Machine to Machine Communication System in ioT

Machine to Machine
Communication
1

Introduction
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 Communication between machines or devices with
computing and communication facilities.
 Free of any human intervention.
 Similar to industrial supervisory control and data
acquisition systems (SCADA).
 SCADA is designed for isolated systems using
proprietary solutions, whereas M2M is designed for
cross‐platform integration.

Introduction
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M2M Overview
Introduction
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Sensors
Network
Information
Extraction
Processing
Actuation

M2M Applications
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 Environmental monitoring
 Civil protection and public safety
 Supply Chain Management (SCM)
 Energy & utility distribution industry (smart grid)
 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITSs)
 Healthcare
 Automation of building
 Military applications
 Agriculture
 Home networks

M2M Features
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 Large number of nodes or devices.
 Low cost.
 Energy efficient.
 Small traffic per machine/device.
 Large quantity of collective data.
 M2M communication free from human intervention.
 Human intervention required for operational stability and
sustainability.
Source: Kim, Jaewoo, et al. "M2M Service Platforms: Survey, Issues, and Enabling Technologies." IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

M2M Node Types
M2M
M2M
M2M
Low Mid High
End End End
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16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

Low-end Sensor Nodes
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 Cheap, and have low capabilities.
 Static, energy efficient and simple.
 Deployment has high density in order to increase
network lifetime and survivability.
 Resource constrained, and no IP support.
 Basic functionalities such as, data aggregation, auto
configuration, and power saving.
 Generally used for environment monitoring applications.
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

Mid-end Sensor Nodes
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 More expensive than low‐end sensor nodes.
 Nodes may have mobility.
 Fewer constraints with respect to complexity and energy efficiency.
 Additional functionalities such as localization, Quality of Service
(QoS) support, TCP/IP support, power control or traffic control, and
intelligence.
 Typical application includes home networks, SCM, asset
management, and industrial automation.
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

High-end Sensor Nodes
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 Low density deployment.
 Able to handle multimedia data (video) with QoS
requirements.
 Mobility is essential.
 Example: smartphones.
 Generally applied to ITS and military or bio/medical
applications.
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

M2M Ecosystem
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Device Providers
Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) Platform Providers
Service
Providers
Service Users
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

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M2M Service Platform
(M2SP)
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16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

M2M Device Platform
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 Enables access to objects or devices connected to the Internet
anywhere and at any time.
 Registered devices create a database of objects from which
managers, users and services can easily access information.
 Manages device profiles, such as location, device type, address, and
description.
 Provides authentication and authorization key management
functionalities.
 Monitors the status of devices and M2M area networks, and
controls them based on their status.

M2M User Platform
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 Manages M2M service user profiles and provides functionalities such as,
 User registration
 Modification
 Charging
 Inquiry.
 Interoperates with the Device‐platform, and manages user access
restrictions to devices, object networks, or services.
 Service providers and device managers have administrative privileges on
their devices or networks.
 Administrators can manage the devices through device monitoring and
control.

M2M Application Platform
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 Provides integrated services based on device collected
data‐ sets.
 Heterogeneous data merging from various devices used
for creating new services.
 Collects control processing log data for the management
of the devices by working with the Device‐platform.
 Connection management with the appropriate network
is provided for seamless services.

M2M Access Platform
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 Provides app or web access environment to users.
 Apps and links redirect to service providers.
 Services actually provided through this platform to M2M devices.
 Provides App management for smart device apps.
 App management manages app registration by developers and
provides a mapping relationship between apps and devices.
 Mapping function provides an app list for appropriate devices.

Non-IP based M2M Network
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IP-based M2M Network
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M2M Area Network
Management Features
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 Fault tolerant
 Scalable
 Low cost, low complexity
 Energy efficient
 Dynamic configuration capabilities
 Minimized management traffic
 Application dependence:
 Data‐centric application,
 Emergency application,
 Real‐time application
16.1 (2014): 61‐76.

Introduction
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Interoperability in Internet of Things
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Current Challenges in IoT
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 Large Scale of Co-Operation:
 The cooperation and coordination of millions of distributed devices are required on
Internet
 Global Heterogeneity:
 Heterogeneous IoT devices and their subnets
 Unknown IoT Device Configuration:
 The different configuration modes for IoT devices which come from unknown
owners
 Semantic Conflicts:
 Different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or applications.
Source: G. Xiaoand, J. Guo, Li Da Xu, and Z. Gong, "User Interoperability With Heterogeneous IoT Devices Through Transformation,” IEEE Trans. Indust. Informatics, vol. 10,
no. 2 pp. 1486-1496, May 2014.

What isInteroperability?
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 Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system,
whose interfaces are completely understood, to work with
other products or systems, present or future, in either
implementation or access, without any restrictions.
 Communicate meaningfully
 Exchange data or services
Source: "Definition of Interoperability". dedicated website for a Definition of Interoperability at interoperability-definition.info. Copyright AFUL under CC BY-SA.

Why Interoperability is
Important in Context of IoT?
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 To fulfill the IoT objectives
 Physical objects can interact with any other physical objects and can
share their information
 Any device can communicate with other devices anytime from
anywhere
 Machine to Machine communication(M2M), Device to Device
Communication (D2D), Device to Machine Communication (D2M)
 Seamless device integration with IoT network

Why Interoperability isrequired?
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 Heterogeneity
 Different wireless communication protocols such as ZigBee (IEEE
802.15.4), Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1), GPRS, 6LowPAN, and Wi-Fi (IEEE
802.11)
 Different wired communication protocols like Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) and
Higher Layer LAN Protocols (IEEE 802.1)
 Different programming languages used in computing systems and
websites such as JavaScript, JAVA, C, C++, Visual Basic, PHP, and Python
 Different hardware platforms such as Crossbow, NI, etc.

Why Interoperability isrequired? ( Contd.)
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 Different operating systems
 As an example for sensor node: TinyOS, SOS, Mantis OS, RETOS, and
mostly vendor specific OS
 As an example for personal computer: Windows, Mac, Unix, and Ubuntu
 Different databases: DB2, MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, SQLite, SQL
Server, and Sybase
 Different data representations
 Different control models
 Syntactic or semantic interpretations

Different Types of Interoperability?
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 User Interoperability
 Interoperability problem between a user and a device
 Device Interoperability
 Interoperability problem between two different devices

Example of Device and User Interoperability
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no. 2 pp. 1486-1496, May 2014.
 Using IoT, both A and B provide a real-time
security service
 A is placed at Delhi, India, while B is placed
at Tokyo, Japan
 A, B, U use Hindi, Japanese, and English
language, respectively
 User U wants real-time service of CCTV
camera from the device A and B

Example of Device and User Interoperability
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Problems are listed below
 The user does not know the devices A and B
 Devices A and B are different in terms of
syntactic and semantic notions
 Therefore, it is difficult to find CCTV device
 User U can’t understand the service
provided by A and B
 Similarly, A and B do not mutually
understand each other
G. Xiaoand, J. Guo, Li Da Xu, and Z. Gong, "User Interoperability With Heterogeneous IoT Devices Through Transformation,” IEEE Trans. Indust. Informatics, vol. 10, no. 2 pp.
1486-1496, May 2014.

User Interoperability
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The following problems need to be solved
 Device identification and categorization for discovery
 Syntactic interoperability for device interaction
 Semantic interoperability for device interaction

Device identification and
categorization for discovery
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There are different solutions for generating unique address
 Electronic Product Codes (EPC)
 Universal Product Code (UPC)
 Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
 IP Addresses
 IPv6
no. 2 pp. 1486-1496, May 2014.

Device identification and
categorization for discovery
(Contd.)
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There are different device classification solutions
 United Nations Standard Products and Services Code
(UNSPSC) *
 an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible
classification of products and services.
 eCl@ss **
 The standard is for classification and clear description of cross-industry
products
Reference: * http://www.unspsc.org/, **http://www.eclass.eu/

Syntactic Interoperability for
Device Interaction
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 The interoperability between devices and device user in term
of message formats
 The message format from a device to a user is understandable
for the user’s computer
 On the other hand, the message format from the user to the
device is executable by the device

Device Interaction (Contd. )
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Some popular approaches are
 Service-oriented Computing (SOC)-based architecture
 Web services
 RESTful web services
 Open standard protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.1, and
WirelessHART*
 Closed protocols such as Z-Wave*
*But these standards are incompatible with each other

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 Middleware technology
 Software middleware bridge
 Dynamically map physical devices with different domains
 Based on the map, the devices can be discovered and controlled,
remotely
 Cross-context syntactic interoperability
 Collaborative concept exchange
 Using XML syntax

Semantic Interoperability for
Device Interaction
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 The interoperability between devices and device user in term
of message’s meaning
 The device can understand the meaning of user’s instruction
that is sent from the user to the device.
 Similarly, the user can understand the meaning of device’s
response sent from the device

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Some popular approaches
 Ontology
 Device ontology
 Physical domain ontology
 Estimation ontology
Ontology-based solution is limited to the defined domain
/context
no. 2 pp. 1486-1496, May 2014.

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 Collaborative conceptualization theory
 Object is defined based on the collaborative concept, which is called
cosign
 The representation of a collaborative sign is defined as follows:
 cosign of a object = (A, B, C, D ), where A is a cosign internal identifier, B is
a natural language, C is the context of A, and D is a definition of the object
 As an example of CCTV, cosign = (1234, English, CCTV, “Camera Type:
Bullet, Communication: Network/IP, Horizontal Resolution: 2048 TVL”)
 This solution approach is applicable for different domains/contexts

Device Interoperability
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Solution approach for device interoperability
 Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB)
 Solves seamless interoperability problems caused by the
heterogeneity of several kinds of home network middleware
 UMB creates virtual maps among the physical devices of all
middleware home networks, such as HAVI, Jini, LonWorks, and UPnP
 Creates a compatibility among these middleware home networks
source: K.-D. Moon, Y.-H. Lee, C.-E. Lee, and Y.-S. Son, “Design of a universal middleware bridge for device interoperability in heterogeneous home network middleware,” IEEE
Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 314–318, Feb. 2005.

Device Interoperability (Contd.)
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Fig 1: The Architecture of Universal Middleware Bridge
Image source: K.-D. Moon, Y.-H. Lee, C.-E. Lee, and Y.-S. Son, “Design of a universal middleware bridge for device interoperability in heterogeneous home network
middleware,” IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron., vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 314–318, Feb. 2005.
UMB consists
 UMB Core (UMB-C)
 UMB Adaptor (UMB-A)

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 UMB Adaptor
 UMB-A converts physical devices into
virtually abstracted one, as described by
Universal Device Template(UDT)
 UDT consists of a Global Device ID,
Global Function ID, Global Action ID,
Global Event ID, and Global Parameters
 UMB Adaptors translate the local
middleware’s message into global
metadata’s message
Source: K.-D. Moon, Y.-H. Lee, C.-E. Lee, and Y.-S. Son, “Design of a universal middleware bridge for device interoperability in heterogeneous home network middleware,” IEEE
Fig 2: The Structure of UMB-A

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 UMB Core
 The major role of the UMB Core is routing
the universal metadata message to the
destination or any other UMB Adaptors
by the Middleware Routing Table (MRT)
Fig 3: The Structure of UMB-C

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Fig 4: Flow when a new device is plugged in

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Fig 5: Flow when a device is controlled and monitored

Machine to Machine Communication System in ioT

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