Literature Review Presentation Power Pnt

LITERATURE REVIEW
SURG CAPT AS MOHAMMED

Learning Objectives
+Explain the purpose of a literature review
+Apply a structured process to search,
select, and analyse literature
+Organise and synthesise evidence
effectively
+Avoid common mistakes in literature
reviews

What is Literature Review
+ A critical analysis of existing research in your field; it highlights both the
strengths and weaknesses of existing research.
+ Brings together the key concepts in your research field, giving a snapshot
of the state of knowledge and uncovering the knowledge gaps in your
field.
+ Allows you to gain a critical understanding of your field.
+ Opportunity to think about what has been done in your field; opportunity
to think about the similarities, patterns, trends and also differences across
the existing research.
+ By identifying strengths and weakness, you will be able to think about
what has not/needs to be done in your field.
+ The gap in the literature is your justification for your research.

Why Literature Reviews Matter
+ Ensure patient care is informed by current
evidence
+ Prevent duplication of studies
+ Guide protocol development
+ Strengthen grant and ethics applications

Literature Review Steps
+ Identify key terms
+ Locate literature
+ Critically evaluate selected literature
+ Organize the literature
+ Summarize the literature in table or concept map
format

Step I : Identify Key Terms
+ Extract key words from your title (remember, you may
decide to change the title later).
+ Familiarize yourself with online databases.
+ Use Boolean terms (AND, OR, NOT)
+ Using relevant database.
1. Start with a general terms from the database
thesaurus.
2. Redefine your topic if needed.
3. Identify landmark or classic studies and theorists.

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Step 2 : Locate Literature
+ Use academic libraries, do not limit your search to an electronic
search of articles.
+ Use primary and secondary sources. A “primary source” is
research reported by the researcher that conducted the study.
+ A “secondary source” is research that summarizes or reports
findings that come from primary sources.
+ It is “best to report mostly primary sources”.
 Search different types of literature:
summaries, encyclopedias, dictionaries and glossaries of terms,
handbooks, statistical indexes, reviews and syntheses, books,
journals, indexed publications, electronic sources, abstract series,
and databases.

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+ Rely on research Journal articles published in
national journals.
+ Prioritize your search : first look for refereed
journal articles, then, non-refereed articles,
then books, then conference papers,
dissertations and theses and then papers
posted to websites.
+ Look for research articles and avoid as much
possible “opinion” pieces
+ Blend qualitative and quantitative research in
Step 3: Critically Evaluate Selected
Literature

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How to read research article critically
(An appreciation of Strength, Weakness
and Limitations)
+ Identify research aim / questions ?
+ Identify nature / type of study.
+ Identify ontological position, epistemological and methodological
assumptions.
+ Is researcher’s value position explicit ?
+ Identify location, date sample method used.
+ Examine use of theory, deductive ? Inductive ?
+ Are analysis, method clearly explained ?
+ Are conclusions appropriately supported by
evidence ?
+ What are the implication for policy and practice?

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1. Create a “file” or “abstract” system to keep track of what you
read. Each article you read should be summarized in one page
containing -
+ Title (use APA to type the title so that you can later copy-paste
this into the References section of your paper)
+ Source: journal article, book, glossary, etc.
+ Research problem: one or two lines will suffice.
+ Research Questions or Hypotheses
+ Data collection procedure ( a description of
sample, characteristics can be very handy as well)
+ Results or findings of the study
Step 4: Organize the
Literature

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2. Sort the abstracts into groups of related topics or
areas which can then become the different sections
of your review.
3. Take notes:
 Decide on the format in which you will take notes
as you read the articles.
 Define key terms
 Note key statistics that you may want to use in
the introduction to your review.
Step 4: Organize the Literature
(Cont)

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 Note emphases, strengths & weakness.
 Identify major trends or patterns.
 Identify gaps in the literature
 Identify relationships among studies
 Keep your review focused on your topic.
 Evaluate your references for currency and
coverage.
Step 4: Organize the Literature
(Cont)

13
Step 5: Summarize the Literature in table
or concept map format
+ Building tables is a key way to help you overview, organize,
and summarize your findings.
1. You can create the table using the table feature within Microsoft Word
2. You can create it initially in Excel.
3. The advantages of using Excel is that it enables you to sort your findings
according to a variety of factors (e.g. sort by date, and then by author; sort by
methodology and then date, summary of research result)

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+ There is not one ‘ideal’ structure for your literature
review so talk to your guide about this .
+ Consider whether you wish to organize your literature
review chronologically, thematically, by development
of ideas (or a combination of these)
+ Make sure that you always explain your structure for
for your reader and have a clear narrative.
Structure of the Literature Review

15
Synthesize the literature prior to writing
your review
+ Using the notes that you have taken and
summary tables, develop an outline of your final
review.
+ The following are the key steps
1. Consider your purpose before beginning to write.
2. Consider how you reassemble your notes
3. Create a topic outline that traces your argument.
4. Reorganize your notes according to the path of your
argument

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5. Within each topic heading, note differences among
studies.
6. Within each topic heading, look for obvious gaps or
areas needing more research.
7. Plan to describe relevant theories.
8. Plan to discuss how individual studies relate to and
advance theory.
9. Plan to summarize periodically.
10. Plan to present conclusions and implications.
11. Plan to suggest specific directions for future research.
Synthesize the literature prior to writing
your review (Cont)

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Writing the Review
1. Adopt Point Example Explain Repeat format for writing
paragraphs
2. Importance of the topic.
3. Distinguish between research finding and other
sources of information.
4. Indicate why certain studies are important.
5. If you are commenting on the timeliness of a topic, be
specific in describing the time frame.
6. If a landmark study was replicated, mention that and
indicate the results of the replication.
7. Discuss other literature review on your topic.

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8. Justify comments such as, “no studies were found”.
9. Avoid long lists of nonspecific references.
10. If the results of previous studies are inconsistent or widely
varying, cite them separately.
11. Near the beginning of a review, state explicitly what will and will
not be covered
12. Specify your point of view early in the review: this serves as the
thesis statement of the review.
13. If your topic teaches across disciplines, consider reviewing
studies from each discipline separately.
14. Write a conclusion for the end of the review.
Writing the Review (Cont)

Useful Phrases and Sentences
Referring to another authors ideas
+ Huntington put forward the idea that….
+ In Young’s view……
+ According to Davies’ perspective…….
+ Goldstone argues that….
Providing support
+ Tilly’s findings (1973) support this idea.
+ For example in 1984…
+ This shows that….

Making a concession
+ Bellin’s study provides much relevant information.
+ Skocpol makes several interesting points…
+ Chandra argues convincingly
Showing Disagreement
+ There are several flaws in Przeworski’s argument.
+ While the discussion makes some good points, there are serious
problems.
+ Taylor’s argument cannot be accepted for several reasons.

Comparing
+ Whereas Molomo argues for……….., Samatar presents a case
against it.
+ Botswana is considered to have a good democracy, however….
Weakening a statement
+ Milan’s argument is not completely valid because….
+ This is possibly a result of…….as a result of…

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Referencing
+ Provide full details of all sources cited in the
dissertation
+ Should include published book or articles, book
chapters, technical reports, web sources, etc.
+ List alphabetically by author name (name of first
author in the case of work with co-authors)
+ Make sure you understand the institution
regulations on plagiarism

Literature Review Presentation Power Pnt

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