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Macrominerals
Phosphorus is the second most abundant mineral in the body, with 1kg total. 80% is found in bones and teeth, forming calcium phosphate. It plays important roles in producing ATP and other high-energy compounds, synthesizing DNA, RNA, proteins, and phospholipids, and regulating pH balance. Dietary sources include milk, cereals, vegetables, meat, and eggs. Phosphate is absorbed with help from vitamin D and acidic conditions, and excreted through reciprocal regulation with calcium levels by parathyroid hormone.
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Phosphorus is a crucial mineral with 1kg in body; 80% in bones. Functions include ATP production, DNA synthesis, and phosphate regulation. Dietary sources include dairy, meat, and vegetables.
Chloride regulates acid-base balance and osmotic pressure. Requirements are 5-10g/day from table salt and vegetables. Hypochloremia and hyperchloremia are clinical conditions linked to body imbalances.
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Macrominerals
- 1.
- 2. Phosphorus Total bodycontent of phosphorus is 1kg. second most abundant mineral in the body. It is an intracellular ion.
- 3. 80% of itoccurs in combination with Ca in the bones and teeth. 10% is found in muscles and blood in association with proteins,carbohydrates and lipids. Remaining 10% is widely distributed in various chemical compounds.
- 4. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS :Formation of bone & teeth. Production of high energy phosphate compounds e.g ATP,GTP,Creatine phosphate. Synthesis of coenzymes NAD+, NADP+,pyridoxal phosphate. DNA & RNA Synthesis,phospholipids and phosphoprotein synthesis.
- 5. Involved in Phosphorylationreactions for activation of proteins and enzymes. Regulates Acid Base balance(Phosphate buffer). Involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates,Glucose-6- phosphate, Fructose-6-phosphate.
- 6. DIETARY REQUIREMENT ANDSOURCES. RDA of phosphate is based on the calcium intake. Ca:P in 1:1 is recommended.This is found in milk.Other sources include,cereals,green leafy vegetables,meat and eggs.
- 7. ABSORPTION Calcitriol favours phosphate absorption Acidity favours while phytate decreases phosphate uptake.
- 8. PLASMA PHOSPHATE. 40mg/dlof whole blood. Serum contains 3-4mg/dl. Phosphate may exist as free ions (inorganic) or in complex form, with cations such as Ca,Mg,Na,K ,OR bound to proteins ( organic phosphate). Inorganic phosphate is present in two forms, HPO ₄⁻⁻ ,H ₂ PO ₄⁻
- 9. RBC’s contain morephosphate chiefly organic phosphate. Plasma inorganic levels are higher in children. Fasting serum phosphate levels are higher than post-prandial levels.
- 10. EXCRETION. A reciprocalrelation with Phosphorus and Calcium The reabsorption of phosphate by renal tubules is inhibited by PTH .
- 11. Level decreases inHyperparathyroidism and increases in Hypoparathyroidism. In Renal failure – Phosphorus excretion diminished - Ca excretion Increase leading to low Ca levels and high phosphorus level causing acidosis. Vitamin D deficient rickets is characterized by decreased serum phosphate(1-2mg/dl)
- 12. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS: Regulationof acid base balance,fluid balance and osmotic pressure. Formation of HCl in gastric juice. The enzyme salivary amylase is activated by chloride. Chloride shift involves the active participation of Cl⁻.
- 13. DIETARY REQUIREMENT ANDSOURCES 5-10g per day.Adequate intake of sodium satisfy the chloride requirement of the body. Common salt,leafy vegetables,whole grains,eggs and milk are good sources.
- 14. PLASMA CHLORIDE. 95-105meq/lCerebrospinal fluid contains higher level of Chloride(125meq/l),due to low protein in CSF.So chloride is higher in order to maintain donnan membrane equilibrium . EXCRETION. Exists parallel relationship between excretion of chloride and sodium.
- 15. HYPOCHLOREMIA: Reduction inserum chloride due to vomiting diarrhea,respiratory alkalosis,addison’s disease and excessive sweating. HYPERCHLOREMIA: Increase in serum chloride due to dehydration,respiratory acidosis and cushing’s syndrome.