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The solar system, formed 4.6 billion years ago, is a gravitationally bound system centered around the sun, including eight planets and various smaller celestial bodies. The sun comprises 99.86% of the solar system's mass, while the inner planets are rocky and the outer planets are gas giants. Exploration through telescopes and spacecraft has revealed much about these worlds, including key insights from missions to the moon, Mars, and other destinations.
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Lumino Presentation : Light Color Version
- 1. W W W. L U M I N O . C O M The Solar System is the gravitationally boundplanetary system ofthe Sunand the objects that orbitit. LuminoPresentation Template
- 2. Solar System Definition TheSolar System isthe gravitationally bound planetarysystem oftheSun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Of theobjects that orbit theSun directly, thelargest aretheeight planets,with theremainder beingsmaller objects, such as thefive dwarfplanets and small Solar System bodies.
- 3. W W W. L U M I N O . C O M Evolution of the Solar System The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the centre, forming the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk of loose dust, out of which the planets, moons, asteroids, and other Solar System bodies formed
- 4. Discovery and Exploration Forthousands of years, people had noneed for a name for the "Solar System". They thought the Earth stayed still at the center of everything (geocentrism). Althoughthe Greek philosopher Aristarchus ofSamos suggested that there was a special order in the sky, Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to develop a mathematical system that described what we now call the "solar system". This was called a new "system of the world“
- 5. Structure and Composition Theprincipal component of the Solar System is the Sun, a G2 main- sequence star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitation. The Sun's four largest orbiting bodies, the giant planets, account for 99% of the remaining mass, with Jupiter and Saturn together comprising more than 90%. The remaining objects of the Solar System including the four terrestrial planets, the dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, and comets) together comprise less than 0.002% of the Solar System's total mass. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 6. The Sun At thecenteroftheSolar System is theSun. It is a star, likethe billions ofother stars in thesky.TheSun is important to us becauseit gives us heat and energy that allows life W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 7. Inner Planets The firstfour planets closest to the Sun are called the inner planets. They are small and dense terrestrial planets, with solid surfaces. They are made up of mostly rock and metal with a distinct internal structure and a similar size Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroid belt Ceres WWW.LUMINO.COM
- 8. Mercury Mercury (0.4 AUfrom the Sun) is the closest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet in the Solar System (0.055 M⊕). Mercury has no natural satellites; besides impact craters, its only known geological features are lobed ridges or rupes that were probably produced by a period of contraction early in its history. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 9. Venus Venus (0.7 AUfromtheSun) is closein size to Earth (0.815 M⊕) and,like Earth, has a thick silicate mantlearound an iron core, a substantial atmosphere,and evidenceofinternal geological activity. It is much tdrier han Earth, and its atmosphere is ninety times as dense
- 10. Earth Earth (1 AUfrom theSun) is thelargest and densest oftheinner planets,the only oneknown to havecurrent geological activity,and theonly placewhere life is known to exist. Its liquid hydrosphereis uniqueamongtheterrestrial planets,and it is theonly planet whereplatetectonics has been observed
- 11. Mars Mars (1.5 AUfrom theSun)is smaller than Earth and Venus (0.107 M⊕). It has an atmosphereofmostly carbon dioxide with a surfacepressureof6.1 millibars (roughly 0.6% ofthat ofEarth). Its surface, peppered with vast volcanoes,such as Olympus Mons,and rift valleys,such asValles Marineris, shows geological activity that may havepersisted until as recently as 2million years ago. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 12. Asteroid Belt Asteroids exceptfor the largest, Ceres, are classified as small Solar System bodies and are composed mainly of rocky and metallicminerals, with some ice. They range from a few metres to hundreds of kilometres in size. Asteroids smaller than one meter are usually called meteoroids and micrometeoroids (grain-sized) W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 13. Ceres (2.77 AU)is the largest asteroid, a protoplanet, and a dwarf planet. Its mass is large enough for its own gravity to pull it into a spherical shape Ceres was considered a planet when it was discovered in 1801, and was reclassified to asteroid in the 1850s as further observations revealed additional asteroids. It was classified as a dwarf planet in 2006 when the definition of a planet was created. Ceres W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
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- 15. Jupiter Jupiter (5.2 AU),at 318 M⊕, is 2.5 times the mass of all the other planets put together. It is composed largely of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter's strong internal heat creates semi-permanent features in its atmosphere, such as cloud bands and the Great Red Spot. WWW.LUMINO.COM
- 16. Saturn Saturn (9.5 AU),distinguished by its extensivering system,has several similarities to Jupiter, such as its atmosphericcomposition and magnetosphere.AlthoughSaturn has 60% of Jupiter's volume,it is less than athird as massive, at 95 M⊕. Saturn is theonly planet oftheSolar System that is less densethan water.
- 17. Uranus Uranus (19.2 AU),at 14 M⊕, is the lightest of the outer planets. Uniquely among the planets, it orbits the Sun on its side; its axial tilt is over ninety degrees to the ecliptic. It has a much colder core than the other giant planets and radiates very little heat into space.
- 18. Neptune Neptune (30.1 AU),thoughslightly smaller than Uranus, is more massive (17 M⊕) and hence more dense. It radiates more internal heat, but not as much as Jupiter or Saturn. Neptune has 14 known satellites. The largest, Triton, is geologically active, with geysers of liquid nitrogen. Triton is the only large satellite with a retrograde orbit.
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- 20. Dwarf Planets Pluto hadbeen called a planet since it was discovered in 1930, but in 2006 astronomers meeting at the International Astronomical Union decided on the definition ofa planet, and Plutodid not fit. Instead they defined a new category of dwarf planet, into which Plutodid fit, along with some others. WWW.LUMINO.COM
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- 22. Trans – NeptunianRegion Beyond theorbit ofNeptunelies theareaof the "trans-Neptunian region",with thedoughnut- shaped Kuiper belt, homeofPluto and several other dwarfplanets,and an overlappingdiscof scattered objects, which is tilted toward the planeoftheSolar System and reaches much further out than theKuiper belt. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 23. Farthest Regions The point atwhich the Solar System ends and interstellar space begins is not precisely defined because its outer boundaries are shaped by two separate forces: the solar wind and the Sun's gravity. It is thought to extend up to a thousand times farther and contain the Oort Cloud W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 24. Oort Cloud The Oortcloud is a hypothetical spherical cloud of upto a trillion icy objects that is thought to be the source for all long-period comets and to surround the Solar System at roughly 50,000 AU (around 1 light year (ly)), and possiblyto as far as 100,000 AU (1.87 ly). It is thought to be composed of comets that were ejected from the inner Solar System by gravitational interactions with the outer planets WWW.LUMINO.COM
- 25. Boundaries Much of theSolar System is still unknown. The Sun's gravitational field is estimated to dominate the gravitational forces of surrounding stars out to about twolight years (125,000 AU). Lower estimates for the radius of the Oort cloud, by contrast, do not place it farther than 50,000 AU. Despite discoveries such as Sedna, the region between the Kuiper belt and the Oort cloud, an area tens of thousands ofAU in radius, is still virtually un-mapped. There are also ongoing studies of the regionbetween Mercury and the Sun. Objects may yet be discovered in the Solar System's uncharted regions. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 26. Galactic Context The SolarSystem is located in the Milky Way, a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter of about 100,000 light-years containing about 100 billion stars. The Sun resides in one of the Milky Way's outer spiral arms, known as the Orion– Cygnus Arm or Local Spur. The Sun lies between 25,000 and 28,000 light-years from the Galactic Centre, and its speed within the Milky Way is about 220 km/s, so that it completes one revolution every 225–250 million years. This revolution is known as the Solar System's galacticyear. W W W . L U M I N O . C O M
- 27. Therefore,theSun passes througharms only rarely.Becausespiral arms arehometo afar larger concentration ofsupernovae,gravitational instabilities,and radiation that could disrupt theSolar System, this has given Earth longperiods ofstability for life to evolve Galactic Context
- 28. Exploration Before the telescope,people explored the sky with their eyes. They saw how the planets seemed to "wander" through the sky. They learned to predict where the Sun, the moon, and planets would be in the sky. They built some observatories - places for watching the sky. They observed the Sun and stars to tell the time of year elescopes were first made in the early 17th century and have vastly improved since. Astronomers saw that planets are not like stars. They are worlds, like the Earth. They could see that some planets have moons. They began to think about what these worlds were like. At first, some thought that the other planets and moons had life. Eventual progress sent spacecraft into space, and found that there life on the Moon or on Mars.
- 29. Exploration Twelve Astronauts walkedon the Moon about 35 years ago. They brought rocks and dirt back to Earth. Spacecraft flew by Venus, Mars, and the outer planets. The pictures they took showed us a lot of what we know about these worlds. Robots landed on Mars in 1971, 1976, and 1997. They took thousands of pictures of the planets. Two robots, "Spirit" and "Opportunity" (on February 13, 2019, NASA officials declared that the Opportunity mission was complete, after the spacecraft ailed to respond to repeated signals sent since August 2018).
- 30. Thanks For Watching W W W. L U M I N O . C O M