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![Absorption, Transport, and Excretion of
Na
• 95-100% absorbed in Small Intestine!
• About 5% Excreted in Feces.
• Blood levels Maintained by Kidneys.
Na Regulates Fluid Volumes:
High [Na+] signals need to Conserve Water.
Hypertonic (‘salty’) blood triggers Thirst
mechanism in
Hypothalamus – signals
drinking!
Also triggers Renin release, then
Angiotensinogen
activation and also ADH release to urine
Na loss through
perspiration!](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/majorminerals-210629061558/75/Majorminerals-74-2048.jpg)
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Majorminerals
- 1.
- 2. Minerals V.Parimalam Assistant professor Departmentof biochemistry KMCH
- 3. Minerals The mineralsform only a small portion of the total body weight. They form only 7% of the composition of human body. Many of these minerals are widely distributed in foods so that a well-balanced diet will supply them in sufficient quantities. The mineral elements present in the animal body may be classified into 2 groups: 1.Principal elements(macro nutrients) 2.Trace elements(micro nutrients)
- 4. Classification of minerals •Principle elements(Macro nutrients) • These elements occur in living tissues in comparatively large amounts. • They constitute 60-80% of all the inorganic material in the body. • Trace elements(Micro nutrients) • These elements occur in living tissues in small amounts. They required in amounts greater than 100mg/day.
- 5. What Are Minerals? •Inorganic elements essential to the nutrition of humans • Fourteen minerals are essential to body function – Play several key roles in overall health and well being • Help chemical reactions take place in cells • Help muscles contract • Keep the heart beating • Two groups – Major minerals – Trace minerals
- 7. The Minerals inYour Body
- 8. Mineral s • Inorganic elementsessential to Human Nutrition. • 14 out of 92 are Essential to Body Function. Very Important Roles in overall health and well- being • Assist in Chemical Reactions in Cells • Crucial to the Immune System Function • Fluid Balance • Nutrient Transport into Cells • Help Skeletal Muscle Contract • Maintain Heart Beat!
- 9. Two Groups: Majorand Trace Minerals Major Minerals (macrominerals) Need more than 100 mg/day. Min of 5 grams in the body. These Include: • Calcium • Phosphor us • Potassiu m • Sulfur • Sodium • Chloride The major minerals are the 6 dietary minerals your body needs in the largest amounts.
- 10.
- 11. PHOSPHORUS • Phosphorus isfound in every cell of the human body. A major part of this (about 80% of the total) is present in combination with calcium in the bones and teeth. • About 10% is combined with proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. • The remaining 10% is widely distributed in various chemical compounds.
- 13. 3 - Phosphorus (PO4 ) 2nd mostabundant Mineral in Body Most (85%) in Bone Tissue the rest in muscle, cell membrane, ECF Absorbed in the Small Intestine Vitamin D enhances bioavailability.
- 14. Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) This hormonesregulates P homeostasis. – Stimulates resorption of P from bone – Stimulates P excretion from kidney Excretion – most P lost in Urine, some in Feces
- 15. Phosphorus Needs inthe Body! Formation of Bones and Teeth Along with Ca2+ makes Calcium Hydroxyapatite Integral part of cell membrane Phospholipids Required for ATP and Creatine Phosphate Acts as a Buffer in acid-base balance “Phosphate Backbone” is part of DNA
- 16. RDA Adult: 700 mg/dayUL: 4,000 mg/day Americans consume 1,000 mg/day. Food Sources of Phosphorus • Foods from animal sources • Plant seeds – 50% of P is bioavailable due to phytates. • Soft drinks and colas contain phosphoric acid.
- 17. • Absorption • Phosphateabsorption occurs from jejunum 1. Calcitriol promotes phosphate uptake along with calcium. 2. Absorption of phosphorus and calcium is optimum when the dietary ratio of Ca and P is between 1:2 and 2:1. 3. The kidney is the major pathway of excretion of the phosphorus absorbed. Functions 1. it is necessary for the formation of bones and teeth. 2. It is a constituent of phospholipids-lecithin and cephalin, which are integral parts of the cell structure and also act as intermediates in fat
- 18. P Toxicity Hyperphosphatemia - Onlywith kidney disease High intake of P with low Ca2+ intake can decrease bone mass. Can lead to Ca2+ deposits in soft tissue P Deficiency is rare. Hypophosphatemia Muscle weakness, bone pain, rickets, confusion, and death in extreme cases!
- 19. 4. They formimportant components of nucleic acids like DNA & RNA. 5. Phosphate buffer system is important for the maintanence of pH in the blood. 6. It is an esential component of several nucleotide coenzymes e.g: NAD+, NADP+ MAGNESIUM # The adult body contains about 20g magnesium, 70% of which is found in bones in combination with calcium and phosphorus. # The remaining 30% occurs in the soft tissues and body fluids.
- 21. MANGANESE • The totalbody content of manganese is about 15 mg. The liver and kidney are rich in Mn. • Within the cells, Mn is mainly found in the nuclei in association with nucleic acids. • Manganese in the serum is bound to a specific carrier protein-transmagnanin.
- 22. Foods high inmanganese
- 23. Daily Needs for Mg Adults:300 to 400 mg/day Americans fall short of consuming adequate Mg.
- 25. • Dietary requirements •Adult man – 350 mg/day • Adult woman – 300 mg/day • Absorption • Magnesium is absorbed by the intestinal cells through a specific carrier system. About 50% of the dietary Mg is normally absorbed. • Consumption of large amounts of calcium, phosphate and alcohol diminidhes Mg absorption.
- 26. Magnesium (Mg2+) ~60% in bones,25% in muscles, the rest in cells. Bioavailability is about 50%. Absorption A high-fiber, whole-grain, high phytates, lowers absorption. Intestinal absorption and kidney excretion adjusts based on diet and need.
- 27. Mg2+ Toxicity -Consuming excess supplements can cause intestinal problems. Diarrhea, cramps, nausea Mg2+ Deficiency Rare. Some medications cause deficiency. Poorly controlled diabetes and alcohol abuse. Symptoms: Muscle weakness, seizures, fatigue, depression, and irregular heart beats.
- 28. 1. Mg isrequired for the formation of bones and teeth. 2. Mg2+ serves a cofactor for several enzymes requiring ATP. e.g: hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, adenylate cyclase. 3. Mg2+ is necessary for proper neuromuscular function. Low Mg2+ levels lead to neuromuscular irritability. Disease states 1. Magnesium deficiency causes neuromuscular irritation, weakness and convulsions. These symptoms are similar to that observed in tetany. 2. Low levels of Mg may be observed in uremia, rickets and abnormal pregnancy.
- 29. Functions 1. It serveas a cofactor for several enzymes. 2. Mn is necessary for the cholestrol biosynthesis. 3. Mn inhibits lipid peroxidation. 4. It is necessary for the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. Disease states Mn deficiency in animals causes 1. Retarded growth, bone deformities and in severe deficieny. 2. Accumulation of fat in liver.
- 30. • Bones •CellMembranes • T eeth
- 31. Calcium (Ca2+) • Most abundantmineral in body! • Divalent Cation (has a + 2!) • 99% of body's Ca2+ located in bones and teeth. Some of the Top Foods for Calcium! #1: Cheese (Mozzarella) - 961mg (95% DV) #2: Milk & Yogurt - 125mg (13% and 49% DV) #3: Dark Leafy Greens (Watercress, Kale) - 120mg (12% DV) #4: Cabbage (Bok Choy) - 105mg (11% DV) #5: Okra (Cooked) - 77mg (8% DV) #6: Broccoli - 47mg (5% DV) #7: Green Beans - 37mg (4% DV) #8: Almonds - 264mg (26% DV) #9: Sardines (in Oil with Bones) - 383mg
- 32. Bioavailabilit y: Vitamin D andlactose absorption. Low Protein intake absorption. Phytates and Oxalates Ca2+ bioavailability.
- 33. Absorption Low blood Ca2+increases Ca2+ absorption. The more Ca2+ consumed at one time, less absorbed.
- 34. Hormones Regulate Calcium Homeosta sis (Balance) Low Blood Calcium High Blood Calcium Calcitriol(Vit. D3) Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitoni
- 35. Functions of Calcium Ca2+ helpsbuild strong bones and teeth. Hard Outer Bone Surface Trabecular Bone: Inside of bone; more sensitive to changes in dietary calcium
- 36. Calcium Functions: ManyImportant Roles: Muscle Contraction Nerve Transmission – release of Neurotransmitter! Regulating Hormones and Enzymes Blood Vessel Dilation/Constriction: Blood Pressure Blood Clotting
- 37. Calcium May: Prevent ColonCancer – by protecting lining of tract from caustic and abrasive substances. Reduce the risk of kidney stones – Ca2+ binds to oxalates in foods. Reduce the risk of obesity – by normalizing interactions between hormones. Inadequate Ca2+ shifts hormonal response of PTH and calcitriol which may stimulate fat production and storage.
- 38. Daily Needs for Ca2+ AIfor Adults: 1,000 to 1,100 mg/day UL: 2,500 mg/day Americans fall short, consuming < 800 mg/day. Ca2+ Toxicity Hypercalcemia: Too much Ca2+ in blood Symptoms: • Constipation • Bone pain • Muscle weakness • Mental confusion • Impairs absorption of Fe, Zn, Mg and P.
- 39. Bone Mass Exercise improves bonemass. – Weight-bearing exercise maintains and bone. – High-impact exercise growth and mineral content during adolescence. – Only the bones that are exercised benefit – High-intensity exercise bone mass and muscle strength more than less intense exercise.
- 40. Body Weight impactsBone Mass – Overweight promotes greater BMD in the hip and spine compared to healthy weight individuals. – Bone is lost during weight loss; adequate calcium intake accompanied by slow weight loss will lessen bone loss. – Excessive Alcohol intake is associated with osteoporosis.
- 41. Ca2+ Deficiency Hypocalcemia: Blood Ca2+levels below normal Bones less dense, weakened and brittle. risk of Osteoporosis and Bone Fractures Do not take a calcium supplement at the same time of day as an iron
- 42. Minerals are in Balance witheach other in the Body
- 43.
- 44. CHLORINE • The elementchlorine is present as a component of sodium chloride. The chloride concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is higher than that in other body fluids, including the gastrointestinal secretions. • The source of chlorine is common salt.
- 45. Chloride (Cl–) • A MajorElectrolyte • An Anion bound to Na (NaCl in foods) • Primarily in blood (88%), the other 12% is: – in intracellular fluid (ICF) – part of HCl (hydrochloric acid) in stomach • After ingestion, dissociates in the stomach. • Absorbed in Small Intestine - Excreted in Urine • Not to be confused with chlorine, a
- 46. Metabolic Functions of Chloride •Maintains Fluid Balance. • Assists in the removal of CO2 from blood. • Maintains normal pH range of blood. • Part hydrochloric acid (HCl).
- 47. Chloride Daily Needsand Food Sources • Daily needs: AI Adults 50 is 2,300 mg/day. In general, Americans currently consume 3,400 mg/day to >7,000 mg/day. Food Sources: – Table salt – Processed foods – Seaweed, tomatoes, olives, lettuce, celery, and rye – Salt substitutes
- 48. Daily Needs of Cl UL= 3,600 mg. Toxicity is very rare. *Can occur with severe dehydration (hyperchloremia) • Deficiency - Rare From prolonged diarrhea or vomiting. Diuretics can increase urinary losses. Symptoms: shallow breathing, muscle weakness, muscle spasms, and twitching
- 49. • Functions 1. Chlorideis involved in the regulation of acid-base equilibrium, fluid balance and osmotic pressure. These functions are carried out by the interaction of chloride with Na+ and K+. 2. Chloride is necessary for the formation of Hcl in the gastric juice. 3. Chloride shift involves the active participation of Cl-. 4. The enzyme salivary amylase is activated by chloride.
- 50.
- 51. COPPER - 2-3 mg/day -0.5-2 mg/day • The body contains about 100mg copper distributed in different organs. • Dietary requirements • Adults • Infants and children • Sources • Liver, kidey, meat, egg yolk, cereals, nuts and green leafy vegetables. Milk is a poor source.
- 53. • Absorption • About10% of dietary copper is absorbed, mainly in the duodenum. • Metallthionein is a transport protein that facilitates copper absorption. • Wilson disease • It is characterised by an abnormal copper metabolism. • Large amount of copper accumulates in the liver and lenticular nucleus of brain. It leads of hepatic cirrhosis and brain necrosis. • Copper in the urine increases and leads to renal damage.
- 55.
- 56. 1. It isa component of certain enzymes like cytochrome oxidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, uricase etc. 2. It is necessary for the synthesis of melanin and phospholipids. 3. It is essential for the formation of myelin sheath in the nerve fibres. 4. It helps in the absorption, transport and utilization of iron. 5. Hemocyanin, a copper protein complex in invertebrates, functions like hemoglobin for oxygen transport.
- 57.
- 58. ZINC • The totalcontent of zinc in an adult body is about 2g. • Prostrate gland is very rich in zn (100 mg/g) • The concentration of Zn in serum is about 100 mg/dl. Erythrocytes contain higher content of Zn (1.5 mg/dl) which is found in association with the enzyme carbonic anhydrase.
- 59.
- 61. • Functions 1. Itis a component of certain enzymes like carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase etc. 2. Zinc may be regarded as an antioxidant. The enzyme superoxide dismutase protects the body from free radical damage. 3. The storage and secretion of insulin from beta cells of pancreas require Zn. 4. Zn required for wount healing and enchances cell growth and division. 5. Gusten, a zinc containing protein of the saliva, is important for taste sensation. 6. It is essential for proper reproduction.
- 62. Magnesium Iron Zinc Copp er Iodide Selenium Chromium Manganese Molybdenu m Other Mineral Factoids Inorganicions and compounds. Not destroyed by heat, acid, O2, or UV light. Remain intact during digestion. Do not change function.
- 63.
- 64. Potassium (K+) • Major Cationin intracellular fluid (ICF) • Absorbed in Small Intestine and Colon • Kidneys regulate balance excreting excess. • Muscle Contraction and Nerve Impulse. • Rhythmic Heart Beats. • Regulate Blood Pressure • Acts as a Buffer in Blood. • Preserves Ca2+ and PO4 in bones.
- 65. Daily Needs Adults: 4,700mg/day. May Hypertension. May bone losses and risk of kidney stones. Most Americans fall short. F ~2,200 and M~3,300mg/day. Food Source DV Beet Greens 37% Lima Beans 27% Swiss Chard 27% Sweet Potato 27% Potatoes 26% Spinach 24% Avocado 21% Pinto Beans 21% Bananas 10% Nutrient Rating for K
- 66. K Toxicity Hyperkalemia: Too muchK+ in blood! Cannot occur from food intake – but with supplementation or salt substitutes! This can lead to: • Irregular heart beat • Heart damage • Death If kidneys impaired or taking medications for heart disease or diuretics risk and need to be cautious.
- 67. K+ Deficiency Hypokalemia: Too littleK+ in blood. – risk of hypertension, kidney stones, and loss of bone mass. Caused by prolonged vomiting or diarrhea Can lead to: • Muscle Weakness and Cramps • Glucose intolerance • Irregular Heart Beat and Paralysis
- 68.
- 69. 2 – Sulfate (SO4 ) • AnOxidized form of Sulfur (S) • Sulfate is a part of other compounds in Body: – Proteins – Thiamin – Biotin Absorption – Is absorbed throughout the GI tract – About 80% SO4consumed is Absorbed. 2- – Kidneys excrete excess.
- 70. Metabolic Functions of Sulfate Partof Amino Acids Methionine and Cysteine Involved in the tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins
- 71. Sulfur - Canbe used as a Preservative Sulfites prevents spoilage and discoloration in foods e.g. Sulfites are found in wine - those sensitive may get: Headaches, sneezing, swelling of the throat, hives Food Sources of Sulfate • Meat, poultry, fish, and eggs • Legumes • Dairy foods • Fruits and vegetables • Beverages: Beer, wine
- 72.
- 73. Sodium (Na) • Major Mineral=> Na+ Electrolyte • Cation usually combined with chloride (NaCl) • Primarily in Blood and extracellular fluid (ECF) • Regulates Blood Volume Na also Located: • Within Hydroxyapatite crystals in bone; • In Nervous Tissue; • In Muscular Tissue. Table salt – accounts for 90% of our Na - part of our problem? Can use Sea Salt!
- 74. Absorption, Transport, andExcretion of Na • 95-100% absorbed in Small Intestine! • About 5% Excreted in Feces. • Blood levels Maintained by Kidneys. Na Regulates Fluid Volumes: High [Na+] signals need to Conserve Water. Hypertonic (‘salty’) blood triggers Thirst mechanism in Hypothalamus – signals drinking! Also triggers Renin release, then Angiotensinogen activation and also ADH release to urine Na loss through perspiration!
- 75. Sodium Balance Maintainedby Kidneys Aldosterone causes kidney to retain sodium!
- 76. Na plays arole in nerve impulse transmission and participates in muscle contraction • Helps transport some nutrients • Preserves and enhances food flavor!
- 77. Food Sources of Sodium SomeFacts and Figures about Na use: • About 70% of Na is from processed foods. Canned, processed meats, frozen or pre-packaged meals • Only 12% comes from natural food sources • About 5% added during cooking. • About 6% added at the table.
- 78. Hypernatremia (excess Nain blood) – when fluids not replenished as water is lost (e.g. vomiting or diarrhea) * Or, from ingesting too much Na+ Sodium deficiency is rare. Hyponatremia - from consuming too much water in a short time, e.g. endurance athletes. Symptoms: Headache, muscle weakness, fatigue, seizures, as we have seen, can cause death. * Also occurs with Diuretic use.