Management M Report
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The document analyzes factors that contribute to the slow adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in Bangladesh's healthcare sectors. It surveys staff and patients at three hospitals - Popular Medical College Hospital, Anwar Khan Modern Medical College Hospital, and United Hospital Ltd. The surveys found that: 1) All respondents said their organizations use ICT, primarily for billing systems. 2) All respondents wanted to introduce additional healthcare information systems in the near future. 3) Most respondents agreed that investment in ICT is important, but some felt initial investment costs are very high. The document uses the survey findings to identify barriers to and opportunities for greater ICT adoption in Bangladesh's healthcare industry.
Management M Report
- 1. 1 Determining the factors of Slow Adoption of information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors: An Analysis
- 2. 2 Table of Contents: Chapter Topic Page No. 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objective of the study 2 2 Methodology 3 2.1 Sources ofdata 3 2.2 Analysis of data 3 2.3 Limitationof study 4 3 Literature Review 5-6 4 Analyzing & Findings 7 4.1 Popular Medical College Hospital 7-26 4.2 Anwar khan Medical College Hosptal 27-46 4.3 United Hospital Ltd. 47-66 5 Conclusion& Recommendation 67 5.1 Conclusion 67-69
- 3. 3 5.2 Recommendation 69 6 Bibliography 70 7 Appendix 71-
- 4. 4 Chapter 01: Introduction 1.1-Background An information and communication technology is an important application of the healthcare sector. ICT implementation is expected to produce benefits for patients, professionals, organizations, and the population as a whole. These benefits cannot be achieved without the adoption of ICT by healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, the influence of individual and organizational factors in determining ICT adoption is still unclear. This study aims to assess the unique contribution of individual and organizational factors on ICT adoption in healthcare settings, as well as possible interrelations between these factors. Comprehensive knowledge about the level of healthcare information technology (HIT) adoption in Bangladesh limited. We therefore performed a baseline assessment to address this knowledge gap. Information technology has significant potential to improve patient safety, organizational efficiency, and patient satisfaction in healthcare. For example, computerized physician order entry with decision support reduced the serious medication error rate by 55% in one study and some data suggest that electronic medical records can provide a positive return on investment. Over the past decade, significant initiatives have been proposed to prompt the adoption of healthcare information technology (HIT).
- 5. 5 Despite this long standing interest in the adoption of HIT, several studies have suggested that the adoption of HIT in Bangladesh remains limited at least in certain sectors. Comparison with other industrialized countries further highlights this deficit. However, most prior assessments of HIT adoption have focused on specific IT applications or specific sectors of the healthcare industry. 1.2-Obejective of study: Broad objectives: To determine the factors of slow adoption of Information and Commutation Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors. Specific objectives: To know about the hospital IT system. To identify the impotence of investment in IT. To find out adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors. To know about the getting quantifiable benefits return on investment on IT. To find out implementation & ongoing maintenance cost. To indentifies the gaps & opportunities.
- 6. 6 Chapter 02: Methodology 2.1-Source of data: Primary Data: Questionnaires. Case studies. Interview. Observation. Secondary Data: Web information. Relevant Books & magazine. Information of health sectors organization.
- 7. 7 2.2-Analyze of Data: In this study simple statistical technique has been used. Percentage of respondents has been calculated in respect of most of the data collected. The following steps are taken in the present study in order to analyze the data correctly- I) Editing, ii) Analyzing, and iii) Graphic Representation. Further, SPSS for independence was conducted to unearth possible dependency between variables. Finally the results that emerged from the study was analyzed and interpreted and suitable conclusions were drawn from those results. 2.3-Limitation of Study:
- 8. 8 Some limitations of the present study were as follows: 1. Sample Size: Sample size is limited to 20 respondents only which may not be representatives of universe. A large sample could not be taken due to limited time. 2. Unwillingness and inability of the respondents to provide information: Especially question regarding the demographical factors. Many persons were unable to answer accurately due to ignorance of facts. 3. Time constraints: Time available at the disposal was not enough. Therefore it was not feasible to go in Depth and choose wider area. 4. Limitation regarding analysis: Due to limited resources and time, a deeper statistical analysislike Analysisof standard deviation, rank correlation could not be carried out. Chapter 03: Literature Review
- 9. 9 Bangladesh has managed to develop nationwide network of medical colleges, nursing and paramedical institutes. There are 59 Medical colleges (41 of them are private), 13 nursing colleges (7 of them are private), 69 nursing institute (22 of them are private), 17 medical assistant training schools (10 of them are private), and 16 institute of health technology (13 of them are private). In spite of this growth to health workforce production, the country is still having health workforce shortage and geographical imbalances. The World Health Report 2006 identified Bangladesh among 57 countries with a serious shortage of doctors, paramedics, nurses and midwives. Information technology provides an unlimited opportunity for promoting correct healthcare practices for prevention of certain diseases, providing information for maintaining health and other suitable information to the expected target audience. Information technology provides numerous advantages including extended reach, quick dissemination of facts, providing unlimited amount of information and also eliminates the need of large number of manual resources. There is enormous potential for improving the awareness about healthcare through digital media and information technology. However, with its increasing usage, there are some challenges, responsibilities and precautions which need to be considered while using information technology as a resource for healthcare promotion. This article discusses the use of information technology in healthcare promotion along with the challenges in its usage. The public healthcare sector in developing countries faces many challenges including weak healthcare systems and under-resourced facilities that deliver
- 10. 10 poor outcomes relative to total healthcare expenditure. Global references demonstrate that information technology has the ability to assist in this regard through the automation of processes, thus reducing the inefficiencies of manually driven processes and lowering transaction costs. This study examines the impact of hospital information systems implementation on service delivery, user adoption. Recent technological advancements within the healthcare sector have greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of hospitals, clinics, diagnostics, and health administration services, in turn making patient records more accessible, allowing for global health networking, and increasing access to and quality of healthcare. This extensive book bundle includes 19 scholarly titles covering topics on healthcare information systems, smart healthcare applications, electronic medical records, health, and much more. It is a valuable resource for students, scholars, patients, healthcare providers, and policymakers with a desire to better understand the ways healthcare is affected by advancing technologies. Chapter 04: Analyzing & Findings
- 11. 11 Based on survey in 3 hospitals (Popular Medical College Hospital, Anwar Khan Modern Medical College Hospital & United Hospital Ltd.), we collect data on questionnaire based, analyzing data on SPSS and finding lot of practical knowledge of factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in health care sectors. Discuss it below: 4.1 Popular Medical College Hospital: Here, we collect data from 8 respondents who are working as managing director, doctors & office employees in popular medical college hospital, dhanmondi branch, dhaka. We talked about the factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in health care sectors with respondents. Their given information help us to analyze the data & know about the ICT in health care sectors of hospitals. There are also 8 respondents who are the patients of this hospital to give us some information of data which is based on questionnaire. Section - 2 Adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors 1. Does your organizationuse it?
- 12. 12 Does your org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 01 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below, this picture chart represent that there 100%, say postively their answer. And there are 8 respondents in this organization. They are 100% say their organization use IT. 2. Inwhich sectors yours organizationuse IT?
- 13. 13 In which sectors yours org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Billing system 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 02 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can say that there are 7 respondentsthis organization and they mostly proposethat in billing system their organization use IT. So, lookingthis pie chart valid percent is 100%. 3. Do you want to introduce health care informationsystem in near future?
- 14. 14 Do you want to introduce health care information system in near future? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 03 Interpretation: Looking this chart below we can infer that 62.5% strongly agreewhile 37.5% agree about investmentin IT is important. 4. Investment in It is important?
- 15. 15 Do you want to introduce health care information system in near future? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 04 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can say that there are about 12.5% strongly agree and 62.5% agreewhile 25.0% naturalaboutinvestmentcost in IT is very high. 5. Investment/ Initial cost inIT are very high?
- 16. 16 Investment in IT is important? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 5 62.5 62.5 62.5 Agree 3 37.5 37.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 05 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can say that there are about 12.5% strongly agree and 62.5% agreewhile 25.0% naturalaboutinvestmentcost in IT is very high. 6. Ongoing maintance cost is very high?
- 17. 17 Ongoing maintenance cost is very high? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 2 25.0 25.0 25.0 Neutral 6 75.0 75.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 06 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan infer that 25.0% agreewhile 75.0% are naturalabout ongoing maintenancecost is very high. 7. Integrationofnew applications with existing systems further increase cost?
- 18. 18 Integration of new applications with existing systems further increase cost? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 5 62.5 62.5 62.5 Neutral 3 37.5 37.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 07 Interpretation: Viewing this chart below wecan concludethat there are 62.5% agreewhile 37.5% areneutralabout the integration of new applicationswith existing systems further increase cost. 8. To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge?
- 19. 19 To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 2 25.0 25.0 25.0 Agree 2 25.0 25.0 50.0 Neutral 4 50.0 50.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 08 Interpretation: Wecan say that there are 25.0% strongly agreeand 25.0% areagree while 50.0% areneutralabout maintain fulloperations while under takingsystems changes providesan additionalchallenge. 9. Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use IT in health care purpose? Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use IT in health care purpose?
- 20. 20 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 12.5 12.5 12.5 Agree 2 25.0 25.0 37.5 Neutral 3 37.5 37.5 75.0 Disagree 2 25.0 25.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 09 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can infer that 12.5% strongly agreeand 25.0% agree while 37.5% areneutralaboutdoctors/physicians reluctantto useIT in health care purpose. But25.0% disagreeaboutthis. 10. Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of ITsystems that share patient information?
- 21. 21 Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 5 62.5 62.5 62.5 Agree 2 25.0 25.0 87.5 Disagree 1 12.5 12.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 10 Interpretation: Privacy and security requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of it systems that share patient information after viewing this chart below we can conclude that 62.5% strongly agree and 25.0% agree while 12.5% disagree about privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information. 11. Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flowand processes?
- 22. 22 Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and process? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 12.5 12.5 12.5 Agree 6 75.0 75.0 87.5 Neutral 1 12.5 12.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 11 Interpretation: Deriving benefit from it generally requires changing work flow and process looking at the chart below we can conclude that 12.5% strongly agree and 75.0% agreewhile 12.5% are natural about deriving benefitfrom it generally requires changing work flow and process. 12. Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT?
- 23. 23 Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 2 25.0 25.0 25.0 Agree 1 12.5 12.5 37.5 Disagree 5 62.5 62.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 12 Interpretation: Viewing the chart below wecan say that there are 25.0% strongly agreeand 12.5% areagree while 62.5% aredisagree about the difficulty in gettingquantifiable benefits or return on investmentfrom it. 13. Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others?
- 24. 24 Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Neutral 6 75.0 75.0 75.0 Disagree 2 25.0 25.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 13 Interpretation: Seeing the chart below we can inter that 75.0% arenaturalwhile 25.0% strongly agree and about the difficulty in achieving end-user (patient) acceptance among others. 14. Adoptionof IT in health care sectors is very slow?
- 25. 25 Adoption of IT in health care sectors is very slow? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 12.5 12.5 12.5 Disagree 1 12.5 12.5 25.0 S.D 6 75.0 75.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 14 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can inter that there are 12.5% strongly agreeand also 12.5% strongly agreewhile 75.0% strongly disagreeaboutthe adopting of IT in health care sector is very slow. Section - 4 Questions for patients:
- 26. 26 01. Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from your physicians/doctors? Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills & receive advice from your doctors? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 15 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients wantto use onlinesystem to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from doctors. 02. Do you like modernhospitals which are computerized? Do you like modern hospitals which are computerized?
- 27. 27 Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 16 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat there are mostly 7 patients like to usemodern hospitals, which are computerized. 03. Wouldyou like to keep touchwith your physicians/doctors over email?
- 28. 28 Would you like to keep in touch with your doctors over Email? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 17 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients like to keep touch their doctors over e-mail. 04. To what extent do you know about telemedicine? To what extent do you know about telemedicine?
- 29. 29 Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid To some extent know 1 12.5 12.5 12.5 To moderate extent know 4 50.0 50.0 62.5 Highly know 3 37.5 37.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 18 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat 12.5% someknow abouttale medicinewhile 50.0% moderateknow and 37.5% highly know abouttale medicine. 05. Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctor?
- 30. 30 Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctors? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 19 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can offer that there are 100% patientanswer positively about they want to use video conferencingfor receiving treatment from their doctors.
- 31. 31 4.1 Anwar khan Modern Medical College Hospital: Here, we collect data from 7 respondents who are working as managing director, doctors & office employees in anwar khan medical college hospital, dhanmondi branch, dhaka. We talked about the factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in health care sectors with respondents. Their given information help us to analyze the data & know about the ICT in health care sectors of hospitals. There are also 7 respondents who are the patients of this hospital to give us some information of data which is based on questionnaire. Section - 2 Adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors 1. Does your organizationuse it? Does your org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0
- 32. 32 Figure 20 Interpretation: The piechart encompassesa circle of 360 degreeswhich represents100% of the valueof the continuousvariable. And lookingat the chart below, wecan infer that there are 7 respondentsin, this organization and they also mention that their organization use IT 100%.
- 33. 33 2. Inwhich sectors yours organizationuse IT? In which sectors yours org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Billing system 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 21 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can say that there are 7 respondentsthis organization and they mostly proposethat in billing system their organization use IT. So, lookingthis pie chart valid percent is 100%.
- 34. 34 3. Do you want to introduce health care informationsystem in near future? Do you want to introduce health care informationsystem in near future? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 22 Interpretation: The respondentnumbersof this organization are 7. They mostly said that they wantto introducehealth care information system in near future. And looking this pie chart their valid percentagewas 100%.
- 35. 35 4. Investment in It is important? Do you want to introduce health care information system in near future? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 23 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below, wecan infer that 85.7% strongly agree about the investmentin IT is important14.3% respondentagree.
- 36. 36 5. Investment/ Initial cost inIT are very high? Investment in IT is important? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 6 85.7 85.7 85.7 Agree 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 24 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below, wecan concludethat there are 14.3% strongly agree about the initial cost in IT are very high while 57.1% agreeabout it and 28.6% areneutral. So, the frequency number of this organization 7.
- 37. 37 6. Ongoing maintance cost is very high? Investment/ Initial cost in IT is very high? Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 14.3 14.3 14.3 Agree 4 57.1 57.1 71.4 Neutral 2 28.6 28.6 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 25 Interpretation: Seeing this about chart below we can say that about 57.1% agreeaboutthe maintained cost is very high and the rest 42.9% areneutral.
- 38. 38 7. Integrationofnew applications with existing systems further increase cost? Integration of new applications with existing systems further increase cost? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 5 62.5 62.5 62.5 Neutral 3 37.5 37.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 26 Interpretation: Viewing this chart below wecan concludethat there are 62.5% agreewhile 37.5% areneutralabout the integration of new applicationswith existing systems further increase cost.
- 39. 39 8. To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge? To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 2 25.0 25.0 25.0 Agree 2 25.0 25.0 50.0 Neutral 4 50.0 50.0 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 27 Interpretation: Wecan say that there are 25.0% strongly agreeand 25.0% areagree while 50.0% areneutralabout maintain fulloperations while under takingsystems changes providesan additionalchallenge.
- 40. 40 9. Physicians doctors’reluctant use ITin healthcare purpose? Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use IT in health care purpose? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 2 28.6 28.6 28.6 Agree 5 71.4 71.4 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 28 Interpretation: Looking at this chart below, wecan infer that 28.6% strongly agreeabout doctors reluctantto useIT in health care purposewhile71.4% agree.
- 41. 41 10. Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT system that share patient information? Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 6 85.7 85.7 85.7 Agree 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 29 Interpretation: In this chart below we can say that 85.7% strongly agreeabout privacy requirementsmay also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information 14.3% agreeaboutit.
- 42. 42 11. Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and processes? Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and process? Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 5 71.4 71.4 71.4 Agree 1 14.3 14.3 85.7 Neutral 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 30 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below, wecan concludethat 71.4% strongly agreeabout derivingbenefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and process while 14.3% neutral.
- 43. 43 12. Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT? Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 3 42.9 42.9 42.9 Agree 3 42.9 42.9 85.7 Disagree 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 31 Interpretation: Seeing at the chart below, we can infer that 42.9% strongly agree and also they agree about difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investmentfrom IT. Here is also disagree 14.3%.
- 44. 44 13. Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others? Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 5 71.4 71.4 71.4 Neutral 2 28.6 28.6 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 32 Interpretation: Viewing this chart below, we can say that 71.4% agreewhile 28.6% neutral about difficulty in achieving end-user (patients)acceptance amongothers.
- 45. 45 14. Adoptionof IT in health care sectors is very slow? Adoption of IT in health care sectors is very slow? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Disagree 2 28.6 28.6 28.6 S.D 5 71.4 71.4 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 33 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can concludethat 28.6% disagreewhile71.4% strongly disagree about the adoption of IT in health care sectors is very slow.
- 46. 46 Section - 4 Questions for patients: 01. Wouldyou prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from your physicians/doctors? Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills & receive advice from your doctors? Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 34 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients wantto use onlinesystem to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from doctors.
- 47. 47 02. Do you like modernhospitals which are computerized? Do you like modern hospitals which are computerized? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 35 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat there are mostly 7 patients like to usemodern hospitals, which are computerized.
- 48. 48 03. Wouldyou like to keep touchwith your physicians/doctors over email? Would you like to keep in touch with your doctors over Email? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 36 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients like to keep touch their doctors over e-mail.
- 49. 49 04. To what extent do you know about telemedicine? To what extent do you know about telemedicine? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid To some extent know 4 57.1 57.1 57.1 To moderate extent know 1 14.3 14.3 71.4 Highly know 1 14.3 14.3 85.7 Don’t know 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 Total 7 100.0 100.0 Figure 37 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can infer that there are 57.1% few know aboutthe telemedicine, 14.3% moderateextentknow and also 14.3% don’tknow about this.
- 50. 50 05. Wouldyou like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctor? Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctors? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 38 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can offer that there are 100% patientanswer positively about they want to use video conferencingfor receiving treatment from their doctors.
- 51. 51 4.3 United Hospital Ltd.: Here, we collect data from 5 respondents who are working as managing director, doctors& office employeesin united hospital ltd., gulshan, dhaka. We talked about the factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) in health care sectors with respondents. Their given information help us to analyze the data & know about the ICT in health care sectors of hospitals. There are also 5 respondents who are the patients of this hospital to give us some information of data which is based on questionnaire. Section - 2 Adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors 1. Does your organization use it? Does your org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0
- 52. 52 Figure 39 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below, this picture chart represent that there 100%, say postively their answer. And there are 8 respondents in this organization. They are 100% say their organization use IT.
- 53. 53 2. Inwhich sectors yours organizationuse IT? In which sectors yours org use IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Billing system 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 40 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can say that there are 7 respondentsthis organization and they mostly proposethat in billing system their organization use IT. So, lookingthis pie chart valid percent is 100%.
- 54. 54 3. Do you want to introduce health care information system in near future? Do you want to introduce health care information system in near future? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 41 Interpretation: Looking this chart below we can infer that 62.5% strongly agreewhile 37.5% agree about investmentin IT is important.
- 55. 55 4. Investment in It is important? Investment in IT is important? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 2 40.0 40.0 40.0 Agree 3 60.0 60.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 42 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan say that there are 40% strongly agree and 60% agree about the investmentin IT is important.
- 56. 56 5. Investment/ Initial cost inIT are very high? Investment/ Initial cost in IT is very high? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 Agree 1 20.0 20.0 40.0 Neutral 3 60.0 60.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 43 Interpretation: Seeing this chart below we can infer that there are 20% strongly agree and also 20% agree while 60% neutral about the investment in IT is very high.
- 57. 57 6. Ongoing maintance cost is very high? Ongoing maintenance cost is very high? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 Neutral 4 80.0 80.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 44 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can say that there are 20% agree and 80% are neutralabout ongoingmaintenancecost is very high.
- 58. 58 7. Integrationofnew applications with existing systems further increase cost? Integrationofnew applications withexisting systems further increase cost? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 4 80.0 80.0 80.0 Neutral 1 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 45 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can concludethat 80% areagree while 20% are neutralabout the integration of new applicationswith existing systems further increase cost.
- 59. 59 8. To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge? To maintain full operations while under taking systems changes provides an additional challenge? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 4 80.0 80.0 80.0 Agree 1 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 46 Interpretation: Viewing chart below wecan say that there 80% strongly agree and 20% agree about the maintain fulloperations while undertakingsystemschanges providesan additionalchallenge.
- 60. 60 9. Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use ITin health care purpose? Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use IT in health care purpose? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 3 60.0 60.0 60.0 Neutral 2 40.0 40.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 47 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can infer that there are 60% agree while 40% neutralabout the Physician /doctorsreluctant to use it in health care purpose.
- 61. 61 10. Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of ITsystems that share patient information? Privacy requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information? Frequenc y Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 Agree 1 20.0 20.0 40.0 Neutral 3 60.0 60.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 48 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can infer that 20.0% arestrongly agree and also 20.0% areagree while 60.0% areneutralabout the privacy requirements.
- 62. 62 11. Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flowand processes? Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and process? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Agree 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 49 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan say that there are 5% who positively agree their answersand 100% say that derivingbenefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and process.
- 63. 63 12. Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or returnon investment from IT? Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid S.A 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 Agree 1 20.0 20.0 40.0 Neutral 2 40.0 40.0 80.0 Disagree 1 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 50 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan say that 20.0% arestrongly agree and also 20% agree while 40.0% areneutraland 20.0% aredisagree about the difficulty in gettingquantifiable benefits or return on investmentfrom it.
- 64. 64 13. Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others? Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Neutral 3 60.0 60.0 60.0 Disagree 1 20.0 20.0 80.0 S.D 1 20.0 20.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 51 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan say that 60% are neutraland 20.0% disagree while 20.0% strongly disagreeabout the Difficulty in achieving end user (patients) acceptance amongothers investmentfrom it.
- 65. 65 14. Adoptionof IT in health care sectors is very slow? Adoption of IT in health care sectors is very slow? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Disagree 3 60.0 60.0 60.0 S.D 2 40.0 40.0 100.0 Total 5 100.0 100.0 Figure 52 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan say that there are 60.0% disagreewhile 40.0% strongly disagreeabout the adoption of IT in health caresectors is very slow.
- 66. 66 Section - 4 Questions for patients:: 01. Wouldyou prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from your physicians/doctors? Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills & receive advice from your doctors? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 8 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 53 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients wantto use onlinesystem to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from doctors.
- 67. 67 02. Do you like modernhospitals which are computerized? Do you like modern hospitals which are computerized? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 54 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat there are mostly 7 patients like to usemodern hospitals, which are computerized.
- 68. 68 03. Would you like to keep touch with your physicians/doctors over email? Would you like to keep in touch with your doctors over Email? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 55 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat mostly 7 patients like to keep touch their doctors over e-mail.
- 69. 69 04. To what extent do you know about telemedicine? To what extent do you know about telemedicine? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid To some extent know 1 12.5 12.5 12.5 To moderate extent know 4 50.0 50.0 62.5 Highly know 3 37.5 37.5 100.0 Total 8 100.0 100.0 Figure 56 Interpretation: Looking at the chart below wecan concludethat 12.5% someknow abouttale medicinewhile 50.0% moderateknow and 37.5% highly know abouttale medicine.
- 70. 70 05. Wouldyou like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctor? Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your doctors? Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid yes 7 100.0 100.0 100.0 Figure 57 Interpretation: Looking the chart below we can offer that there are 100% patientanswer positively about they want to use video conferencingfor receiving treatment from their doctors.
- 71. 71 Chapter 05: Conclusion & Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion: Health Care is dramatically improving health care in the following ways: prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases, patient to health care provider interaction, rapid dissemination of information, improved responses to outbreak situations. Efforts to contain outbreaks of dangerous infectious diseases require the rapid collection and transmission of detailed patient data to medical labs or public health centers. Health professionals need tools to communicate important scientific or epidemiological findings to other parts of the health care community. IT is enhancing capacity in each of these areas. Many health problems in developing countries are being addressed using IT. Digital records and images utilizing digital cameras have made it possible for doctors around the world to share information or offer advice on treatments for complicated ailments. For example, using Internet connections, doctors working in remote regions of northern Uganda during an outbreak of the deadly Ebola virus would be able rapidly to transmit their findings to experts at the World Health Organization in Geneva and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta.
- 72. 72 IT systems have had a profound effect on the healthcare system in the Bangladesh as well as other systems around the world wherein new technologies are utilized in an effort to efficiently providing healthcare to a large audience. New initiatives are being undertaken by governments in a multilateral effort to provide for patients that are not within accessible reach of a hospital. The research provides insight into the reasons for investing in system automation, the associated outcomes, and organisational factors that impact the successful adoption of IT systems. In addition, it finds that sustainable success in these initiatives is as much a function of the technology as it is of the change management function that must accompany the system implementation. Advances in IT are producing many changes in our society. These changes have produced many benefits, but they have also raised several concerns. Innovations in IT have created new jobs, promoted the growth of new markets, and increased international trade and investment. However, the expansion of IT also introduces costs. Workers in certain sectors of the economy lose their jobs as innovations in IT create a greater demand for high-tech workers and introduce efficiencies that make jobs obsolete. Another negative consequence of the IT revolution is the inequitable distribution of access to IT, called the digital divide.
- 73. 73 If the new technologies are to fulfill their promise, these costs and concerns will need to be addressed. Experience with previous technologies suggests that prudent policies can help us effectively manage the risks associated with new technologies without harm to their benefits. Experience also suggests that the required policies must be developed through close consultation between government and private sector experts and stakeholders. 5.2 Recommendation: Telemedicine and E-health offersa way for improvingof the standard of healthcare particularly in the developingworld. Thedevelopingcountries such as Bangladesh, where large portion of population has access to ICT can exploit these to give better healthcare services and education. Bangladeshhas a very good human resourcein IT and medicinewhich is workingin Bangladeshand abroad especially in developed countriessuch as England and in North-America. Governmentand privatesector should work together to take advantage of such a viable human resourceto come up with the solutions of the problemsin healthcare managementin our country. Healthcare systems presentgreat opportunitiesfor improvementby providingbetter, reliable and secure services to the patients, physicians, staff and other stake holderswithin the boundariesof a hospital and also to distant patients where no physical healthcare infrastructureisavailable. Bangladeshhas a potential to take lead in healthcare managementbut it is only possible if the policy makers, decision makersand all stake holders sit together and lay down the steps and guidelinesfor an effective healthcare policy. It is very importantto identify strategic objectives and the desired short term and long term goal before start spendingon healthcare projects.
- 74. 74 Chapter 06: Bibliography http://www.ban.searo.who.int/en/Section25.htm. http://www.scopemed.org/?mno=149470. http://www.igi-global.com/topic-collection/technology-healthcare- collection/55238. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6947/13/13. http://www.hhs.gov/lgbt/resources/reports/health-objectives- 2012.html. http://www.hhs.gov/lgbt/resources/reports/health-objectives- 2013.html. http://www.globalization101.org/health-care/. http://www.globalization101.org/conclusion-8/. http://www.academia.edu/6022852/Information_and_Communication _Technology_in_Healthcare_Management_Systems_Prospects_for_Devel oping_Countries.