list of Deception as well as detection techniques for maleware

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MESRA, RANCHI
ALLAHABAD CAMPUS
A Thesis
presentation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree
of
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
By:
Name : AJAY KUMAR VISHKARMA
Roll No: MTCS/3006/2013
GUIDED BY:
Ajit Kumar Keshri
Assistant Professor
Department Of Computer Science

Topic
Use of deception techniques in malware attack
and defense mechanisms

Presentation Plan
Ch1: Malware
Ch2: Malware detection technique
Ch3: Deception technique used by attacker
Ch4: Deception technique used by defender

Ch1: Malware
 Introduction
 Different types of malware with uses and examples
 Effects of malware

•Malware, short for malicious software, is any software used to disrupt computer operation, gather
sensitive information, or gain access to private computer systems [1].
•It can appear in the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software.
•'Malware' is a general term used to refer to a variety of forms of hostile or intrusive software [2].
•The term barware is sometimes used, and applied to both true (malicious) malware and unintentionally
harmful software.
•Malware is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, as in the legal codes of several U.S. states.
•Software that causes harm due to bugs or poor design are not classified as malware; for example some
legitimate software written before the year 2000 had errors that caused serious malfunctions when the
year changed from 1999 to 2000 these programs are not considered as malware [2][3].
Malware Continue……
Introduction

Different types of Malware
•Malwares are of various types such as
Virus, worm, Trojan horse, Govware, Rootkit, Keyloggers, Spyware, Backdoor, Botnet,
Adware, Rogue security software, Ransomware, Browserhijacker, Cross-site scripting (XSS),
Chargeware, Email spam, Shareware, Stealware, Flame etc.

Virus
•A virus is a contagious program or code that attaches itself to another piece of software, and then
reproduces itself when that software is run.
•Most often this is spread by sharing software or files between computers through removable disk.
•It is a malware program that executed, replicates by inserting copies of itself (possibly modified) into
other computer programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive; when this replication succeeds,
the affected areas are then said to be "infected“ as stealing hard disk space or CPU time, corrupting
data most of in the Microsoft Windows() and Android.
•Motives for creating viruses can include seeking profit, desire to send a political message, personal
amusement, to demonstrate that a vulnerability exists in software, for sabotage and denial of service.
•It causes billions of dollars worth of economic damage each year, due to causing systems failure,
wasting computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs, etc.
•Unfortunately, no currently existing antivirus software is able to catch all computer viruses
(especially new ones) [2].

Types of virus
•Resident v/s non-resident viruses
•A memory-resident virus ("resident virus") installs itself as part of the operating system when executed, after
which it remains in RAM from the time the computer is booted up to when it is shut down.
•A non-memory-resident virus ("non-resident virus"), when executed, scans the disk for targets, infects them, and
then exits (it does not remain in memory after it is done executing).
•Macro viruses
•A macro virus ("document virus") works with Microsoft outlook dangerous to open unexpected attachments in e-
mails or binary executables (such as .EXE or .COM files), data files (such as Microsoft Word documents or PDF
files)
•Boot sector viruses
•Boot sector viruses specifically target the boot sector/Master Boot Record (MBR) of the host's hard drive or
removable storage media (flash drives, floppy disks, etc.).
•Some well known viruses are 1260, 4K, 51o, AandA, Acid, ABC, AIDS, Creeper, I LOVE YOU, KamaSutra,
Pingpong, Sunday.

Figure2: Different categories of virus

Worm
•By John Brunner's 1975 novel, in “The Shockwave Rider”.
•A worm is a program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.
•Often; it uses a computer network to spread itself, relying on security failures on the target computer to access it.
Worms almost always cause at least some harm to the network as Morris worm ,Mydoom , Badtrans, Bagle, Witty,
Zotob [2].
•Unlike a computer virus, it does not need to attach itself to an existing program [3].
C Active worms
Camouflaging Worm (C-worm) its ability to intelligently manipulate its scan traffic volume over time for that he design
a novel spectrum based scheme to detect the C-Worm as like Nimda, Code Red, Slammer, Witty and Sasser.
Modelling
C-Worm does not show any trends while its propagation so as to hide its presence effectively [4].

Trojan horse
•Trojans are written with the purpose of discovering financial information, taking over others computer’s system
resources, and may create a denial-of-service (DoS) attack ,srpeaed over 83% and all e-commerce theft.
•DoS attacks are attempts to make a machine or network resource unavailable to those attempting to reach it. A
Trojan often acts as a backdoor, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer.
•A Trojan may give a hacker remote access to a targeted computer system [6].
Govware
•In German-speaking countries, spyware used or made by the government is sometimes called govware.
•It is typically a Trojan horse software used to intercept communications from the target computer. Some countries like
Switzerland and Germany have a legal framework governing the use of such software.
•Examples of govware trojans include the SwissMiniPanzer and MegaPanzer and the German "state trojan" nicknamed
R2D2.
•Due to the popularity of botnets among hackers and the availability of advertising services that permit authors to violate
their users' privacy [7] [8].

Malware Continue…
Spyware
•Recorded use on 16 October 1995 in a UseNet post that poked fun at Microsoft's business model.
•Spyware at first denoted software meant for espionage purposes.
•Spyware is software that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge
and that may send such information to another entity without the consumer's consent or that asserts control over
a computer without the consumer's knowledge.
•"Spyware" is mostly classified into four types: system monitors, trojans, adware, and tracking cookies.
•Spyware is mostly used for the purposes of tracking and storing Internet users' movements on the Web and serving up
pop-up ads to Internet users as Internet surfing habits, user logins, and bank or credit account information [2] [9].

Rootkit
•Rootkit is designed to get the sensitive data from others computer without realizing anything is going on [10].
•The term rootkit is a concatenation of "root" from traditional name of the privileged account on UNIX operating
systems and the word "kit" refers to the software components that implement the tool.
•Detection methods include using an alternative and trusted operating system, behavioral-based methods,
signature scanning, difference scanning, and memory dump analysis.
•Removal can be complicated or practically impossible, especially in cases where the rootkit resides in the kernel;
reinstallation of the operating system may be the only available solution to the problem [11].
•These first-generation rootkits were trivial to detect by using tools such as Tripwire that had not been compromised to
access the same information.
•Examples NTRootkit, Hooksafe,

Figure3: Level wise activity of Rootkit in a system.
User mode : Rootkits run in Ring 3, along with other applications as user, rather than low-level system
processes [11]. It Harms (DLL file on Windows, or a .dylib file on Mac OS X)
•kernel mode: This class of rootkit has unrestricted security access, but is more difficult to write.
•The complexity makes bugs common, and any bugs in code operating at the kernel level may seriously
impact system stability, leading to discovery of the rootkit [12] [13] [14].

Backdoors
• Backdoors are much the same as Trojans or worms, except that they open a “backdoor” onto a computer, providing a
network connection for hackers or other malware to enter or for viruses or spam to be sent.
•A backdoor is an algorithm of bypassing normal authentication, securing unauthorized remote access to a computer,
obtaining access to plaintext, and so on, while attempting to remain undetected [15].
•Default passwords can function as backdoors if they are not changed by the user.
•The threat of backdoors surfaced when multiuser and networked operating systems became widely adopted [16].
Examples of Backdoors
•MD2, MD4, MD5, SHA-0, SHA-1, Sony/BMG (2005) Sobig and Mydoom, (effects in Microsoft
Windows and Microsoft).
•A sophisticated attempt to plant a backdoor in the Linux kernel, exposed in November 2003, added a small and subtle
code change by subverting the revision control system [15].

Object code backdoors
•Harder to detect backdoors involve modifying object code, rather than source code object code is much harder to
inspect, as it is designed to be machine-readable, not human-readable ,never appears on disk, only in memory.
•It is easily detected by simply checking for changes (differences), notably in length or in checksum, and in some cases
can be detected or analyzed by disassembling the object code [17].
Asymmetric backdoors
•A traditional backdoor is a symmetric backdoor: anyone that finds the backdoor can in turn use it. It is used by the
attacker who plants it, even if the full implementation of the backdoor becomes public.
Compiler backdoors (1984)
•A sophisticated form of black box backdoor is a compiler backdoor, where not only is a compiler subvert but it is
further modified to detect when it is compiling itself and then inserts both the backdoor insertion code (targeting the
other program) and the code modifying self-compilation, like the mechanism how retroviruses infect their host.
•This can be done by modifying the source code, and the resulting compromised compiler (object code) can compile the
original (unmodified) source code and insert itself: the exploit has been boot-strapped .
•This backdoor mechanism is based on the fact that people only review source (human-written) code, and not
compiled machine code (object code) [17] [18] [19].
Types of Backdoors

Botnet
•The word botnet is a combination of the words robot and network. It is used to control number of compromised
machine in a network called Botnet. Example: Khan C. Smith in 2001 [20].
•A botnet is a collection of Internet-connected programs communicating with other similar programs in order to
perform tasks.
•It mundane as keeping control of an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel, or it could be used to send spam email or
participate in distributed denial-of-service attacks Example: Donbot, Storm, Chemeleon, AKbot, Boatnet [21] [22].
Adware
•Adware is the least dangerous and most lucrative malware that displays free illegal ads on web sites.
•The advertisements produced by adware are sometimes in the form of a pop-up [23].

Flame (2012)
•Flame "is certainly the most sophisticated malware we encountered during our practice; arguably, it is the
most complex malware ever found” that supports a "kill" command which wipes (20 time hard ) than all traces
of the malware from the computer.
•Flame can spread to other systems over a local network (LAN) or via USB stick. It can record
audio, screenshots, keyboard activity and network traffic in Microsoft Windows operating system.
•The program also records Skype conversations and can turn infected computers into Bluetooth beacons which
attempt to download contact information from nearby Bluetooth-enabled devices 65% of the infections happened in
Iran, Israel, the Palestinian Territories, Sudan, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt, with a "huge majority of
targets" within Iran , Europe and North America [24].
•Flame is an uncharacteristically large program for malware at 20 megabytes.
•It is written partly in the Lua scripting language with compiled C++ code linked in, and allows other attack modules
to be loaded after initial infection [25].

•Keyloggers
•Keyloggers are malicious applications that tend to monitor your keyboard typing activities.
•detection Tool : SpyHunter's Keyloggers [25].
Rogue security software (2008)
•Rogue AV is a rogue that deceives or misleads users into paying money for fake or simulated removal of malware or it
claims to get rid of, but instead introduces malware to the computer.
•Rogue security software mainly relies on (fraud) to defeat the security built into modern operating system
and browser software and install itself onto victims' computers for example, display a fictitious warning dialog stating
that someone's machine is infected with a computer virus, and encourage them through manipulation to install or
purchase scareware in the belief that they are purchasing genuine antivirus software [26].
Ransomware (2012-13)
•It restricts access to the computer system that it infects, and demands a ransom paid to the creators of the malware in order
for the restriction to be removed.
•Some forms of ransomware encrypt files on the system's hard drive while some may simply lock the system and display
messages intended to coax the user into paying.
•Tactics coax (sweet talk) the user into paying the malware's author to remove the ransomware, either by supplying a
program which can decrypt the files, or by sending an unlock code that undoes the changes the payload has made.
•These payments are often delivered using either a wire transfer, premium-rate text messages, through an online
payment voucher service such as Ukash or Paysafecard, or most recently, the digital currency Bitcoin [27].

Browser hijacking
•It is the modification of a web browser's settings without the user's permission as replace the existing home page,
error page, or search page with its own.
•These are generally used to force hits to a particular website, increasing its advertising revenue.
•The homepages that are set by hijackers are often search pages, and many of these programs are spyware programs
that track personal data.
•Most installers will give users the opportunity to accept or decline an offer to install a hijacker; however, the request
to decline the offer is often ignored or presented in a very confusing manner.
•This is done for the sole reason of tricking users into installing malware [28].
•Cross-site scripting (XSS)
•It is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found in Web applications. XSS enables attackers
to inject client-side script into Web pages viewed by other users to bypass access controls such as
the same origin policy.
•Ex: non-persistent (server-side code flaws ) and persistent (DOM-based in client-side code) [29] [30].

Chargeware
•It is a form of malware used to corrupt desktop computers and mobile devices.
•The purpose of the program is to manipulate the user into agreeing to unclear terms for fees and charges.
•An additional feature is for the malware to have deliberately difficult methods of unsubscribing, so that charges
continue for as long as possible.
•Chargeware is often associated with Internet pornography [31].
Shareware
•Shareware/trialware/demoware provided to users for a certain limited trial basis related to business, software
development, education, home, multimedia, design, drivers, games, and utilities and pursuant to a license which
restricts any commercial benefit, use or exploitation of the software on MS Window.
•Shareware is often offered as a download from an Internet website or as a compact disc included with a magazine.
•They take money or require no payment; just an email address for further use [32].
Steelware
•It refers to a type of malware that covertly transfers money or data to a third party.
•Specifically, stealware uses an HTTP cookie to redirect the commission ordinarily earned by the site for referring
users to another site [33].

Effects of malware
•Malware is used by both black hat hackers and governments, to steal personal, financial, or business information.
•Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information, or to disrupt
their operation in general.
•However, malware is often used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details,
bank or credit card numbers, and passwords [2] ---- [32].
•China downloads 10 to 20 terabyte data from US NIPRnet Military network in 2008, by K. Zetter. “Operation Aurora”
targeted more than 20 Organization Company including Google, Adobe, Symantec and US defense, by M. Hosenball
Edward Snowden who downloads 50000 to 200000 classified data from US National Security Agency.
•Data leak of US prison is historical malicious activity in cyber attack [34].

Graph1: Shows infected area of digital data by different malwares by Kaspersky Lab

Graph2: Shows the infected countries by different malwares by Kaspersky Lab

Ch2: Malware detection techniques
 Firewall
 Intrusion detection
 Fingerprint detection technique
 Winnowing
 Chaffing
 MOSS detection
 Birthmark

Ch2: Malware detection technique
Firewall (1980)
•Firewalls are used by home users and organizations to try to safeguard against malware attacks based on an
applied rule set (establishes a barrier between a trusted, secure internal network and another network that is
assumed not to be secure and trusted) for software solution and hardware appliance [36].
Figure4: a block diagram of Firewall

Malware detection technique Continue…..
First Generation (Packet Filter)
•It filters each packet based only on information contained in the packet itself (most commonly using a combination of the
packet's source and destination address, its protocol, and, for TCP and UDP traffic, the port number). (OSI Layers)
Physical, network, Transport.
Second Generation (“Stateful” Filters)
In 1989–1990 from AT&T Bell Laboratories, developed the second generation of firewalls, calling them Circuit-level
gateways.
Second-generation firewalls perform the work of their first-generation predecessors but operate up to layer 4 (transport
layer) of the OSI model.
Third Layer (Application Layer)
•Application level firewall develop in June 1994, with the Kernel enhancement of IP filter and socket transparent.
•The key benefit of application layer filtering is that it can "understand" certain applications and protocols (such as File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Domain Name System (DNS), or Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) [37].
Proxy Server
•A proxy server may act as a firewall by responding to input packets (connection requests) in the manner of an application,
while blocking other packets.
•A proxy server is a gateway from one network to another for a specific network application, in the sense that it functions as
a proxy on behalf of the network user [36] [37].

Intrusion detection
•An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors network or system
activities for malicious activities or policy violations and produces reports to a management station.
•IDS come in a variety of “flavors” and approach the goal of detecting suspicious traffic in different ways.
•There are network based (NIDS) and host based (HIDS) intrusion detection systems.
•NIDS: it is use to monitor traffic to and from all devices on the network. It performs an analysis for a passing
traffic on the entire subnet, works in a promiscuous mode, and matches the traffic that is passed on the
subnets to the library of known attacks. Once the attack is identified, or abnormal behavior is sensed, the alert
can be sent to the administrator. Example of the NIDS would be installing it on the subnet where firewalls are
located in order to see if someone is trying to break into the firewall.
•Tools: Honeypot, Polygraph, Hamsa.
•HIDS: it run on individual hosts or devices on the network to monitor inbound/outbound the
packet(specially for critical system) [37].

Statistical anomaly-based IDS
•It monitor network traffic and compare it against an established baseline, that will identify what is “normal” for that
network- what sort of bandwidth is generally used, what protocols are used, what ports and devices generally connect to
each other- and alert the administrator or user when traffic is detected which is anomalous, or significantly different,
than the baseline.
Signature-based IDS
It will monitor packets on the network and compare them against a database of signatures or attributes from known
malicious threats during that lag time your IDS would be unable to detect the new threat. By N. Virvilis and O.
Serrano [35].
use: Redesign our defenses
Anomalies-based intrusion detection
•It is suitable to find novel attacks.

Fingerprint detection technique
•It is used by the help of n-gram, hash, winnoing and MOSS (Measure of Software Similarity), Birthmark, Sandmark,
chaffing etc. technique to detect the same digital document.
•Example :
•we use k-gram or n-gram and hash technique to convert the document identity. In k-gram we arrange character of the
whole document in 1 gram, 2 gram 3gram….k-gram. After that we use hashing technique to short the whole gram and at
last we get final output in the form of very small character, number or both. As given below [36]:
Example of fingerprint by 5-gram:
A do run run run, a do run run
(a) Some text.
adorunrunrunadorunrun
(b) The text with irrelevant features removed.
adoru dorun orunr runru unrun nrunr runru unrun
nruna runad unado nador adoru dorun orunr runru unrun

(c) The sequence of 5-grams derived from the text.
77 72 42 17 98 50 17 98 8 88 67 39 77 72 42 17 98
(d) A hypothetical sequence of hashes of the 5-grams.
W stand for window for hashing of K-gram,
For at least one k-gram, w + k – 1
Sequence of hashes h1 . . . hn, if n > t − k,
hi must be chosen to guarantee detection of all matches of length at least t.
Let the window size be w = t − k + 1.
Consider the sequence of hashes h1h2 . . . hn that represents
a document. Each position 1 ≤ i ≤ n − w + 1 in this
Sequence defines a window of hashes hi . . . hi+w−1.
(77, 72, 42, 17) (72, 42, 17, 98)
(42, 17, 98, 50) (17, 98, 50, 17)
(98, 50, 17, 98) (50, 17, 98, 8)
(17, 98, 8, 88) (98, 8, 88, 67)
(8, 88, 67, 39) (88, 67, 39, 77)
(67, 39, 77, 72) (39, 77, 72, 42)
(77, 72, 42, 17) (72, 42, 17, 98)

(e) Windows of hashes of length 4.
*Select one minimum hash value from whole data. If minimum is more than one then select the rightmost value.
(77, 72, 42, 17) (72, 42, 17, 98)
(42, 17, 98, 50) (17, 98, 50, 17)
(98, 50, 17, 98) (50, 17, 98, 8)
(17, 98, 8, 88) (98, 8, 88, 67)
(8, 88, 67, 39) (88, 67, 39, 77)
(67, 39, 77, 72) (39, 77, 72, 42)
(77, 72, 42, 17) (72, 42, 17, 98)
(f) Minimum hash values are selected from each window.
* select all minimum value as 17 17 8 39 17
(g) Fingerprints selected by Winnowing.
[17, 3] [17,6] [8,8] [39,11] [17,15]
(h) Fingerprints paired with 0-base positional Information.

•Winnowing Algorithm: it is taken from selecting fingerprints from hashes of k-grams and give an upper
bound on the performance of Winnowing, expressed as a trade-off between the number of fingerprints that must
be selected and the shortest match that we are guaranteed to detect[37] [38].
•That must satisfy two properties of string of any document:
If there is a substring match at least as long as the guarantee threshold, t, then this match is detected.
Do not detect any matches shorter than the noise threshold, k.
The contain t and k=<t.
Chaffing: it like winnowing algorithms. It is used for providing confidentiality or information hiding not
for copy detecting. Therefore it deals with terminologies like sender and receiver, encryption and
decryption, key, authentication, MAC and packets etc [39].
MOSS(Measure of Software Similarity)1997: it is widely-used plagiarism detection technique even in
computer languages as C, C++, Java, Pascal, Ada etc.

Table1: Lines of code with Token [41].

Birthmark
•Birthmarking of software depends upon uniquely inherent property of same program. Same type of copy for an individual
software or program as program “p” Is the same copy of program “q”. To evaluate the strength of the birth marking
technique we examine two properties: credibility and resilience to semantics preserving transformations [42] [43].
K-GRAM BASED BIRTHMARKS
•By sliding a window of length k over the static instruction sequence as it is laid out in the executable as:
•The k-gram birthmark is the set of unique opcode sequences of length k. Let f(p) = {p1, ..., pn} and f(q) = {q1, ..., qm} be
birthmarks of the sets of modules p and q respectively. We say that two sets of modules are the same if and only if f(p) =
f(q), i.e. if |f(p)| = |f(q)| = |f(p)f(q)|.
Tamada Birthmark
The Tamada birthmarking technique is the only known module level technique which targets program theft at the bytecode
level.
Because of this we are using it as an evaluation base for the k-gram technique.
While the k-gram birthmark provides an advantage over the Tamada techniques in that it can be blindly applied at either the
module or program level.
It is also a technique which is more likely to be able to stand on its own and would not necessarily have to be used in
conjunction with other techniques if the Tamada birthmark is combined with the k-gram birthmark it is possible to
provide stronger evidence of software theft than just using the Tamada technique [45].

Figure6: List of detection technique

Ch3: Deception technique used by attackers
 Encrypted technique
 Oligomorphic technique
 Polymorphic technique
 Metamorphic technique

Deception technique used by attackers
•Today cyber world and physical world get closer and closer together it creates a dangerous for our data. Attackers create
different variants of the same malware using various deception techniques such as:
Encrypted (1987): It is the process of encoding messages or information in such a way that only authorized parties can read
it. Encryption does not of itself prevent interception, but denies the message content to the interceptor. In an encryption
scheme, the message or information, referred to as plaintext, is encrypted using an encryption algorithm,
generating ciphertext that can only be read if decrypted.
Figure7: Working of encryption

Deception technique used by attackers Continue…..
•Oligomorphic (1990): An oligomorphic engine is generally used by a computer virus to generate a decryptor for
itself in a way comparable to a simple polymorphic engine.
•It does this by randomly selecting each piece of the decryptor from several predefined alternatives.
•The pieces used to build the decryptor are usually too common to be detected with signatures.
•However, most oligomorphic viruses aren't able to generate more than just a few hundred different decryptors, so
detecting them with simple signatures is still possible
•polymorphic code (1990) is code that uses a polymorphic engine to mutate while keeping the original
algorithm intact. That is, the code changes itself each time it runs, but the function of the code (its semantics) will not
change at all. For example, 1+3 and 6-2 both achieve the same result while using different code.
•Metamorphic Technique (1990) is a gentle form of foot, hand and head massage that can be carried out by anyone
with a brief training in the technique. It draws on reflexology in its theory and approach. It does not claim any specific
healing power but uses the idea that the massage helps the individual's own innate inner intelligence free deep blocks
in their body's energy pattern

Deception technique used by attackers Continue…..
Figure8: Year wise development stage of deception technique for attacker

Figure9: List of deception technique

Ch4: Deception technique for defenders
Honeypot deception technique
Honeyed deception technique
Honeypatch deception technique

Deception technique for defenders
•Honeypot deception technique: Honeypot is a trap set to detect, deflect, or, in some manner, counteract attempts at
unauthorized use of information systems.
•Generally, a honeypot, as shown in Figure 5, consists of a computer, data, or a network site that appears to be part of a
network, but is actually isolated and monitored, and which seems to contain information or a resource of value to attackers.
•This is similar to the police baiting a criminal and then conducting undercover surveillance [48].
Figure10: a block diagram of honeypot

Deception technique for defenders Continue……
Types of Honeypots:
•Production honeypots (P-Honeypot): It has fewer functions and uses in network due to that it provides less evidence
about hackers attack and motives so these are relatively easier than research Honeypots. Used by Indusrtial company.
•Research honeypots (R-Honeypot): It is responsible of all type of attack in the network with their updated tools and
methodologies. Uses research, military, or government organizations
•Sticky honeypots (S-Honeypot): or LaBrea takes over unused IP addresses, and creates virtual servers that are
attractive to worms, hackers, and other denizens of the Internet. The program answers connection attempts in such a
way that the machine at the other end gets "stuck", sometimes for a very long time. How does it work? LaBrea works
by watching ARP requests and replies. When the pgm sees consecutive ARP requests spaced several seconds apart,
without any intervening ARP reply, it assumes that the IP in question is unoccupied. It then "creates" an ARP reply
with a bogus MAC address,
and fires it back to the requester (By doing three times ARP reply technique)

Figure11: List of detection technique

Classification of Honeypots on the basis of interaction
•Low-interaction honeypots (LI-Honeypots): do not contain real operating system. These may generally copy all
activity of intruders but unable to defect their activity in a network. These are easiest to install, configure, deploy, and
maintain because of their simple design and basic functionality. Low-interaction honeypots simulate only the services
frequently requested by attacker (Honeyd).
•Medium-interaction honeypots (MI-Honeypots): same as(LI-HONEYPOT)services are more technically
Sophisticated
•High-interaction honeypots (HI-Honeypots): deploying inside a virtual machine using various virtualization software.
It captures full information about the attackers with their updated tools and technologies without any trouble so that they
are able to collect the full information about the intruders (Honeynet) [51].

Figure12: Classification of honeypot on the basis of interaction

•Honeynet: A honeynet is a network set up with intentional vulnerabilities; its purpose is to invite attack, so that an
attacker's activities and methods can be studied and that information used to increase network security [52].
Figure13: A block diagram of honeynet

•Honeypatch: activity of quickly alerting attackers that their attempts to exploit patched vulnerabilities have failed
attackers greatly benefit from this information;
•To overcome this disadvantage, a methodology is proposed for reformulating a broad class of security patches into
honey patches that over equivalent security but that frustrate attackers' ability to determine whether their attacks have
succeeded or failed.
•When an exploit attempt is detected, the honey-patch transparently and efficiently redirects the attacker to an
unpatched decoy, where the attack is allowed to succeed very fastly.
•There are also several many tools and technique like Sandbox, SandFinger, Honeyfinger, Different birthmark.
•Which is used by attacker and defenders………

Conclusion:
As we saw the different tools and techniques of digital data detection as well as deception techniques . Today
currently no such a anti malware or tool or technique to prevent the intruders work for ever time. To save our
data we should continuously update the defender technique. For that I would like to make a defender
technique with the help of my guide by the assist of sticky honeypot and fingerprint based technique that can
detect the malacious code easily and recently use the directed patch.

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