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Making Urban Transportation Sustainable
- 1. Ar. J.K.GUPTA, Ar. J.K.GUPTA, Email---- Email----[email protected], Mob- 90410-26414 , Mob- 90410-26414 Approaching Sustainable Transportation
- 2. CO BS WO RKING LIVING CIRCULATIO N • The RadiantCity •An organism capable of housing the works of man of machine-age society. • placed under the masterful government of natural conditions: •Sun •Space •Greenery •And its mission is the service of mankind: •To live •To work •To cultivate body and spirit •To travel about (in this order and obeying this hierarchy)
- 3. • Role &Relevance of Transportation- • Positivities
- 4. Role & Relevanceof Urban Mobility/Transportation Role & Relevance of Urban Mobility/Transportation • Mobility- Essence of human Living • Mobility- Marked by Dualities& Contradictions • Mobility- Has both positivity and Negativities • -While modern transport offers -- unparalleled convenience & --connectivity, • it also brings several disadvantages in terms of; - Ever increasing Traffic congestion, -- Increasing adverse environmental impact, • -- Increasing dependence on fossil fuels, • -- Creating health and safety risks, • -- Promoting economic disparities • - . Recognizing /Addressing these challenges • require developing sustainable / inclusive transport systems • that prioritize • -- well-being of individuals & environment.
- 5. Role & Relevanceof Urban Mobility/Transportation Role & Relevance of Urban Mobility/Transportation • Mobility- Essence of human Living • Mobility- Marked by Dualities& Contradictions • Mobility- Has both positivity and Negativities • If Urban areas are-- Engines of Economic Growth • Transportation -- Wheels of that Engine • Mobility & Development – remain interconnected/ integrated • Mobility—vital for economical/ socially growth of society • Mobility- vital for human living, growth & development • Mobility- Vital for reaching people, goods, services / opportunities • Mobility-- vital for sustained growth / development • Mechanized mobility– promising new reaches. • Mobility- always evolving, devolving , never fixed , never finite • Mobility – vital for People travel& tourism • Mobility – vital for employment/ doing job • Mobility– vital for Availing Economic opportunities • Mobility- vital for Sourcing food, essential services
- 6. Role & Relevanceof Role & Relevance of Mobility/Transportation Mobility/Transportation Mobility vital for-- ensuring Personal Development---- ( education, cultural activities)- Mobility vital for-- Entertainment ( sports, pictures, parks) Mobility-vital for-- meeting daily needs of life (living, working) Mobility vital for-- bridging gap-- between working & living Mobility Mobility vital for- -Participation in modern life Mobility- Essential feature of urban life Mobility- Need to travel emerged as desired need
- 7. Role & Relevanceof Role & Relevance of Mobility/Transportation Mobility/Transportation • Transportation & Economic growth & positively co- related • Transportation leverages Development – Economic, social, cultural , physical, industrial growth. • -- bridges gap between demand / supply of goods/ services-- links area of production and consumption - Promotes National /Regional integration - Promotes Standard of living in undeveloped areas --- Helps knowledge, learning ,improved trade / culture - Concentration / decentralization of population - Promoting Economy and generating employment opportunities - Sourcing Better Education/healthcare amenities
- 8. Role & Relevanceof Role & Relevance of Mobility/Transportation Mobility/Transportation Transportation– helps Migration --Helps poor to make better earning- Promotes/controls/enforces- Safety, law , order, disasters ---Improves balanced development - country/Rural area – ---Promoting growth of agriculture/supply of agricultural --- marketing of agricultural produce in nearby markets, --- increasing rural employment, --- diversification of agriculture Mitigating Disasters/Providing help –Meeting Emergencies •Inadequate transportation- •- adversely impacts economic/ social growth. •-- hampers safe, economical ,speedier/ efficient ---movement of goods/ service
- 9. Role & Relevanceof Role & Relevance of Mobility/Transportation Mobility/Transportation • Mobility --increasing on continued basis • Increased Mobility - made possible by • -- Easy availability of mechanical vehicles- • -- Better Road/rail/air infrastructures • - Expanding Infrastructure-- like –Highways, Expressway, Autobahn, Motorway Underpass, Flyovers • Mobility- Linked to pattern, shape, size of cities • Mobility – linked to patterns of land use allocated- mixes- pure, TOD
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- 11. • Traffic -Travelworst gifts of Traffic -Travel worst gifts of Urbanization Urbanization • Transport --adversely impact Transport --adversely impact sustainability sustainability • Transportation- responsible for; Transportation- responsible for; • -Causing congestion -Causing congestion • Consumption of Energy Consumption of Energy • --Consumption of resources- --Consumption of resources- petrol/diesel- petrol/diesel- • -Emission of Greenhouse gasses -Emission of Greenhouse gasses • - Rising Carbon Footprints - Rising Carbon Footprints • -Global Warming -Global Warming • - Climate change - Climate change • - Increasing noise Pollution - Increasing noise Pollution • --Increasing air pollution --Increasing air pollution --In --In 2018,Transport contributed around 20% of 2018,Transport contributed around 20% of global CO global CO2 2 emissions. emissions. • Marginalizing Safety--Causing annually Marginalizing Safety--Causing annually Adverse Impact of Transportation Adverse Impact of Transportation
- 12. • Traffic Congestion– Traffic Jams -- Traffic Congestion – Traffic Jams -- Causing Delays Causing Delays • Infrastructure Issue- Poor Road conditions • Causing Causing urban smog urban smog • -Consuming large proportion of -Consuming large proportion of urban land urban land • - Lowering operational efficiency of - Lowering operational efficiency of cities cities • - Causing problem of Parking - Causing problem of Parking • Adversely Impacting health of Adversely Impacting health of people people • - Creating problem of human safety - Creating problem of human safety • Causing Road accidents-- major Causing Road accidents-- major cause of premature death in cause of premature death in countries/ cities. countries/ cities. • Travel becoming risky with Travel becoming risky with annually annually • --4.8 lakh Road accidents --4.8 lakh Road accidents • --1.51 lakh deaths - --1.51 lakh deaths - Adverse Impact of Transportation Adverse Impact of Transportation
- 13. Adverse Impacts ofTransportation Adverse Impacts of Transportation • 1, Imposing Social costs-- of transport include; • -- causing road accidents , physical inactivity • - taking away Time from family while commuting- • -- vulnerability to increase in fuel prices • --unequal access lead to disparities in mobility • -Impacting disproportionately poor • 2. Increasing Economic Cost– • - longer time to travel- lost productivity -slowing delivery of goods & services. -Making cities less productive - Increasing cost of transportation • –Limiting access – to work, education, goods , services, family-- requiring large funding for upkeep., increased fuel consumption •
- 14. Adverse Impacts ofTransportation Adverse Impacts of Transportation 3 Adversely Impacting Environment •Air Pollution:-- Emitting greenhouse gases/ pollutants, -- lead to climate change & health issues- • -Increasing environmental cost •Increasing Noise Pollution; •--Transport generated noise disturb communities – Adversely impact densely populated areas- causing detrimental effects on mental/ physical health,-- causing stress,-- disturb sleep,-- hearing impairments. • 4. Creating Safety Concerns: •Transportation systems pose risks -Road accidents/ injuries –lead to injuries/ loss of life. , -- for pedestrians & cyclists- aversly impacting economy
- 15. Carbon Emissions- Sectors, Transport Carbon Emissions- Sectors , Transport
- 16. Adverse Impacts ofTransportation Adverse Impacts of Transportation • 5 Adversely impacting Living Pattern - --Large reliance on vehicles - contribute to lack of physical activity -- creating health problems - long journeys leads to- Long Sitting- sedentary lifestyles- causing obesity cardiovascular diseases, diabetes & -. • 6. Impacting Mental Health: • --Commuting stress /long travel times – • - negatively impact mental well-being. • 7 Promote Urban Sprawl • Urban Development: Faster mode of travel & better Transportation infrastructure encourages; • --urban sprawl, • -- habitat destruction • --increased reliance on cars.
- 17. Impact of Transportation Impactof Transportation • 8 Traffic Congestion– • Traffic Jams- Grid locks- wasted time, --increased fuel consumption, • --Causing higher levels of stress among commuters • 9 Environmental Impact; • -Consuming large fossil fuel- gasoline /diesel, • -- cause environmental degradation; • -- release harmful greenhouse gases - leading to climate change/ air pollution - Vehicle construction involves-- deforestation/ habitat destruction, harming environment 10 Major Dependence on Fossil Fuels; Create vulnerability to fluctuations in oil prices /geopolitical tensions. • - being finite-- depletion poses long-term sustainability challenge. --Adversely impacting national economy
- 18. Impact of Transportation Impactof Transportation • 11. Social Isolation; • -Rising personal vehicles/ air travel, • - While facilitating • -speedier long-distance travel, • -- reduce face-to-face connections among individuals Contributing to; - Anonymity • -- social isolation. • --- prioritize efficiency • --over social interactions during journeys. • --weakening community bonds
- 19. Impact of Transportation Impactof Transportation • 12 Infrastructure Costs; • -- Development/ maintenance of transport infrastructure • - aging roads, bridges, tunnels -- require regular upkeep • -- to ensure safety & efficiency. • require large financial investment • .- Invariably straining public budgets • - diverting resources from-- essential sectors –healthcare/ education. • 13 Economic Disparities • -- Transportation also promote economic disparities within societies.- • Access to efficient transportation -- essential for employment opportunities, education, healthcare services. • - disadvantaged communities/poor- With limited access to transportation,-- limit their social/ economic mobility.
- 20. Impact of Transportation Impactof Transportation • 14. Loss of Cultural Heritage • Creating/expanding- transport systems • --ieads ot construction of new roads, railways, airports. • -may lead to marginalizing cultural heritage sites/ historical landmarks. • 15 Limited Accessibility to remote areas/hills/island • Despite advancements -- certain regions / communities still face challenges of accessibility. • -- Remote areas, islands, underdeveloped regions with inadequate transport connections- isolating them from essential services, opportunities, resources. • 16 Cybersecurity Threats • - with increasingly interconnected / reliant on technology, • -- vulnerability to cybersecurity threats increases . • -- Hacking can potentially disrupting operations, • -- compromising passenger safety • --even causing accidents. -
- 21. Transportation Issues– Efficiency, accessibility,sustainability
- 22. Urbanisation & Transportation-positively related Urbanisation & Transportation -positively related Cities promoting large travel due to: Cities promoting large travel due to: Concentration of large population. Concentration of large number of activities. Increasing size of cities. Increasing travel demand. Increased travel distance. Increased use of personal vehicles. . Increasing income level. Higher car ownership. Travel becoming a habit. -increased distances between-living/working Better travel infrastructure/roads Easy availability of fast modes of travel --Considering multiple impacts of travel –essential to minimize travel -- to make cities more livable and sustainable Transport& Urbanization- Transport& Urbanization-
- 23. •Heterogeneous Traffic Heterogeneous Traffic •increasingindividual vehicle ownership; increasing individual vehicle ownership; •Low road capacity; Low road capacity; •Poor road geometry; Poor road geometry; •Large obsolete vehicular population; Large obsolete vehicular population; • inefficient/ inadequate public inefficient/ inadequate public transportation; transportation; Low priority for traffic planning; ; Low priority for traffic planning; ; •Low priority to bicycles / pedestrians Low priority to bicycles / pedestrians • Poor traffic management; Poor traffic management; • Mismatch between vehicle density & Mismatch between vehicle density & road capacity; road capacity; •Multiplicity of agencies involved Multiplicity of agencies involved • Absence of unified traffic regulatory Absence of unified traffic regulatory authority; authority; • Acute problems of parking; Acute problems of parking; •High rates of accidents etc. High rates of accidents etc. TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA- ISSUES TRANSPORTATION SCENARIO IN INDIA- ISSUES
- 24. Registered MV inIndia on 31.03. 2017 Registered MV in India on 31.03. 2017 • India Produced 26.36 million vehicles in 2019-20 • Total registered vehicles in India in 2020 stood at 295.8 million. – 21,00,23,289 ( YEAR 2017) • In 2017-- 9 states have more than 100,00,000 registered motor vehicles --. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh • Registered motor vehicles in • --Maharashtra – 30.22 million • -- Uttar Pradesh – 26.27 million • -- Tamil Nadu – 26.11 million • --Gujarat -- -- 22.04 million • --Karnataka –17.87 million • -- Rajasthan – 14.90 million • -- Madhya Pradesh- 13.20 million • -- Kerala -- 11.3 million • -- Delhi --maximum number of Vehicles-- 10.26 million(2017) - 12 MILLION IN 2019- Vehicles doubled during last decade
- 25. Registered MV inIndia on 31.03. 2017 Registered MV in India on 31.03. 2017 • Passenger Vehicles (PV) posted its highest ever sales in FY 2024-25 of 4.3 million units • Two-Wheelers with sales of 19.6 million units registered • Three-Wheelers posted its highest ever sales in FY 2024-25 of 7.4 Lakh Units • Exports of Commercial Vehicles posted a good growth of 23% in FY 2024-25 as compared to previous year with exports of 0.81 Lakh units • The total production of Passenger Vehicles1 , Three Wheelers, Two Wheelers and Quadricycle in the month of March 2025 was 24,76,915 units
- 26. CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN&MACHINE CONFLICT BETWEEN MAN& MACHINE
- 27. OVER-CROWDING & CONGESTION OVER-CROWDING& CONGESTION
- 28. Inadequate Mass Transportation InadequateMass Transportation
- 29. Inadequate Mass Transportation InadequateMass Transportation
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- 31. Poor Road Conditions PoorRoad Conditions
- 32. High Degree ofPollution High Degree of Pollution
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- 34. Problem of Parking Problemof Parking
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- 37. Sustainable transport • Refersto transport that is sustainable in terms of-- • - social aspect, • --environmental and climate impacts. • -- Use of energy- conventional/non-convention • -- provision of Logistics/ infrastructure - • -- System of Transportation - -- Safety of commuters - Ease of accessing - Equity in transportation • Cost & comfort of travel • -Last mile connectivity
- 38. Defining Sustainable Transport DefiningSustainable Transport • 1. Sustainable transport--Allows basic access & meet development needs of individuals, companies& society • -- with safely - in a manner consistent with • --human and environmental health, • -- promoting equity within /between successive generations. • 2. Sustainable transport- Limits emissions and waste • -- within planet's ability to absorb them, • --Maximize use of renewable resources-- , • -- Minimize use of non-renewable resources– • -- while minimizing impact • -- on use of land and • -- generation of noise.
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- 40. Sustainable Transport –Benefits; Make positive contribution to environment, - Promote social & economic sustainability - Benefit poor households by offering low carbon transport options. Minimise environmental, social , economic costs of transport system Promote national economy Reduce vehicle emission Help migrate transportation from fossil-based energy to other alternatives Make Transport sector cost-effective over entire life cycle
- 41. Benefits of SustainableTransport Benefits of Sustainable Transport • -Sustainable Transport— • -- improve access while • -- reducing environmental/ social impacts, • -- managing traffic congestion. • -- Making cities/communities more vibrant, livable, • Accelerate sustainable development. • - creating more jobs, - improving commuter safety- • promoting bicycle lanes& pedestrian pathways , • --make affordable/efficient access to employment/ social opportunities • - offering opportunity for saving people's time • -- Increasing household income • --- making sustainable transport a 'win-win' opportunity
- 42. Options for Promoting SustainableTransportation
- 43. Solving Transport Problems SolvingTransport Problems 1 Optimising Existing transport infrastructures 2 Redefining shape and size of the city - Making cities compact – checking Urban sprawl - - Promoting Transit Oriented Development 3 Redefining Principle of Transport Planning— -Planning for people and not vehicles - Promoting Accessibility and not Mobility 4. Reordering priority of Mobility 5 Opting for pedestrianization & Cycling 6. Opting for Public Transport - Rail Based Transit System - Bus Rapid Transit System 7 Equitable Distribution of road space 8 Road Pricing 9 Leveraging Technology 10 Involving/educating communities/stakeholders/road users
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- 45. Redefining shape/size ofcities-- Redefining shape/size of cities-- Compact City- Compact City- • Compact city– best option to rationalize travel / promote sustainable transport because it- • Minimizes distance between place of work /living/amenities • Reduces demand for personalized vehicles • Reduces Congestion • Reduces environmental pollution • --Improves road safety • --Promotes pedestrianisation & cycling • --Makes mass transportation effective/efficient • --optimizes land use –providing lower area under roads/parking • -- makes available large open spaces • -Makes city development cost-effective- less roads/services etc
- 47. Amazing Future GreenCities of Amazing Future Green Cities of world –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE world –Musdar –Abu Dhabi-UAE A city of 50,000population City of no cars , no waste Planned to make use of cool sea winds Using solar energy on rooftop Narrow streets shading houses Total recycling of waste/water working/ living area not farther than200 mts from transportation nodes). Electric powered light rail on elevated track to permit easy transport between Musdar and Abu Dhabi. •for Intra-city travel people use personal rapid transit pods (PRT) run on magnetic tracks using electric power. •Aim is to create: Zero Carbon Zero Waste Zero Car city
- 53. Re-ordering Priority for Re-orderingPriority for Travel Travel
- 54. • Promoting useof Bicycle as Promoting use of Bicycle as preferred mode of travel for preferred mode of travel for majority of intra- city travel being : majority of intra- city travel being : Most inexpensive Most inexpensive Most flexible Most flexible Environment friendly Environment friendly Minimum air/noise pollution Minimum air/noise pollution Zero Energy Vehicle Zero Energy Vehicle Occupying minimum road space Occupying minimum road space Easy Parking /easy maneuverability Easy Parking /easy maneuverability Reducing congestion Reducing congestion Least financial cost to user/society Least financial cost to user/society Promoting National Economy Promoting National Economy Promoting better Human Health Promoting better Human Health Reducing depletion of Non-renewable Reducing depletion of Non-renewable resources resources Best option for travelling over short Best option for travelling over short distance distance. . SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION- CYCLING
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- 60. Public Transport- advantages PublicTransport- advantages • Public transportation -- solution to any city/ nation’s: • economic, energy, and environmental challenges • Brings better quality of life. • increasing numbers/ people using public transportation and local communities -- expanding public transit services. • Every segment of society – • individuals, • families, • communities and • businesses – • benefits from public transportation.
- 61. National Urban TransportPolicy National Urban Transport Policy Public transport scores over other mechanized modes in terms of --space, capacity , cost—pollution; sustainability– Making public transport - -- best option for urban mobility--State capitals / Metro cities – • --Start planning for high- capacity public transport system • -- look at proven global technologies -- prepare comprehensive plans– -- integrating personal /private modes of travel -- improve higher ridership -- efficient urban transportation networks. -- accommodates 20 times passengers than private cars on same road space;
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- 63. PROMOTING PUBLIC TRANSPORT PROMOTINGPUBLIC TRANSPORT Public transport key to rationalizing urban transportation and making cities Smart -- DELHI, CHICAGO COPENHAGEN ( within 400 metres) • Redefining approach to public transportation • Making Public Transport :- more equitable, reliable, affordable, safe, comfortable, sustainable, energy/operationally efficient, cost- effective, eco/ users friendly, large capacity, space efficient • Promoting development along transport network • improving passenger information system • Positioning intelligent transport systems for monitoring and control; • affordable ticket pricing; e-ticketing; • using single ticket for all modes of travel • introducing comfortable buses , • involving Communities, • creating dedicated bus lanes
- 64. TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD, TRAFFIC-DELHI,AHMEDABAD, ISTANBUL, SINGAPORE ISTANBUL, SINGAPORE •City of Singapore promoted: • high degree of road efficiency,/ reduced road congestion,--by • carpooling, Road pricing and public transport • Generating resources for city infrastructure by Road Pricing • Delhi, through its green metro, achieved milestone of : • Transporting 7. 8 million people persons • --on a single day – saving 32 minutes of travel time/person • Saving annually 10,000 crores in fuel, travel time etc. • --with target of 6 million, when all the four phases operational • reduced road congestion , air pollution and carbon contents, • increasing road efficiency ,Making city much cleaner and greener. • Ahmadabad’s state of art BRTS— • reinvented and revolutionized the city road traffic • Istanbul used 42 Kms dedicated road lanes • --- for new Bus Rapid Transport System, to promote: • public transport, • tackle problem of traffic congestion and air pollution • most efficient service to 6,20,000 passengers on daily basis.
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- 66. Mumbai-Local-10.05 m perday Mumbai-Local-10.05 m per day
- 67. Curitiba’s futuristic ‘tube’station system for buses--,85% Curitiba uses Bus Rapid Transit -- transporting two million each day-- London subway carries three million-- BRT built in 1974; now 300 cities around world are using .”
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- 73. Options for makingTransport Sustainable Options for making Transport Sustainable
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- 75. Options for makingTransport Sustainable Options for making Transport Sustainable • 1. UK Department for Transport published plan called-- • "Decarbonising Transport- For A better, greener Britain“- by 2050-using strategies; • -- Modal shift to-- active & public transport, • -- Decarbonized-- road transport, • - Decarbonized-- freight transport, • - innovative -- place-based solutions, • focusing on -- shipping • Reducing use of cars - Promoting public transport • Modal shift to rail from air -- sixtyfold reduction in CO2 emissions. • 2. Germany • Promoting— • Public transportation– cycling & walking • --Defining large areas --where cars not allowed.
- 76. Options for makingTransport Sustainable Options for making Transport Sustainable • 3 USA –-Promoting improved public transport-- with larger coverage for more mobility & accessibility, • Using new technologies -- for more reliable & responsive public transportation network. • Encourage-- walking & biking by; • -- providing wider pedestrian pathway, • -- Creating bike share stations in downtown, • -Locating parking lots- far from shopping center, • - Limiting street parking, • -- Creating slower traffic lane in downtown area. • - Increasing cost of car ownership-- increasing gas taxes, increased parking fees , tolls, encouraging more fuel- efficient vehicles-- using revenue collected from taxes / tolls to improve public transportation & benefit poor communities
- 77. Options for makingTransport Sustainable Options for making Transport Sustainable • 4. Paris – reoriented traval leading to-- • --53% trips made by walking, • -- 3% by bicycle, • --34% by public transport, • -- only 10% by car. • 5 Amsterdam, • - 28% trips made by walking, • -- 31% by bicycle, • --18% by public transport • --only 23% by car. • 6. Copenhagen • -62% people commute to-- school or work by bicycle.
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- 79. Options for makingTransport Sustainable Options for making Transport Sustainable • 1. Framing/Defining rational National Policy- and creating action plan on promoting Sustainable Transportation • 2 Making Sustainable Transportation -- integral part of- City Planning -- Curitiba Brazil; Bogot Colombia; Portland, Oregon; and Vancouver, Canada. • 3. Creating an Enabling legislative framework for making Transportation Sustainable • 4 Making Sustainable Transportation- integral part of teaching- learning process • 5 Embedding Sustainability issues/climate change in-- transport planning and operations. • 6 Prioritizing sustainable Transportation in urban Development Process • 7 Creating adequate trained manpower in transportation by dedicated courses in technical institutions • 8 Actively Involving /educating Communities/ stakeholders
- 80. Transportation- Options Transportation- Options •9 Redefining Master Plans – to Minimize travel- Making cities compact- • 10 Changing approach to urban planning-Planning for People-- not for vehicles • Promoting Accessibility-- Not Mobility • 11. Moving from Pure to mixed land-use planning/ TOD— • 12. Changing people behaviour to Travel • 13 Changing priority for travel--Promoting pedestrianisation & Cycling • 14 Promoting Mass Transportation--Promoting Road Pricing--Promoting Equitable allocation of road space -Promoting Electric Vehicles/
- 81. • OTHER OPTIONSFOR TRANSPORTATION • 15 Promoting Intelligent Transportation • 16 Promoting Sharing- Bicycle sharing / cars Pooling/car sharing • 17 Promoting integrated Transit Hubs- for last mile connectivity- Bus system , metro system • 18 Involving technologies--Introducing Geo- spatial enabled efficient transportation system • 19 Promoting Public transport Surveillance • 20 Introducing Single fare card system • 21. Promoting Smart Parking- using sensors, camera, • 22. Introducing Smart tolls • 23 Using Smart Traffic lights • 24 Migrating to cleaner modes of transport • 25 MInimising use of urban land
- 82. • SDG 11-Target-11.2 • SDG 11.2 mandates that • "By 2030; --Provide safe, affordable, accessible, sustainable transport for all, • - Improve road safety, • - Expand public transport, • --Focus on needs of vulnerable sections of society--, --women, children, persons with disabilities & older persons • Provide universal convenient access to public transport,- without discrimination based on sex, age , income, cast & creed • -- coordinating transport with land use planning. • - using Mixed land use planning • Juxta positioning Employment & residential areas