Linux programming - Getting self started
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The document provides an introduction to programming in Linux, covering operating system concepts, the evolution of Linux as a free and open-source OS created by Linus Torvalds, and its growing market presence. It details Linux properties, kernel structure, shell usage, and various commands while contrasting open-source software with freeware. Additionally, it includes information on file management, permissions, system calls, and the organization Emertxe, which offers IT training in embedded systems and other tech fields.
![The 'bash' variables &
Friends
Name Meaning
env Lists shell environment variable/value pairs
export [var_name] Exports/sets a shell variable
HOME Path of user’s home directory
PATH Executable search path
PWD Present working directory
PS1 Command prompt
N=10 Assigning the variable. This a temporary variable
effective only inside the current shell
unset N Unset the environment variable N](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxprogrammingselflearning-140705234300-phpapp02/85/Linux-programming-Getting-self-started-25-320.jpg)
![File permissions
r or 4 -r--r--r-- Read
w or 2 --w--w--w- Write
x or 1 ---x--x--x Execute
rwx rwx rwx
421 421 421
user group others
Changing the File Permissions
$ chmod – Change file permessions
$ chown – Change file owner
$ chmod [ ug+r, 746 ] file.txt
$ chown -R user:group [ filename | dir ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/linuxprogrammingselflearning-140705234300-phpapp02/85/Linux-programming-Getting-self-started-46-320.jpg)
Linux programming - Getting self started
- 1. Programming in Linux Self learning with Linux Team Emertxe
- 3. Let us ponder… What exactly is an Operating System (OS)? Why do we need OS? How would the OS would look like? Is it possible for a team of us (in the room) to create an OS of our own? Is it necessary to have an OS running in a Embedded System? Will the OS ever stop at all?
- 4. Operating System System and application programs Operating System Computer hardware User 1 User 2 User 3 Compiler Assembler Text editor Database system Humans Program interface User Programs OS interface OS Hardware interface/ privileged instructions Disk/memory
- 5. What is Linux ? Linux is a free and open source operating system that is causing a revolution in the computer world. Originally created by Linus Torvalds with the assistance of developers called community This operating system in only a few short years is beginning to dominate markets worldwide.
- 6. Why use Linux? Free & Open Source Reliability Secure Scalability
- 7. Freedom of software Freedom of redistribute Freedom of copy Freedom of modify Freedom of use What is Open Source?
- 8. How it all started? With GNU (GNU is not UNIX) Richard Stallman made the initial announcement in 1983, Free Software Foundation (FSF) got formed during 1984 Volunteer driven GNU started developing multiple projects, but making it as an operating system was always a challenge During 1991 a Finnish Engineer Linus Torvalds developed core OS functionality, called it as “Linux Kernel” Linux Kernel got licensed under GPL, which laid strong platform for the success of Open Source Rest is history!
- 9. How it evolved? Kernel Applications Customization Multiple Linux distributions started emerging around the Kernel Some applications became platform independent Community driven software development started picking up Initially seen as a “geek-phenomenon”, eventually turned out to be an engineering marvel Centered around Internet Building a business around open source started becoming viable Redhat set the initial trend in the OS business
- 10. Where it stands now? OS Databases Server/Cloud Enterprise Consumer Education CMS eCommerce
- 11. More details OSS Freeware Users have the right to access & modify the source codes In case original programmer disappeared, users & developer group of the S/W usually keep its support to the S/W. OSS usually has the strong users & developers group that manage and maintain the project Freeware is usually distributed in a form of binary at ‘Free of Charge’, but does not open source codes itself. Developer of freeware could abandon development at any time and then final version will be the last version of the freeware. No enhancements will be made by others. Possibility of changing its licensing policy Open Source SW vs. Freeware
- 12. GPL Basic rights under the GPL – access to source code, right to make derivative works Reciprocity/Copy-left Purpose is to increase amount of publicly available software and ensure compatibility Licensees have right to modify, use or distribute software, and to access the source code
- 13. Problems with the GPL Linking to GPL programs No explicit patent grant Does no discuss trademark rights Does not discuss duration Silent on sub-licensing Relies exclusively on license law, not contract
- 14. Linux: Properties Multitasking Multi-user Multiprocessing Protected Memory Hierarchical File System
- 15. / /boot/ /dev/ /bin/ /etc/ /home/ /lib/ /media/ /mnt/ /opt/ /sbin/ /tmp/ /usr/ /var/ /root/ /proc/ Directory structure Static files for boot loader Device files Essential user command binaries Host specific system configuration User home directories Essentilal shared libraries and kernal modules Mount point for removable media Mount point for temporarily mounted file systems Add-on application software package User specific system binaries Temporary files Multi-user utilities and applications Variable file (logs) Home directory for root user Virtual file system documenting kernel and process status
- 16. x86 Booting
- 17. Kernel structure Hardware Controllers: This subsystem is comprised of all the possible physical devices in a Linux installation Linux Kernel: The kernel abstracts and mediates access to the hardware resources, including the CPU. A kernel is the core of the operating system O/S Services: These are services that are typically considered part of the operating system (e.g. shell) User Applications: The set of applications in use on a particular Linux system. (e.g. web-browser)
- 18. Kernel structure
- 20. Command Line Interface • CLI • Textual mode • Executes requested command • GUI • Mouse, keypad
- 21. The Shell What is a shell? Different types of shells • Login-shell • Non-login shell • Sh • Bash • Ksh • Csh Hands-on: • echo $0 • cat /etc/shells
- 22. How Shell Invokes The main task of a shell is providing a user environment Input (ls) Shell Error List all the files
- 23. Bash Files Bash • Command interpreter • .bash_profile (During login) • .bashrc (New instance) • .bash_logout (Logout) • .bash_history (Command history) Hands-on: • Enter ls -a in your home directory • Display contents of all files mentioned above
- 24. Environment Variables Login-shell's responsibility is to set the non-login shell and it will set the environment variables Environment variables are set for every shell and generally at login time Environmental variables are set by the system. Environmental variables hold special values. For instance ,$ echo $SHELL Environmental variables are defined in /etc/profile, /etc/profile.d/ and ~/.bash_profile. When a login shell exits, bash reads ~/.bash_logout
- 25. The 'bash' variables & Friends Name Meaning env Lists shell environment variable/value pairs export [var_name] Exports/sets a shell variable HOME Path of user’s home directory PATH Executable search path PWD Present working directory PS1 Command prompt N=10 Assigning the variable. This a temporary variable effective only inside the current shell unset N Unset the environment variable N
- 26. Basic Shell Commands Command Meaning ls Lists all the files pwd Gives present working directory cd Change directory man Gives information about command exit Exits from the shell which Shows full path of command
- 27. Shell: Built-in Commands Built-in commands are contained with in the shell itself, means shell executes the command directly, without creating a new process Built-in commands: break,cd,exit,pwd,export,return,unset,alias,echo,print f,read,logout,help,man
- 28. VIsual editor
- 29. VIsual editor vi or vim To open a file $ vi <filename> or vim <filename>
- 30. VIsual editor… vi opens a file in command mode while starting The power of vi comes from its 3 modes • Escape mode (Command mode) Search mode File mode • Editing mode Insert mode Append mode Open mode Replace mode • Visual mode.
- 31. Cursor Movement You will clearly need to move the cursor around your file. You can move the cursor in command mode. vi has many different cursor movement commands. The four basic keys appear below Yes! Arrow keys also do work. But these makes typing faster Character Meaning k Move up one line h Move one character to the left l Move one character to the right j Move down one line
- 32. Basic vi commands How to exit Already looks too complicated? Try by yourself, let us write a C program Try out vimtutor. Go to shell and type vimtutor Command Meaning :q Quit without saving :wq Close the file with saving :q! Quit the file forcefully without saving
- 33. Escape mode or Command mode In command mode, characters you perform actions like moving the cursor, cutting or copying text, or searching for some particular text • Search mode • vi can search the entire file for a given string of text. A string is a sequence of characters. vi searches forward with the slash (/) key and string to search. • To cancel the search, press ESC .You can search again by typing n (forward) or N (backward). • Also, when vi reaches the end of the text, it continues searching from the beginning. This feature is called wrap scan. Instead of (/), you may also use question (?). That would have direction reversed • Now, try out. Start vi as usual and try a simple search. Type /<string> and press n and N a few times to see where the cursor goes.
- 34. Escape mode... File mode • Changing (Replacing) Text Command Meaning :%s/first/sec Replaces the first by second every where in the file %s/old/new/gc For all lines in a file, find string “old" and replace with string “new" for each instance on a line :e filename Open another file without closing the current set all Display all settings of your session :r filename Reads file named filename in place
- 35. Editing Modes... Command Mode name Insertion point a Append Just after the current character A Append End of the current line i Insert Just before the current character I Insert Beginning of the current line o Open New line below the current line O Open New line above the current line
- 36. Editing Text Deleting Text Sometimes you will want to delete some of the text you are editing. To do so, first move the cursor so that it covers the first character of the group you want to delete, then type the desired command from the table below. Command Meaning dd For deleting a line ndd For deleting a n lines x To delete a single character shift + d Delete contents of line after cursor dw Delete word ndw Delete ‘n’ words
- 37. Some Useful Shortcuts Command Meaning shift-g Go to last line in file shift-j Joining the two lines . Repeat the previous command executed ctrl+a Increment number under the cursor ctrl+x Decrements numbers under the cursor
- 38. Visual Mode Visual Mode Visual mode helps to visually select some text, may be seen as a sub mode of the command mode to switch from the command mode to the visual mode type one of • ctrl+v Go's to visual block mode. • Only v for visual mode • d or y Delete or Yank selected text • I or A Insert or Append text in all lines (visual block only)
- 40. File redirection Out put redirection ( > ) Redirecting to append ( >> ) Redirecting the error (2>) eg : $ls > /tmp/outputfile eg : $ls -l >> /tmp/outputfile eg : $ls 2> /tmp/outputfile
- 41. Piping A pipe is a form of redirection that is used in Linux operating systems to send the output of one program to another program for further processing. A pipe is designated in commands by the vertical bar character eg: $ ls -al /bin | less
- 42. File Related commands Every thing is viewed as a file in Linux. Even a Directory is a file. Basic Shell Command Set Command Meaning df Disk free space du Disk usage cp <source> <dest> Copy file from one to another mv <source> <dest> Rename a file rm <file> Remove a file stat File related statistics (i-node) ln Linking between files (-s option for soft link)
- 43. Continued Command Meaning mkdir <dir_name> Make directory rmdir <dir_name> Remove a particular directory touch Change file timestamps wc Counts the number of lines in a file cat Display contents of the file in standard output more Display contents, navigate forward head Display first 10 lines of the file (-n to change) tail Display last 10 lines of the file (-n to change) sort Sort lines of text files
- 44. File Detailed Listing permissions Owner & group File size Created time & Date Filename
- 45. Linux file types 1st column • - • d • c • b • l • s • = or p Meaning • Plain text • Directory • Character driver • Block driver • Link file • Socket file • FIFO file
- 46. File permissions r or 4 -r--r--r-- Read w or 2 --w--w--w- Write x or 1 ---x--x--x Execute rwx rwx rwx 421 421 421 user group others Changing the File Permissions $ chmod – Change file permessions $ chown – Change file owner $ chmod [ ug+r, 746 ] file.txt $ chown -R user:group [ filename | dir ]
- 48. Subsystems The Process Scheduler (SCHED) The Memory Manager (MM) The Virtual File System (VFS) The Network Interface (NET) The Inter-Process Communication (IPC)
- 49. Kernel Structure
- 50. Kernel design Most older operating systems are monolithic, that is, the whole operating system is a single executable file that runs in 'kernel mode' This binary contains the process management, memory management, file system and the rest (Ex: UNIX) The alternative is a microkernel-based system, in which most of the OS runs as separate processes, mostly outside the kernel They communicate by message passing. The kernel's job is to handle the message passing, interrupt handling, low-level process management, and possibly the I/O (Ex: Mach)
- 51. System Calls
- 52. System calls A set of interfaces to interact with hardware devices such as the CPU, disks, and printers. Advantages: • Freeing users from studying low-level programming • It greatly increases system security • These interfaces make programs more portable
- 53. System call
- 54. System Call... Logically the system call and regular interrupt follow the same flow of steps. The source (I/O device v/s user program) is very different for both of them. Since system call is generated by user program they are called as ‘Soft interrupts’ or ‘traps’
- 55. Stay connected About us: Emertxe is India’s one of the top IT finishing schools & self learning kits provider. Our primary focus is on Embedded with diversification focus on Java, Oracle and Android areas Emertxe Information Technologies, No-1, 9th Cross, 5th Main, Jayamahal Extension, Bangalore, Karnataka 560046 T: +91 80 6562 9666 E: [email protected] https://www.facebook.com/Emertxe https://twitter.com/EmertxeTweet https://www.slideshare.net/EmertxeSlides
- 56. THANK YOU