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INTRODUCTIONThe Study of Logic
DefinitionDerived from the Greek word ”logos” which means  - study, reason or discourseLOGIC is the science and art of correct thinking		- it is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking
		- as an ART, logic is a “techne” and it teaches how to make a good argument		- often called the arts of arts because it develops and perfects the intellect which all artists need in their work
	Logic and correct thinkingIt is “correct” when it conforms to a pattern or to rulesExample: A ruler is 12-inch long			 Pres. GMA is a ruler			 Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long	-THINKING is a mental process – involves analysis, definition, classification, comparison and contrasts, etc.- It guides or directs man to form correct ideas
Branches of logicFORMAL LOGIC-concerned with the aspect of form which has something to do with the correctness or sequence or the following of rulesEx.  All men are mortal       but Pedro is a man       therefore Pedro is mortal
Branches of logicMATERIAL LOGIC-concerned with the aspect of subject matter or content or truth of the argumentExample: A ruler is 12-inch long			 Pres. GMA is a ruler			 Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch longKINDS Deductive Logic: from more to less
Inductive Logic: implies a sense of probabilityConcepts and termsThe three essential operations of the intellect
conceptThe representation of an object by the intellect through which man understands or comprehends a thingIt is an “idea”- starts with an outside reality and apprehended by the senses
Kinds of concept 1.First Intention:  we understand what the thing is according to what it is in reality	Ex. A dog is an animal.Second Intention: we understand not only what the thing is according to what it is in reality but also how it is in the mind      Ex.  “Monte Vista” (Mountain View) is the name of my subdivision
Kinds of concept 2.Concrete Concepts: expresses a “form” and a “subject”	Ex. The flower roseAbstract Concepts: has a “form” only , has intangible quality, that which cannot be perceived by the senses     Ex. Beauty in a woman
Kinds of concept 3.Absolute Concepts: signifies the meaning of a concept, all definitions are absolute concepts	Ex. A triangle is a three-sided figure.Connotative Concepts: signifies a characteristic existing in the concept, all modifiers are connotative concepts     Ex.  Drummer boy
Kinds of concept 4.Positive Concepts: signifies the existence or possession of something	Ex. happyNegative Concepts: signifies the absence of something     Ex.  sad
Seatwork #2Underline the simple subject of each proposition then classify according to the four kinds of concepts in the column below:Justice is a prerequisite of love.Men are creatures of God.“Freedom” is the name of our park.Honesty is still the best policy.Joy is Zeny’s friend.
Logic Ppt
Assignment #2Underline the simple subject of each proposition then classify according to the four kinds of concepts in the column below:1.  Love is a many-splendored thing.2. “Love” is the theme of the homily.3. The loving couple is a model to their children.4. Hope is the opposite of despair.5. “Hope” is the street where I live.  6. The urban poor are people in need of hope.
The termThe external representation of a concept and the ultimate structural element of a proposition.     - external representation means it is always a sign of a concept or an idea	 - ultimate structural element means it could either be the subject or predicate of a proposition
The termEXAMPLE:Hilda is a (nun).subjectpredicate
Properties of a termEXTENSION OF A TERMthe sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a concept can be applied
The denotation of a term
The terms that are members of the domain of the conceptProperties of a termCOMPREHENSION OF A TERM - the sum total of all notes which constitute the meaning of a concept- set of traits or characteristics that differentiates the term in a group- the connotation of a term
Properties of a termExample is the term BAT-for its extension it will include all animals, regardless of size, shape, colour, or breeding-further analysis (comprehension), know the nature of bats – how?- You must try to state the trait or set of traits and characteristics that differentiates bats from the rest of the animal kingdom
Properties of a termExample is the term BAT-the important common trait of bats is: they are the only mammals capable of sustained flight like a bird - Unlike birds, bats are able to fly at low speed with extreme maneuverability.
RELATIONSHIPComprehension and Extension are related to each other inverselyMeaning:  the greater the comprehension of a term, the lesser its extension and vice versa   - the arrangement of the characteristics from general to specificEx. city, barangay, province, municipality, region, country , sitio
Seatwork#3Arrange the ff. from greater comprehensiont o lesser extensionPedro, Filipino, Man, Asian, Brown RaceSquare, Plane, Figure, Rectangle, Polygon, Parallelogram, shape
Answer to sw#31.  Man			2.  Plane     Asian			     Figure	     Brown Race	     Shape	     Filipino		     Polygon	     Pedro		     Parallelogram   Rectangle   Square
Quantities of termsSINGULAR – it stands for a single definite individual or group	- Proper nouns ex. Raul, La Union, DMMMSU	- Nouns modified by adjective to the superlative degree ex. most charming	- Demonstratives ex. this book, that door 	- Collective nouns ex. flock, class	- The article the  ex. The man in blue shorts	- Personal pronouns – I, you, he, she, we, they, my, your, our
Quantities of termsPARTICULAR - it stands for an indefinite subject	- Indefinite pronouns and adjectives	ex. Some, several, many, few	- Use of numbers ex. Seven tickets	- Use of article “a” and “an”	- General propositions: which are true most of the time but not all the time	ex.  Filipinos are hospitable
Quantities of terms3. UNIVERSAL – it stands for every subject signified	- Universal expressions ex. All, every, each, whatever, whoever, whichever, without exception, everything	- Universal ideas 	Ex.  Men are mortal	- The use of articles “the”, “a”, “an” if the idea is universal  	Ex.  The snake is a dangerous creature.
Seatwork #4Underline each simple subject and classify its quantity: S for singular, P for particular, and U for universalI am a violinist’s daughter.All the children are musicians.Six of them are a string ensemble.A brother is a trombone player.Some bands are their competitors during the town fiesta.A square is a geometric figure with four equal sides. Two parallel lines will not meet.You should practice what you preach.That girl beside me is wearing a red dress.The weather is warm.
Kinds of termsUNIVOCAL – if they mean exactly the same thing in the last two occurrences	Ex.  Man is rational.	       Get that man!EQUIVOCAL – if they have different meanings in at least two occurrences	Ex.  Man the lifeboat!		  The son of man
Kinds of terms3.  ANALOGOUS – if they have partly the same and partly different meanings in at least two occurrences	KINDS:	1.  Intrinsic analogy:  used in technical terms and as definitions	2.  Extrinsic analogy:  used as a metaphor		Ex.  The heart of the forest
Kinds of termsKINDS:	3. Analogy of Proportionality:  when the terms use are similar 	Ex. The stepmother is cruel.		  The sea is cruel. 		4.Analogy of Attribution: attribute the term to its denotation		Ex.  I am drinking Coke.
Seatwork #5Classify the underlined terms- write U for Univocal, E for Equivocal, IA for Intrinsic Analogy, EA for Extrinsic analogy, AP for  for Analogy of Proportionality, AA for Analogy of Attribution.I am reading Rizal.Gold is a precious metal. Lydia de Vega received a gold for 100m. Dash.Politicians speaks of leveling the Smokey Mountain.  Geneva Cruz is a member of the Smokey Mountain. Gonzaga is a tenor. Cabahug is a tenor.I am using Colgate.
Seatwork #5Classify the underlined terms- write U for Univocal, E for Equivocal, IA for Intrinsic Analogy, EA for Extrinsic analogy, AP for Analogy of Proportionality, AA for Analogy of Attribution.6.  Father Sales and my father are friends.7.  The smiling sun is so brilliant.8.  The mouth of the river is clean.9.  We pass by Bridal’s  Veil along Kennon Road10.  Hitler is a man.	  Marcos is a man.
SUPPOSITION OF TERMSIt is functional – the way it is meant in the propositionExamples:A square is a rectangle with four equal sides.Square has six lettersSquare is the subject the sentenceA black-rimmed square clock is classy in my living room.
KINDS OF SUPPOSITIONMATERIAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for itself alone, for its spoken or written sign, not for its real meaningExamples: #2 and 3FORMAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for its real meaningExample: #1
Other kinds A]  LOGICAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for its second intention; that is the way the mind thinks it to beExample:  #4B]  REAL SUPPOSITION:  is that which uses a word in its first intentionExample: #1
uNDER real supposition:1]  Absolute Supposition:  is that which uses a word for essence, but without excluding existing realityExample: Proposition #1	Personal Supposition:  is that which uses a word for the subject containing the essence signified by the wordExample:  Proposition #4
Essential Supposition:  is that which uses a word for qualities necessary to the subjectExample: #1	Accidental Supposition:  is that which uses a word for qualities not actually necessary to the subjectExample: #4
Seatwork#6Give the specific kind of supposition illustrated bythe words “carabao” and “pag-asa” in eachproposition below.“Tamarao” belongs to the endangered species.“Tamarao” is a word with three syllables.“Pag-asa” is the name of the eaglet.“Pag-asa” is the subject of the sentence.“Pag-asa” means hope in English.“Pag-asa” is now the adopted child of bird lovers.
Other typesIMAGINARY SUPPOSITION:  exists as a product of imaginationEx.  Fictional characterMETAPHORICAL SUPPOSITION:  term is used as a figure of speechEx.  The smiling sunSYMBOLIC SUPPOSITION:  signifies a group of men Ex.  L.A. Lakers
The propositionA special type of sentence
An enunciation of truth or falsity
Verbal expression of mental judgmentSTRUCTURAL ELEMENT                S    –   C    –    P[subject]- [copula]- [predicate]Subject stands for the thing signified, the one spoken of
Predicate stands for what is affirmed or denied of the subject
copula- links the subject and the predicate
* acceptable only is the present tense is or is notexampleAll boys (are) future men.Quantifier  subject[S] copula[C]  predicate[P]
Logical symbol[Four standard propositions]
examplesA - Every monkey is an animal.E - No monkey is a human.I - Some monkeys are brown.O - Some monkeys are not brown.
Logical diagramA PROPOSITIONPREDICATESUBJECT
E PROPOSITIONSUBJECTPREDICATE
I PROPOSITIONSUBJECTPREDICATE
O PROPOSITIONSUBJECTPREDICATE
LOGICAL FORMWAYS OF REWRITING PROPOSITION TO ITS LOGICAL FORMChange the verb to its present tense progressive.Change the verb to a noun.Change verb to a relative clause.Change verb to a noun clause.
exampleALL CROCODILES CANNOT FLY.1.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYING.2.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYERS.3.NO CROCODILES ARE REPTILES THAT CAN FLY.4.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYING REPTILES.
SQUARE OF OPPOSITIONAECONTRARYSUBALTERNSUBALTERNCONTRADICTORIESCONTRADICTORIESSUBCONTRARY IO
CONTRADICTORIES2 pairs: 1] A – O: Every S is P, therefore, some S is not P.    O – A: Some S is not P, therefore, every S is P.2]E – I:  No S is P, therefore, some S is P.    I– E:  Some S is P, therefore, no S is P.
Examples:A - All men are rational, therefore O - some men are not rational.I – Some students are girls, therefore E – No students are girls.
Rules:1.  If one is true, the other is false.2.  If one is false, the other is true.A- All men are rational is true [ T ],   therefore O - some men are not rational.  False or F
contrary1 pair:A – E:  Every S is P, therefore, no S is  P.  orE – A: No S is  P, therefore, every S is P.Example:E- No students are girls, therefore, A - every students are girls.
Rules:If one is true, the other is false.If one is false, the other is doubtful.Example:E- No students are girls is false [ F ], therefore, A - every students are girls is doubtful [ ? ]
subcontrary1 pairI – O: Some S is P, therefore some S is not P.  orO – I: Some S is not P, therefore some S is P.EXAMPLE:I - Some students are girls, therefore O - some students are not girls.
Rules:If one is true, the other is doubtful.If one is false, the other is true.EXAMPLE:I - Some students are girls is true [ T ], therefore O - some students are not girls is doubtful [ ? ].

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Logic Ppt

  • 2. DefinitionDerived from the Greek word ”logos” which means - study, reason or discourseLOGIC is the science and art of correct thinking - it is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking
  • 3. - as an ART, logic is a “techne” and it teaches how to make a good argument - often called the arts of arts because it develops and perfects the intellect which all artists need in their work
  • 4. Logic and correct thinkingIt is “correct” when it conforms to a pattern or to rulesExample: A ruler is 12-inch long Pres. GMA is a ruler Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch long -THINKING is a mental process – involves analysis, definition, classification, comparison and contrasts, etc.- It guides or directs man to form correct ideas
  • 5. Branches of logicFORMAL LOGIC-concerned with the aspect of form which has something to do with the correctness or sequence or the following of rulesEx. All men are mortal but Pedro is a man therefore Pedro is mortal
  • 6. Branches of logicMATERIAL LOGIC-concerned with the aspect of subject matter or content or truth of the argumentExample: A ruler is 12-inch long Pres. GMA is a ruler Therefore, Pres. GMA is 12-inch longKINDS Deductive Logic: from more to less
  • 7. Inductive Logic: implies a sense of probabilityConcepts and termsThe three essential operations of the intellect
  • 8. conceptThe representation of an object by the intellect through which man understands or comprehends a thingIt is an “idea”- starts with an outside reality and apprehended by the senses
  • 9. Kinds of concept 1.First Intention: we understand what the thing is according to what it is in reality Ex. A dog is an animal.Second Intention: we understand not only what the thing is according to what it is in reality but also how it is in the mind Ex. “Monte Vista” (Mountain View) is the name of my subdivision
  • 10. Kinds of concept 2.Concrete Concepts: expresses a “form” and a “subject” Ex. The flower roseAbstract Concepts: has a “form” only , has intangible quality, that which cannot be perceived by the senses Ex. Beauty in a woman
  • 11. Kinds of concept 3.Absolute Concepts: signifies the meaning of a concept, all definitions are absolute concepts Ex. A triangle is a three-sided figure.Connotative Concepts: signifies a characteristic existing in the concept, all modifiers are connotative concepts Ex. Drummer boy
  • 12. Kinds of concept 4.Positive Concepts: signifies the existence or possession of something Ex. happyNegative Concepts: signifies the absence of something Ex. sad
  • 13. Seatwork #2Underline the simple subject of each proposition then classify according to the four kinds of concepts in the column below:Justice is a prerequisite of love.Men are creatures of God.“Freedom” is the name of our park.Honesty is still the best policy.Joy is Zeny’s friend.
  • 15. Assignment #2Underline the simple subject of each proposition then classify according to the four kinds of concepts in the column below:1. Love is a many-splendored thing.2. “Love” is the theme of the homily.3. The loving couple is a model to their children.4. Hope is the opposite of despair.5. “Hope” is the street where I live. 6. The urban poor are people in need of hope.
  • 16. The termThe external representation of a concept and the ultimate structural element of a proposition. - external representation means it is always a sign of a concept or an idea - ultimate structural element means it could either be the subject or predicate of a proposition
  • 17. The termEXAMPLE:Hilda is a (nun).subjectpredicate
  • 18. Properties of a termEXTENSION OF A TERMthe sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a concept can be applied
  • 20. The terms that are members of the domain of the conceptProperties of a termCOMPREHENSION OF A TERM - the sum total of all notes which constitute the meaning of a concept- set of traits or characteristics that differentiates the term in a group- the connotation of a term
  • 21. Properties of a termExample is the term BAT-for its extension it will include all animals, regardless of size, shape, colour, or breeding-further analysis (comprehension), know the nature of bats – how?- You must try to state the trait or set of traits and characteristics that differentiates bats from the rest of the animal kingdom
  • 22. Properties of a termExample is the term BAT-the important common trait of bats is: they are the only mammals capable of sustained flight like a bird - Unlike birds, bats are able to fly at low speed with extreme maneuverability.
  • 23. RELATIONSHIPComprehension and Extension are related to each other inverselyMeaning: the greater the comprehension of a term, the lesser its extension and vice versa - the arrangement of the characteristics from general to specificEx. city, barangay, province, municipality, region, country , sitio
  • 24. Seatwork#3Arrange the ff. from greater comprehensiont o lesser extensionPedro, Filipino, Man, Asian, Brown RaceSquare, Plane, Figure, Rectangle, Polygon, Parallelogram, shape
  • 25. Answer to sw#31. Man 2. Plane Asian Figure Brown Race Shape Filipino Polygon Pedro Parallelogram Rectangle Square
  • 26. Quantities of termsSINGULAR – it stands for a single definite individual or group - Proper nouns ex. Raul, La Union, DMMMSU - Nouns modified by adjective to the superlative degree ex. most charming - Demonstratives ex. this book, that door - Collective nouns ex. flock, class - The article the ex. The man in blue shorts - Personal pronouns – I, you, he, she, we, they, my, your, our
  • 27. Quantities of termsPARTICULAR - it stands for an indefinite subject - Indefinite pronouns and adjectives ex. Some, several, many, few - Use of numbers ex. Seven tickets - Use of article “a” and “an” - General propositions: which are true most of the time but not all the time ex. Filipinos are hospitable
  • 28. Quantities of terms3. UNIVERSAL – it stands for every subject signified - Universal expressions ex. All, every, each, whatever, whoever, whichever, without exception, everything - Universal ideas Ex. Men are mortal - The use of articles “the”, “a”, “an” if the idea is universal Ex. The snake is a dangerous creature.
  • 29. Seatwork #4Underline each simple subject and classify its quantity: S for singular, P for particular, and U for universalI am a violinist’s daughter.All the children are musicians.Six of them are a string ensemble.A brother is a trombone player.Some bands are their competitors during the town fiesta.A square is a geometric figure with four equal sides. Two parallel lines will not meet.You should practice what you preach.That girl beside me is wearing a red dress.The weather is warm.
  • 30. Kinds of termsUNIVOCAL – if they mean exactly the same thing in the last two occurrences Ex. Man is rational. Get that man!EQUIVOCAL – if they have different meanings in at least two occurrences Ex. Man the lifeboat! The son of man
  • 31. Kinds of terms3. ANALOGOUS – if they have partly the same and partly different meanings in at least two occurrences KINDS: 1. Intrinsic analogy: used in technical terms and as definitions 2. Extrinsic analogy: used as a metaphor Ex. The heart of the forest
  • 32. Kinds of termsKINDS: 3. Analogy of Proportionality: when the terms use are similar Ex. The stepmother is cruel. The sea is cruel. 4.Analogy of Attribution: attribute the term to its denotation Ex. I am drinking Coke.
  • 33. Seatwork #5Classify the underlined terms- write U for Univocal, E for Equivocal, IA for Intrinsic Analogy, EA for Extrinsic analogy, AP for for Analogy of Proportionality, AA for Analogy of Attribution.I am reading Rizal.Gold is a precious metal. Lydia de Vega received a gold for 100m. Dash.Politicians speaks of leveling the Smokey Mountain. Geneva Cruz is a member of the Smokey Mountain. Gonzaga is a tenor. Cabahug is a tenor.I am using Colgate.
  • 34. Seatwork #5Classify the underlined terms- write U for Univocal, E for Equivocal, IA for Intrinsic Analogy, EA for Extrinsic analogy, AP for Analogy of Proportionality, AA for Analogy of Attribution.6. Father Sales and my father are friends.7. The smiling sun is so brilliant.8. The mouth of the river is clean.9. We pass by Bridal’s Veil along Kennon Road10. Hitler is a man. Marcos is a man.
  • 35. SUPPOSITION OF TERMSIt is functional – the way it is meant in the propositionExamples:A square is a rectangle with four equal sides.Square has six lettersSquare is the subject the sentenceA black-rimmed square clock is classy in my living room.
  • 36. KINDS OF SUPPOSITIONMATERIAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for itself alone, for its spoken or written sign, not for its real meaningExamples: #2 and 3FORMAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for its real meaningExample: #1
  • 37. Other kinds A] LOGICAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word for its second intention; that is the way the mind thinks it to beExample: #4B] REAL SUPPOSITION: is that which uses a word in its first intentionExample: #1
  • 38. uNDER real supposition:1] Absolute Supposition: is that which uses a word for essence, but without excluding existing realityExample: Proposition #1 Personal Supposition: is that which uses a word for the subject containing the essence signified by the wordExample: Proposition #4
  • 39. Essential Supposition: is that which uses a word for qualities necessary to the subjectExample: #1 Accidental Supposition: is that which uses a word for qualities not actually necessary to the subjectExample: #4
  • 40. Seatwork#6Give the specific kind of supposition illustrated bythe words “carabao” and “pag-asa” in eachproposition below.“Tamarao” belongs to the endangered species.“Tamarao” is a word with three syllables.“Pag-asa” is the name of the eaglet.“Pag-asa” is the subject of the sentence.“Pag-asa” means hope in English.“Pag-asa” is now the adopted child of bird lovers.
  • 41. Other typesIMAGINARY SUPPOSITION: exists as a product of imaginationEx. Fictional characterMETAPHORICAL SUPPOSITION: term is used as a figure of speechEx. The smiling sunSYMBOLIC SUPPOSITION: signifies a group of men Ex. L.A. Lakers
  • 42. The propositionA special type of sentence
  • 43. An enunciation of truth or falsity
  • 44. Verbal expression of mental judgmentSTRUCTURAL ELEMENT S – C – P[subject]- [copula]- [predicate]Subject stands for the thing signified, the one spoken of
  • 45. Predicate stands for what is affirmed or denied of the subject
  • 46. copula- links the subject and the predicate
  • 47. * acceptable only is the present tense is or is notexampleAll boys (are) future men.Quantifier subject[S] copula[C] predicate[P]
  • 49. examplesA - Every monkey is an animal.E - No monkey is a human.I - Some monkeys are brown.O - Some monkeys are not brown.
  • 54. LOGICAL FORMWAYS OF REWRITING PROPOSITION TO ITS LOGICAL FORMChange the verb to its present tense progressive.Change the verb to a noun.Change verb to a relative clause.Change verb to a noun clause.
  • 55. exampleALL CROCODILES CANNOT FLY.1.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYING.2.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYERS.3.NO CROCODILES ARE REPTILES THAT CAN FLY.4.NO CROCODILES ARE FLYING REPTILES.
  • 57. CONTRADICTORIES2 pairs: 1] A – O: Every S is P, therefore, some S is not P. O – A: Some S is not P, therefore, every S is P.2]E – I: No S is P, therefore, some S is P. I– E: Some S is P, therefore, no S is P.
  • 58. Examples:A - All men are rational, therefore O - some men are not rational.I – Some students are girls, therefore E – No students are girls.
  • 59. Rules:1. If one is true, the other is false.2. If one is false, the other is true.A- All men are rational is true [ T ], therefore O - some men are not rational. False or F
  • 60. contrary1 pair:A – E: Every S is P, therefore, no S is P. orE – A: No S is P, therefore, every S is P.Example:E- No students are girls, therefore, A - every students are girls.
  • 61. Rules:If one is true, the other is false.If one is false, the other is doubtful.Example:E- No students are girls is false [ F ], therefore, A - every students are girls is doubtful [ ? ]
  • 62. subcontrary1 pairI – O: Some S is P, therefore some S is not P. orO – I: Some S is not P, therefore some S is P.EXAMPLE:I - Some students are girls, therefore O - some students are not girls.
  • 63. Rules:If one is true, the other is doubtful.If one is false, the other is true.EXAMPLE:I - Some students are girls is true [ T ], therefore O - some students are not girls is doubtful [ ? ].
  • 64. subalterns2 pairs1. A – I: Every S is P, therefore some S is P. I – A: Some S is P, therefore every S is P.2. E – O: No S is P, therefore some S is not P. O – E: Some S is not P, therefore no S is P.
  • 65. exampleA- All triangles are planes with three sides, thereforeI- Some triangles are planes with three sides.
  • 66. Rules:1. If the universal is true, the particular is true; if the universal is false, the particular is doubtfulA- All triangles are planes with three sides is true [ T ], thereforeI- Some triangles are planes with three sides true [ T ].
  • 67. If the particular is true, the universal isdoubtful; but if the particular is false, theuniversal is false.I- Some triangles are planes with threesides is true [ T ]thereforeA- All triangles are planes with three sides isDoubtful [?]