is why it must be paired with another detection method. A
newer study examines a type of anti–malware called holography. Dai, Fyodor, Wu Huang, and Kuo,
researchers at the National Taiwan University and the Research Center for Information Technology
Innovation in Taipei, state that holography utilizes CPU analysis and memory instructions in order
to analyze malware and detect infections (2012). However, this method is, in general, more useful
currently as an analysis method

Designing A Client Server Application
Abstract–Distributed multiprocessor operating systems is a course that involves exploring new
concepts in the field of operating systems and its internals. This course clearly elaborates the
concepts of operating systems, distributed systems and internals and how are they utilized. It clearly
explains how multiprocessors in operating systems are used in today's world. The course also
involves a four phase project to create a client server application that demonstrates the usage and
application of various concepts like reentrancy, synchronization, etc. operating systems. The project
clearly introduces us to the concepts of distributed memories, remote procedure calls, shared
memory, concurrency, etc. thereby leveraging our knowledge and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
and how can they be applied. As we all know, semaphores can be defined as the variables whose
access are completely dependent on the wait and signal operations that are performed and are also
termed as P and V [1]. It clearly explained the concepts of producer–consumer problems, reader–
writers problems and also helped realizing the potential situations where the problem could actually
arise and also taught the ways in which we could solve these problems. Reentrancy is another key
concept that plays a key role in multiprocessor operating systems. It is under normal cases that
multiple interrupts do occur in a system sometimes. At this point of time, we face certain situations
where some of the functions need to be called back after the interrupt is handled, on the other hand
similarly few of the other functions can be left unhandled [2]. This however depends on the
particular situation that we need during the execution. Hence, calling a function back after the
sudden interruption of its execution is called reentrancy [2]. Similarly, if the function is said to have
an undefined behavior when it is called after an interrupt occurred, then it is said to be non–reentrant
function [2]. This project helped us to implement functions which can be reentrant.
The project has been implemented in four different phases, where each phase acts as an input to the
others.
This indicates, the

Source Code Essay
There are several definition of source code, which makes regulating it difficult because different
regulators may have varying conceptions of just what it is, and as a result, what kinds of rules
should attach to it.
The general definition of source code that most people acknowledge is "the version of software as it
is originally written by a human in plain text" (Source Code). According to this definition, code is
written by humans in order to create software, which can be any operating system, program or data
with a processor. The average person can see that the source code would be the code that the
software needs in order to function. This is source code but source code is also much more.
Another definition states holds that source code is "any fully executable description of a software
system. It is therefore so construed as to include machine code, very high level languages and
executable graphical representations of systems" (Harman). At first glance, it seems just like the
other definition. However, it only seems that way because we automatically apply the assumption
that the "executable description" is the same as the "version of software" which may not necessarily
be the case. The description leads us to believe that the source code does not necessarily have to run
the software but can just be a description for said software. The first definition leads us to believe
that the code is that specific software. The second definition also mentions "machine code" and

Ob Essay
UML to Java Executable Code Generator Sai Priya Anumula, California State University, Fullerton
Abstract Automatic Code generation from UML diagrams gains much interest lately in software
design, because it has many benefits as it reduces the effort to generate code and moreover
automated code is less error prone than writing code manually. However, major challenges in this
area include checking consistency of UML models, and ensuring accuracy, maintainability, and
efficiency of the generated code. In this paper we discuss a tool called UJECTOR,which is used for
automatic generation of executable java code from UML diagrams. UML diagrams like class
diagram, sequence diagram and activity diagram are passed as input to the tool UJECTOR ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
UML activity diagrams are used to provide code completeness and user interactions. Activity
diagrams are referenced in sequence diagrams. 2. RELATED WORK 2.1. Enterprise Architect It
converts Class or interface model elements into code. It generates code in various languages like c,
c#, c++, java, Visual Basic, Visual Basic. NET, Python, PHP, and Action Script. In this Class and
interface elements are required to generate code. 2.2. Eclipse UML Generators It bridges the gap
between UML models and source code. Eclipse does this by extracting data from UML models to
generate source code or by reverse–engineering source code to produce UML models. 2.3.
Rhapsody This tool generates C++ code from UML object and state chart diagrams. It also takes
message sequence charts (MSC) as an additional input. The tool takes STATEMATE representation
of state chart as an input and generates C++ code. 2.4. dCode This tool generates Java code from
UML object, activity and state chart diagrams. From an analysis of the existing code generation
tools for UML diagrams, we conclude that: The completeness of the generated code is a big issue
The generated code lacks object manipulation The generated code lacks user interaction The
existing work lacks understandability All the UML based code generation tools use older versions of
UML in code generation process instead of UML 2.x.Where as UML 2.x introduces new diagrams
and features

Annotated Bibliography On The Development And Adoption Of Cds
Even where CDS is deployed, the implementations often do not effectively use and present the best
available clinical knowledge, thereby limiting the impact and degree of clinical improvement. More
specifically: – drug–drug interaction checking modules and drug–allergy checking modules are the
primary CDS interventions that are routinely being purchased and implemented. – Many
organizations that use CDS do not have dose checking capabilities. – Some current CDS systems
generate too many "false positive" alerts, or interrupt clinical workflows in a manner that can disrupt
efficient care delivery. Despite their potential to significantly improve health care, advanced clinical
decision support (CDS) capabilities are not widely available in the clinical setting. An important
reason for this limited availability of CDS capabilities is the application–specific and institution–
specific nature of most current CDS implementations. There is a critical need to enable CDS
capabilities on a much larger scale is the development and adoption of standards that enable current
and emerging CDS resources to be more effectively leveraged across multiple applications and care
settings. Standards required for such effective scaling of CDS include (i) standard terminologies and
information models to represent and communicate about health care data; (ii) standard approaches to
representing clinical knowledge in both human–readable and machine–executable formats; and (iii)
standard approaches for

Nt1330 Unit 3
Design and implementation of this project is divided into two parts: i) Penetration testing of real–
world applications using variety of tools available. ii) Secure coding guideline for iOS developers
as a counter measure to possible threats which includes development of jailbreak detection
application.
For penetration testing a jailbroken iPhone 5s running iOS 9.3.2 was used. Device was jailbroken
using Pangu jailbreaking tool released by team Pangu. The type of jailbreak Pangu tool used was
semi–tethered jailbreaking, which the device needed to be re–jailbroken once it restarted in order to
use Cydia and other jailbreaking tweaks and applications. After jailbreaking the device, linux
command line tools listed below were installed on the device from Cydia. Tools used to inspect the
applications installed on the device are as follows: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The danger of installing SSH application on jailbroken device is its known default root password
'alpine'. If password not changed after installing SSH, there is a risk of attackers or malware
remotely logging into a device and taking control of a device. And hence, immediately after
installing OpenSSH, root password of the device was changed using passwd.
ii) NewTerm (v1.0): Downloaded from Cydia, Terminal provides similar functionality to a desktop
terminal by allowing you to run all terminal commands on jailbroken device which is an alternative
to SSH.
iii) class–dump–z (v 0.2a): It is one of the most important tool in penetration testing. This command
line tool allows to examine class information from application's executable files. It helps revealing
the details of a class like variable names, function declarations

Lab Investigation : Email And Internet Artifacts Essay
Week 4 Lab Investigation: Email and Internet Artifacts This week's lab is a continuation of the
Blacksuit Case Investigation using the EnCase software. The goal is to use knowledge gained from
EnCase Tutorials and explore the emails sent and received by Jane, as well as identify her Internet
browsing activities in an effort to identify any potential issues. The specific questions about the
email that must be answered are: Who has Jane been communicating with via email? Are email
senders, or recipients, suspicious? What would be the next system checked based on the email's
contents? In terms of the Internet artifacts, the questions that must be addressed are: Did Jane visit
any suspicious websites? Why would the student deem them as suspicious? Did Jane download any
software? What was the software potentially downloaded? What is the software's legitimacy?
Finally, the student will attempt to infer and form a hypothesis from the information collected at this
point in the investigation, including information from Internet Explorer Internet history, and web
cache. To begin to answer these questions, the email collected in the case must be examined to see
who Jane communicated with. Under the Email Tab under the Records Tab in EnCase shows Jane's
email folder structure with two messages and her Inbox (Appendix A, figure 1). The two messages,
'msg_43.txt' and 'msg_25.txt' are suspicious messages originating from Jane's account. The first,
'msg_43.txt', looks as

Advantages Of Heuristic Detection Techniques
3.2. Heuristic detection technique
This technique is also known as proactive technique. This technique is similar to signature based
technique, with a difference that instead of searching for a particular signature in the code, the
malware detector now searches for the commands or instructions that are not present in the
application program. The result is that, here it becomes easy to detect new variants of malware that
had not yet been discovered. Different heuristic analysis techniques are:
3.2.1. File based heuristic analysis
It is also known as file analysis. In this technique, the file is analyzed deeply like the contents,
purpose, destination, working of file. If the file contains commands to delete or harm other file, than
it is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It combines the code structure of program under inspection. If static analysis can calculate the
malicious behavior in the application then this information can then be used for future security
mechanism.
One of the advantages of static analysis is that the cost of computation is low. It requires less time
and low resource consumption as well.
6. Disadvantage of Static Analysis
Static analysis does not take stand for analyzing the unknown malware. The source code of many
applications is not easily available. Code obfuscation makes the pattern matching a major drawback
in detecting the malicious behavior. For doing static analysis, researchers must be expert in
assembly language and should have a deep understanding about the functioning of operating system.
7. Conclusion
Static analysis is a technique to detect malicious behavior by analyzing the code segments. This
technique is carried out without running the application in an Android emulator or device. However,
this technique has a major drawback of code obfuscation and dynamic code loading. This paper
discusses about what is Android Static Malware analysis, different methods and techniques, types of
static analysis and its components. This paper also states the advantages, disadvantages and
limitations of static malware

Essay On My Second Attack
My second attack is an offline dictionary attack against team 10718 (Will Xu). Will stores the salted
SHA1 hash of each user's pin in their card file. He salts the hashes by concatenating the pin with the
user's name and their account creation time in seconds since Jan 1, 1970. However, usernames can
easily be found by examining the card's file name and the creation time can be found by examining
the file's creation date. As a result, this salting doesn't do much to protect against an offline
dictionary attack against a single user. My attack examines .card files and prints out their associated
pins. It does this by conducting a brute–force attack in which it guesses creation times and pins and
checks the value of Hash(username || pin guess || time guess) against the value of the hash which is
stored in the .card file. Because I'm able to make good guesses about the card creation time and the
pin is short enough to turn up in a small dictionary of possible pins, this attack typically runs in
under a second. While it would be possible to examine the card file's creation time to accurately
estimate the timestamp which was used in the salt, my attack code simply guesses ... Show more
Please note that this will throw an error unless you manually create the bin folder. Additionally, you
should also be aware that Will's ATM code has a bug which can cause it to hang (he acknowledges
this bug in his design doc). To test my attack, you must compile pin_extractor.c using the command
"gcc –lcrypto pin_extractor.c". You must then run the bank executable and create a user with a
command such as "create–user bob 2134 1". Then run the executable which was created by building
pin_extractor.c and pass in a path to the card file which the bank just created. This can be done using
a command such as "./a.out bob.card". This should print the user's pin to the terminal. The following
screenshots demonstrate the

Essay On Ransomware Attack
Attack Analysis
Recuperating from a ransomware disease or comparable sorts of assaults can be costly and
troublesome. It is in this manner basic that barriers are set up to keep ransomware from being
introduced on PCs and systems.
These are a portion of the arrangements that would assist moderate against assaults like this assault
Validation Methods
Validation methods, for example, Key Administration, Two Factor Confirmation, and Mechanized
Key Administration give the capacity to encode and unscramble without a unified key
administration framework and document security. There is ceaseless research incident to fortify
these verification systems.
Channel EXEs in email
Present a passage mail scanner can channel documents by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This apparatus is refreshed as new systems are found for Crypto locker, so you will need to check in
occasionally to ensure you have the most recent form. On the off chance that you must make
exceptions to these guidelines, they give this archive clarifies that procedure.
Utilize a trustworthy security suite
It is dependably a smart thought to have both against malware programming and a product firewall
to enable you to distinguish dangers or suspicious conduct. Malware creators as often as possible
convey new variations, to endeavor to keep away from identification, so this is the reason it is vital
to have the two layers of insurance.
These are a portion of the controls, for example, physical, regulatory, or specialized that can be
implanted to avert, identify, as well as right these assaults and shield our associations from
ransomware assaults, and truly, these practices have moved toward becoming standard in the
venture.
Framing a committed data security group
Leading staff preparing
Actualizing layered safeguards
Creating arrangements and strategies to moderate hazard
A data security group should direct hazard appraisals, distinguish vulnerabilities, and guarantee
guards are shored up. Security gaps must be stopped to avoid them being abused. The group should
likewise devise procedures to ensure basic resources.

They are a basic component of a ransomware relief technique:
Staff preparing is

Unit 4 Types Of Memory Research Paper
Assignment –1 Rangareddy kolagatla
1.Both main memory and secondary storage are types of memory. Describe the difference between
the two
Main memory or RAM is an volatile, which means its contents are erased when power is removed
from the computer.
Secondary memory, such as a disk, does not lose its contents when power is removed from the
computer.
2. What is the difference between system software and application software?
System software:The programs that control and manage the basic operations of a computer are
generally referred to as system software. System software typically includes the following types of
programs: operating systems, utility programs, software development

Malware Analysis And Detection Techniques
MALWARE ANALYSIS/DETECTION TECHNIQUES
Sikorski & Honig (2012), explain the fact that when carrying out malware analysis and detection,
only the malware executable is present, which is usually not in natural language form. A variety of
tools and techniques need to be employed to ensure that the underlying information is revealed. Two
basic approaches to malware analysis and detection include: static analysis (observing the malware
without running it), and dynamic analysis (running the malware). They can be done either in the
basic form or more advanced ways.
Static Analysis
In the basic form, static analysis involves carefully observing the executable file without looking at
the actual commands or instructions. This is done to ascertain that a file is indeed malicious, give
information about its functions, and occasionally give information that will enable one produce
simple network signatures. This process is straightforward and can be performed quickly, but in
most cases, it is not effective when dealing with sophisticated malware, and may miss significant
behaviours. An example of static analysis is the use of antivirus software such as AVG for malware
analysis. Unique identifiers called hashes can also be used to identify malware in static analysis.
Dynamic Analysis
In the basic form, dynamic analysis techniques involve both running the malware code and
examining its behaviour on the system or network so as to remove the infection, derive effective
signatures, or

Research Paper On Software Engineering
CHAPTER1 INTRODUCTION ________________________________________
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Software engineering is a field of Computer science, for designing and writing programs for
computers or other electronic devices. A software engineer writes software or changes existing
software and compiles software using methods that make it better quality.
Software engineering can be divided into ten sub–disciplines. They are:
Requirements engineering: The elicitation, analysis, speciﬁcation, and validation of requirements for
software.
Software design: The process of deﬁning the architecture, components, interfaces, and other
characteristics of a system or component. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Software maintenance: The totality of activities required to provide cost–effective support to
software.
Software configuration management: The identification of the configuration of a system at distinct
points in time for the purpose of systematically controlling changes to the configuration, and
maintaining the integrity and traceability of the configuration throughout the system life cycle.
Software engineering management: The application of management activities: planning,
coordinating, measuring, monitoring, controlling, and reporting to ensure that the development and
maintenance of software is systematic, disciplined, and quantified.
Software engineering process: The definition, implementation, assessment, measurement,
management, change, and improvement of the software life cycle process itself.
Software engineering tools and methods: The computer–based tools that are intended to assist the
software life cycle processes and the methods which impose structure on the software engineering
activity with the goal of making the activity systematic and ultimately more likely to be

Analysis And Design Of Software
Structured Programming, Nassi–Shneiderman Structure Charts, Formal Proofs of Correctness, and
Structured Analysis and Design are all tools to help with analysis and design of software. Each topic
is described briefly below with respect to software development and project management. At its
core, Structured Programming is a method to organize code. The intent of the rules laid out by the
method is to make code easier to read, understand, and maintain (3). Most software projects are
large and written by many programmers. Employing Structured Programming provides strict
guidelines on coding practices. These guidelines are designed to decrease development time,
improve readability, and increase maintainability. There are three components of structured
programming: Control Structures, Subroutines, and Blocks (13). Control Structures are further
broken down into Sequences, Selections, and Iterations. Sequences are lines of code that are
executed in a specific order. Selections are only executed when the program is in a certain state, and
Iterations are loops that are executed until a certain condition is met. Both Subroutines and Blocks
are units of code that are executed together. Blocks have specific syntax in order to group the lines
of code together and are only present in some languages. They are a way to group executable code
in order to make sense to the reader and clearly define sections and functionality of the code. The
grouping is motivated by the flow of information

Computer Crime Report
Computer Crime Report – CM0431
Introduction
In this computer crime report, the following will be discussed about the computer crime of Botnets.
This report will explain the role of computer forensics has in detecting and deterring the use of
botnets, the hardware and software used in forensically investigating botnets, the legal context of
using botnets such as legislation related to offences caused by using botnets, and the ethical and
professional challenges faced by computer forensics practitioners in investigating botnets.
A botnet is defined ( http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/38866/botnet, 2014) as a
compromised group of computers, generally in large groups, that are used to generate spam (such as
phishing emails in large quantities), spread viruses to infect new machines, and flood a network or
web server using an enormous amount of request repeatedly and cause it to fail, this is known as a
distributed denial of service attack (DDOS).
The infected computers are normally infected by a Trojan horse virus, once infected the virus
usually opens an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel, this channel will wait for commands from the
user in command of the botnet network. In the modern world, there is large, and growing, industry
of selling lists of infected computers to hackers and spammers.
Rik Ferguson (2010) stated the first use of botnets came about in 1999, and the malware that started
it all off was known as "Sub7", a Trojan virus and "Pretty Park", a computer worm.

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