2. • History of local governments
• Local government units
• Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM)
3. • The cities, municipalities, and provinces of
today evolvedfrom the barangays of pre-
Spanish times, the pueblos andcabildos of
the Spanish colonial days and the
townshipsof the American regime.
The Barangays
• The pre-Spanish barangays were the first
political and socialorganizations of the
Philippines. A barangay was a settlementof
4. Spanish Conquest and Centralism
• THE lack of unity among the warring barangays made conquest
easier for the Spaniards. Gradually, the datus were shorn oftheir
powers. The Spaniards organized pueblos (municipalities),
Cabildos (cities), and provincias (provinces). The provinces were
established “for the convenience of administration and constituted
the immediate agencies through which the centralgovernment
could extend its authority on numerous villages.” In place of the
barangays, barrios were established, and thedatus were made
into cabezas de barangay whose onlyremaining function was the
collection of taxes for the Spanish government.
5. Local Governments during the First Philippine
RepublicThe
• Importance of local governments was recognized by Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo and Apolinario Mabini in their program of government
for the First Philippine Republic. Fillipino leaders knew that “if a
strong and enduring Filipino nation was to be established, it must
be able to maintain itself in all emergencies, and the whole
political fabric must be well founded on anefficient system of local
governments.The Malolos Constitution provided a separate article
on localgovernment (Title XI, Article 82). Local autonomy was
madeexplicit in the introductory portion which stipulated that“the
organization and powers of the provincial and
municipalassemblies shall be governed by their respective laws.”
6. Local Governments during the American
Regime
• The Americans contributed very little, if at all, to thedevelopment
of local autonomy. In fact, national-localrelationship reverted to
the strong centralism thatcharacterized the Spanish colonial
regime. .”The Commission’s blueprint for town organization
providedfor a President to be elected viva voce by residents of the
town with the approval of the Commanding Officer. His
dutyconsisted in the establishment of a police force, collection
oftaxes, enforcement of regulations on market and
sanitation,establishment of schools, and the provision for
lightingfacilities.
7. The Commonwealth and Centralism
• The forms and patterns of local government during theAmerican
civil administration remained essentially the sameduring the
Commonwealth period. The only notable changeswere the
transfer of central supervision from the ExecutiveBureau to the
Department of Interior and the creation of morechartered
cities.President Quezon, the central figure of the government
duringthis period, even argued against autonomy in the cities,
hintingthat “under the unitary system of government which exists
inthe Philippines, the national chief executive does and
shouldcontrol all local offices.”
8. Local Governments under the Republic
• The national government was supreme and local governments
were merely its political and administrative subdivisions. Most of
the formkal and real powers are vested and exercised by
thenational government. Local units, however, possessed a
certain degree of autonomy.During Marcoss authoritarian years
(1972-86), a Ministry ofLocal Government was instituted to
invigorate provincial,municipal, and barangay governments. But,
Marcoss realpurpose was to establish lines of authority that
bypassedprovincial governments and ran straight to Malacañang.
Alllocal officials were beholden to Marcos, who could appoint
orremove any provincial governor or town mayor.
9. Local Governments at present
• After the Peoples Power Revolution, the new Aquinogovernment
decided to replace all the local officials who hadserved Marcos.
Corazon Aquino delegated this task to herpolitical ally, Aquilino
Pimentel. Pimentel named officers incharge of local governments all
across the nation. Local officials elected in 1988 were to serve until
June 1992, under the transitory clauses of the new constitution.
Thereafter, terms of office were to be three years, with a three-term
limit.On October 10, 1991, The Local Government Code 1991
(R.A.7160) was signed into law. This Code ordained an authentic
andworkable local autonomy through the devolution of certainpowers
from the national government to the local governments.
10. BARANGAY
• barangaya (Filipino: baranggay, is the smallest administrativedivision in the
Philippines and is the native Filipino term for avillage, district or ward.
11. • Municipalities and cities are composed of barangays, andthey
may be further subdivided into smaller areas calledpurók
(English: zone), and sitio, which is a territorial enclaveinside a
barangay, especially in rural areas. In writing,barangay is
sometimes abbreviated to "Brgy." or "Bgy.". Asof June 28, 2011
there are a total of 42,026 barangaysthroughout the
Philippines.SEC. 384. Role of the Barangay.-
• As the basic political unit, the barangay serves as theprimary
planning and implementing unit of governmentpolicies, plans,
programs, projects, and activities in thecommunity, and as a
forum wherein the collective views ofthe people may be
expressed, crystallized and considered,and where disputes may
be amicably settled.
12. • MUNICIPALITYA municipality
(Filipino: bayan;
munisipalidad) is a
localgovernment unit in the
Philippines. Municipalities are
alsocalled towns (which is
actually a better translation of
"bayan").They are distinct
from cities, which are a
different category oflocal
government unit (LGU).
13. • They have been granted corporate personality
enabling themto enact local policies and laws,
enforce them, and govern their jurisdictions.
They can enter into contracts and other
transactions through their elected and
appointed officials and can tax. The National
Government assists and supervisesthe local
government to make sure that they do not
violatenational law.
14. • Local Governments have their own executive
andlegislative branches and the checks and balances
betweenthese two major branches, along with their
separation, aremore pronounced than that of the national
government.The Judicial Branch of the Republic of the
Philippines alsocaters to the needs of local government
units. Localgovernments, such as a municipalities, do not
have their ownjudicial branch: their judiciary is the same
as that of thenational government.
15. • A municipality, upon reaching a certain requirements-
minimumpopulation size, and minimum annual revenue-may
opt tobecome a city. First, a bill must be passed in
Congress, thensigned into law by the President and then the
residents wouldvote in the succeeding plebiscite to accept
or reject cityhood.One benefit in being a city is that the city
government getsmore budget, but taxes are much higher
than in municipalities.As of September 30, 2009 there are
1,514 municipalities.
16. • SEC. 440. Role of the Municipality.-The municipality,
consisting of a group of barangays, servesprimarily as a
general purpose government for the coordinationand
delivery of basic, regular and direct services and
effectivegovernance of the inhabitants within its territorial
jurisdiction.
17. • CITYA city (lungsod, or sometimes
siyudad in Filipino and Tagalog)is a
tier of local government in the
Philippines. All Philippinecities are
chartered cities, whose existence
as corporate andadministrative
entities is governed by their own
specificcharters in addition to the
Local Government Code of 1991,
which specifies the administrative
structure and politicalpowers of
subnational government entities.
18. • Only an Act of Congress can create or amend a city
charter, andwith this city charter Congress confers to
a city certain powersthat regular municipalities or
even other cities may not have.Despite the
differences in the powers accorded to each city,all
cities regardless of status are given special
treatment in termsof being given a bigger share of
the internal revenue allotment(IRA) compared to
regular municipalities, as well as beinggenerally
more autonomous than regular municipalities..
19. • There are twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines
asdefined by the National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA). Metro Manila is the largest conurbation
or urban agglomeration in the country, and its official
metropolitan area is composed of the city of Manila plus
15 neighboring cities and a municipality. Other
metropolitan areas are centered around the cities of
Baguio, Dagupan, Angeles, Olongapo,Batangas, Naga,
Cebu, Iloilo, Bacolod, Cagayan de Oro, Davaoand
Zamboanga City
20. • ClassificationThe Local Government Code of 1991
(Republic Act No. 7160)classifies all cities into one of
three categories:
• Highly Urbanized Cities - Cities with a minimum
population of two hundred thousand (200,000)
inhabitants, as certified bythe National Statistics
Office, and with the latest annual incomeof at least
Fifty Million Pesos (P50,000,000.00) based on
1991constant prices, as certified by the city
treasurer. There arecurrently 33 highly urbanized
cities in the Philippines, 16 ofthem located in Metro
Manila.
21. • Independent Component Cities - Cities whose charters
prohibittheir voters from voting for provincial elective
officials.Independent component cities are independent of
the province.There are five such cities: Dagupan, Cotabato,
Naga,Ormoc and Santiago.
• Component Cities - Cities which do not meet the
aboverequirements are considered component cities of the
provincein which they are geographically located. If a
component cityis located within the boundaries of two (2) or
more provinces,such city shall be considered a component
of the province ofwhich it used to be a municipality.
22. • Income classification
• Cities are classified according to average annual income
basedon the previous 3 calendar years. Effective July 28,
2008 thethresholds for the income classes for cities are:
Class Average
• Annual income First PHP 400 million or more
• Second PHP 320 million or more but less than PHP 400 million
• Third PHP 240 million or more but less than PHP 320 million Fourth PHP 160
million or more but less than PHP 240 million
• Fifth PHP 80 million or more but less than PHP 160 million
• Sixth below PHP 80 million
23. SEC. 448. Role of the City.
The city, consisting of more urbanized and
developed barangays,serves as a general-
purpose government for the coordinationand
delivery of basic, regular, and direct services
and effectivegovernance of the inhabitants
within its territorial jurisdiction.
24. PROVINCE
The Provinces of the Philippines are the primary political
and administrative divisions of the Philippines. There are 80
provinces at present, further subdivided into component
cities and municipalities. The National Capital Region, as
well as independent cities, are autonomous from any
provincial government. Each province is administered by an
elected governor who oversees various local government
entities.
25. Classification Provinces
• are classified according to average annual incomebased
on the previous 3 calendar years. Effective July 28,
2008the thresholds for the income classes for cities are
Class Average annual income
• First 450 million or more
₱
• Second 360 million or more but less than 450 million
₱ ₱
• Third 270 million or more but less than 360 million
₱ ₱
• Fourth 180 million or more but less than 270 million
₱ ₱
• Fifth 90 million or more but less than 180 million
₱ ₱
• Sixth below 90 million
₱
26. SEC. 459. Role of the Province.
• The province, composed of a cluster of municipalities,
ormunicipalities and component cities, and as a political
andcorporate unit of government, serves as a dynamic
mechanismfor developmental processes and effective
governance of localgovernment units within its territorial
jurisdiction.
27. Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM)
• is the region, located in the Mindanao island group of the
Philippines, that is composed of predominantly
Muslimprovinces, namely: Basilan (except Isabela City),
Lanao del Sur,Maguindanao, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. It is the
only region that hasits own government. The regional
capital is at Cotabato City,although this city is outside of its
jurisdiction.
28. • The ARMM previously included the province of Shariff
Kabunsuan until July 16, 2008, when Shariff Kabunsuan
ceased to exist as a province after the Supreme Court in
Sema v. Comelec declared unconstitutional the "Muslim
Mindanao Autonomy Act 201", which created it.
30. Establishment of the ARMM
• The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao region was
firstcreated on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act No.
6734 (otherwiseknown as the Organic Act) in pursuance
with a constitutionalmandate to provide for an
autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao. A plebiscite was
held in the provinces of Basilan, Cotabato, Davao delSur,
Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Palawan,
SouthCotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi,
Zamboanga del Norte andZamboanga del Sur;
31. • and in the cities of Cotabato, Dapitan, Dipolog,
GeneralSantos, Koronadal, Iligan, Marawi, Pagadian,
Puerto Princesa andZamboanga to determine if their
residents would want to be part ofthe ARMM. Of these
areas, only four provinces - Lanao delSur, Maguindanao,
Sulu and Tawi-Tawi - voted favorably for inclusionin the
new autonomous region. The ARMM was
officiallyinaugurated on November 6, 1990 in Cotabato
City, which wasdesignated as its provincial capital.
32. Population Capital Population (2000) Area (km²) Pop. density (per
km²)
Basilan Isabela City 408,520 1,994.1 204.9
Lanao del Sur Marawi 1,138,544 12,051.9
94.5
Maguindanao Shariff Aguak 1,273,715 7,142.0 178.3
Shariff
Kabunsuan
Datu Odin
Sinsuat
103,715 7,142.0 178.3
Sulu Jolo 849,670 2,135.3 397.9
Tawi-Tawi Bongao 450,346 3,426.6 131.4
33. ARMM Organizational Structure
• Executive
• The region is headed by a Regional Governor. The
Regional Governor and Regional Vice Governor are
elected directly like regular local executives. Regional
ordinances are created by the Regional Assembly,
composed of Assemblymen, also elected by direct
vote.Regional elections are usually held one year after
general elections(national and local) depending on what
legislation from thePhilippine Congress.
34. Regional officials have a fixed term of three years, which
can be extended by an act of Congress.
The Regional Governor is the chief executive of the
regionalgovernment, and is assisted by a cabinet not
exceeding 10 members.He appoints the members of the
cabinet, subject to confirmation bythe Regional
Legislative Assembly. He has control of all the
regionalexecutive commissions,agencies, boards,
bureaus and offices.
35. Term Governor Party Vice
Governor
Party
1990–1993 Zacaria Candao Lakas-NUCD Benjamin Loong NUCD- Lakas-
1993–1996 Lininding
Pangandaman
Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
Nabil Tan Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
1996–2002 Nurallaj Misuari Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
Guimid P. Matalam Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
2001 Alvarez Isnaji Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
2001–2005 Parouk S. Hussin Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
Mahid M. Mutilan Lakas-NUCD-
UMDP
2005–2009 Zaldy Ampatuan Lakas Kampi CMD Ansaruddin-
Abdulmalik A.
Adiong
Lakas Kampi CMD
37. Legislative
• The ARMM has a Unicameral Regional Legislative
Assemblyheaded by a Speaker. It is composed of three
members forevery congressional district. The current
membership is 24,where 6 are from Lanao del Sur including
Marawi City, 6 fromMaguindanao, 6 from Sulu, 3 from Basilan
and 3 from Tawi-Tawi.
• The Regional Legislative Assembly is the legislative branch
ofthe ARMM government. The regular members
(3members/district) and sectoral representatives, have 3-
yearterms; maximum of 3 consecutive terms.
38. ARMM powers and basic principles
• RA 9054 provides that ARMM "shall remain an integral
and inseparable part of the national territory of the
Republic." The President exercises general supervision
over the Regional Governor. The Regional Government
has the power to create its own sources of revenues and
to levy taxes, fees, and charges, subject to Constitutional
provisions and the provisions of RA 9054. The Shariah
applies only to Muslims; itsa pplications are limited by
pertinent constitutional provisions(prohibition against cruel
and unusual punishment).
