Downloaded 51 times
More Related Content
![Aiako harria parke naturala ezagutzen 2(fil eminimizer)[1]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/aiakoharriaparkenaturalaezagutzen2fileminimizer1-120509063623-phpapp02-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
![Governance, Deployment & Methodologies for Agentic Automation [2/3]](https://cdn.slidesharecdn.com/ss_thumbnails/agenticcommunityseries-day2-251112135038-a386476d-thumbnail.jpg?width=640&height=640&fit=bounds)
Macro eco
- 1. Presented by : Ajinkya Badwe PH 0901 Alok Kalgi PH 0902 Amit Palande PH 0903 Aniket Kulkarni PH 0904 Anoop Kr. Singh PH 0905 Tushar Paul PH 0949
- 2. Introduction Keynesian Economicsis a macroeconomic theory based on the ideas of the 20th century economist John Maynard Keynes He provided the framework for synthesizing a host of economic ideas present between 1900 and 1940 The theories forming the basis of Keynesian Economics were first presented in “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money”, in 1936
- 3. Advocacies Keynesian Economicsadvocates a mixed economy – predominantly private sector, but with a large role of the government and the public sector It argues that private sector decisions, sometimes, lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes Therefore, the Government and the Central Bank must exercise control with effective monetary and fiscal policies
- 4. Milestones Keynesian Economicsserved as the economic model during the latter part of the Great Depression, at the end of World War II, and during Capitalism (1945 – 1973) This theory is somewhat of a middle way between laissez- faire, capitalism and socialism During the recent economic crisis, this theory provided the underpinnings for the plans to rescue the world economy
- 5. Overview In Keynes’theory, some micro-level actions of individuals and firms can lead to aggregate macroeconomic outcomes, where the economy operates below its potential output and growth Keynes contented that the aggregate demand for goods might be insufficient during economic downturns This may lead to unnecessarily high unemployment and loss of potential output
- 6. Solution According toKeynes, the solution to depression is to stimulate the economy Induce investments through a reduction in interest rates and government investment in infrastructure These steps would, in general, result in more liquidity in the system, leading to increased demand and production ( the initial investment leads to a cascade effect )
- 7. Neo-Keynesian Economics Neo-classicaltheory supports that the two main costs that determine the demand and supply are – labour and money Through the distribution of monetary policy, demand and supply can be adjusted If labour is more than the demand, then wages would fall until hiring began again If there is too much saving, then the interest rates would fall until people cut their savings rate or started borrowing
- 8. Wages and Spending The high unemployment during the Great Depression was due to high and rigid real wages Keynes argued that – it is the nominal wages that are negotiated between the employers and employees People will resist any nominal wage reductions, until they see other wages falling and a general reduction in prices
- 9. Wages and Spending Real wages can be reduced in two ways : - Nominal wages can be reduced - Price level can rise However, reduced wages can lead to reduced aggregate demand, making the situation worse Similarly, when prices are falling, people would expect them to fall further
- 10. Say’s Law Ifthe expansion of aggregate demand leads to P AD AS higher employment, then prior to the expansion involuntary unemployment must have prevailed. yf y This amounts to a refutation of Say’s Law based on asymmetry of wage and price responses.
- 11. Some Accounting Assume aclosed economy: • Output = Aggregate Expenditure = National Product Y = E = C + I + G = C + Ir + G • But Y is also income, and from income we purchase consumer goods (C), save (S), or pay taxes (T), so Y=C+S+T • So that C+S+T=C+I+G Or S+T=I+G • Which means that saving and taxes paid by the public must finance investment and government spending.
- 12. Is Consumption relatedto Income? 7000 6000 Consumption 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 Real GDP U.S. Annual Data, 1929 - 2001
- 13. Excessive Saving Excessivesavings (i.e.. savings beyond planned investments), could encourage recession Excessive savings are the result of falling investments, over investments in earlier years, or pessimistic business expectations If savings did not fall immediately in step, then the economy would decline
- 14. Explanation Assume that fixedinvestment falls : i. Saving does not fall as much as the interest rates fall ii. Planned fixed investments are made on long-term expectations, spending does not rise as much as the interest rates fall iii. The supply of and demand for the money determines the interest rates, in the short run iv. Excessive saving corresponds to unwanted accumulation of inventories, called “ general glut “
- 15. Fiscal Policy Keynes’theory suggested that active government policy could be effective in managing the economy He advocated countercyclical fiscal policy – deficit spending (fiscal stimulus) when the nation’s economy is in recession The argument is that the government should solve problems in the short run
- 16. Plus Points Thisresponse should be adopted only when the unemployment rate is persistently high Here, “crowding out” is minimal, raising the business output, cash flow, profitability and business optimism Government spending on infrastructure would be beneficial in the long term
- 17. Multiplier effect Exogenousincrease in spending, such as an increase in government outlays, increases total spending by a multiple of that increase Government could stimulate a great deal of new production if- i. The people who receive this money spend most on consumption, and save the rest ii. This extra spending allows businesses to hire more people, in turn increase consumer spending
- 18. Result This processis continuous At each step the increase in spending is smaller than in the previous step, thus reaching equilibrium The rise in imports and tax payments at each step reduces the amount of induced consumer spending and the size of the multiplier effect
- 19. Interest rates Bythis theory, the amount of investments was determined by long-term profit expectations, and less by the interest rates This facilitates the regulation of the economy through the monetary policy This approach would be effective during normal times to stimulate the economy
- 20. Main Theories The twokey theories of mainstream Keynesian economics are : I. The “ IS – LM Model “ of John Hicks II. The “ Phillips Curve “
- 21. IS – LMModel It was with John Hicks, that Keynesian Economics produced a clear model to determine policy and economic education Aggregate demand and employment are related to three exogenous quantities : i. The amount of money in circulation ii. The government budget iii. The state of business expectations
- 22. Phillips Curve Phillipscurve indicated that decreased unemployment implied increased inflation Keynes had predicted that falling unemployment would cause a higher price, not a higher inflation rate The economist could use the IS-LM model to predict that an increase in money supply would raise output and employment Then use the Phillips curve to predict an increase in inflation
- 23. - John MaynardKeynes
- 24.