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Macromineral
Potassium is required for several important biochemical functions in the body, including maintaining intracellular osmotic pressure and acid-base balance. It is also involved in cardiac and skeletal muscle activities, nerve impulse transmission, and protein biosynthesis. The average adult contains around 3500 mEq of potassium, most of which is found in skeletal muscle. A daily intake of 3-4 grams is recommended, which can be obtained through foods like bananas, oranges, potatoes, beans, and liver. Both hypokalemia (low potassium) and hyperkalemia (high potassium) can cause issues like muscle weakness, cardiac problems, and changes in mental status.
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Macromineral
- 1.
- 2. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS: Itmaintains Intracellular Osmotic pressure,acid base balance. Involves in cardiac & skeletal muscle activities, Mainly K+ required in depolarization & contraction of Heart. Involved proper transmission of Nerve Impulses. Pyruvate kinase(of glycolysis) needs K+. Involved in Biosynthesis of proteins.
- 3. Absorption is efficient(90%).Normal Serum Potassium 3.5 – 5 meq/L (Cell contain 100 – 120 meq/L ). Excretion is through urine, during absorption of Na+ there is obligatory loss of K+, Aldosterone increases K+ excretion.
- 4. DAILY REQUIREMENT ANDSOURCES Potassium Total body potassium is 3500 meq 75% in skeletal muscle. Daily requirement 3-4 gm/day Banana, Orange, Potato, beans, Liver etc. Rich Source is Tender coconut water.
- 5. Hypokalemia Serum K+less than 3 meq/L Cushing syndrome Renal tubular acidosis. Metabolic alkalosis, Diarrhea & vomiting In Diabetic coma treatment with Insulin & Glucose Diuretics. Muscle weakness, Tachycardia ,Cardiac arrest.
- 6. Hyperkalemia Renal failureAddison’s disease Severe dehydration. Intravenous administration of fluids with excessive potassium salts. Depression of CNS, Bradycardia.
- 7. The adult bodycontains about 20g magnesium. 70% is present in bones and 30% in soft tissue and body fluids. 2-3mg/dl 350mg/day Cereals,nuts beans,vegetables,meat milk and fruits.
- 8. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS. Bonesand teeth Cofactor for enzymes requiring ATP,Hexokinase,glucokinase,phosphofructokinase,adenylate cyclase etc. Neuromuscular function.
- 9. ABSORPTION. Specific carriersystem Large amounts of calcium,phosphate and alcohol diminish Mg absorption.
- 10. Mostly organic form.Methionine,cysteine.cystin. Proteins contain about 1% sulfur by weight.
- 11. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS. Structuralconformation and biological function of proteins.The disulfide linkages (-S-S-) and sulfhydral groups(-SH). Thiamin,biotin,lipoic acid,pantathenic acid. Heparin,Chondroitin sulphate,glutathione,taurocholic acid etc, PAPS in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans,detoxification mechanism. S-adenosylmethionine in transmethylation reactions.
- 12. EXCRETION Oxidized tosulfate in the liver and excreted in urine. Inorganic sulfate(80%),organic or conjugated or etheral sulfate(10%) and unoxidized (10%). The unoxidized sulpfur is in the form of sulfur containing aminoacids and thiocynates.