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Mangrove
This document summarizes a study on the diminishing mangroves in Kaluwanchikudy, Sri Lanka. The study identified various mangrove flora and fauna in the area, including Excoecaria agallocha and Sonneratia caseolaris trees. It assessed the past and present status of the mangroves, finding that tree density has reduced due to tsunamis, floods, and human activities like grazing livestock. The major threats are inadequate protection, administrative failure, and lack of regeneration from repeated cutting and burning. To protect the important ecosystem, the study recommends restoration efforts, prevention of further habitat destruction, awareness programs, reforestation, and designating the area as protected zone
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Mangrove
- 1. Management options forthe diminishing Mangroves in Kaluwanchikudy, Batticoloa. Mr. S. Mathanraj Mr. S. Mohanaraj Special in Geography, Department of Georgraphy, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka, Oluvil.
- 2. Contents... • Introduction • StudyArea • Objectives • Methodology • Results & Discussion • Conclusion • References
- 3. Introduction • Mangroves arevarious large and extensive types of trees up to medium height and shrubs that grow in saline coastal sediment habitats in the tropics and subtropics Countries. • The amount of mangroves in Sri Lanka rated about 6,000 to 8,000 hectares. • The world has 64 types of true mangroves but, this unique ecosystem is home to over 20 true mangroves and the mangrove associates species of Sri Lanka. • Less population area in the Eastern and the Northern west part of Sri Lanka has the highest amount of mangroves.
- 4. Cont… • They grewonly a few hectares in the total lands of Sri Lanka. It has very less when compare with Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. • There are countless organisms living from micro- organisms to mammals in this forest. They are totally depending on the mangrove ecosystems.
- 5. Study Area Kaluwanchikdy D.SDivision
- 6. Objectives The main purposeof undertaking this study is identifying the Mangroves destruction of the study area. According to this, the objectives are given below to achieve my goal. 1. Identify the mangroves flora. 2. Identify the mangroves fauna. 3. Assess the past and present status of mangroves. 4. Find out the reasons for mangrove destructions in the study area. 5. Formulate the solution of this problems.
- 7. Methodology • The primaryand secondary data collection methods were used for the study. • Sampling method has been used to collect the primary data. Here, thirty samples have been collected through the face to face interview. These 30 samples were gathered from different stakeholders as follows; 10 government officials, 10 fisher man and 10 farmers, public . • I visited to the lagoons located area at Kaluwanchikudy to identify the mangroves flora and fauna. I was seen them by using naked eye. Many mangroves flora have been identified during the visit.
- 8. Identified Mangroves Flora Excoecariaagallocha Sonneratia caseolaris
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- 15. Cont… • Secondary datawere collected from published and unpublished data sources. • Published data sources were previous researches, books, articles and internet. Unpublished data sources were forest department data, Coastal Resource Management Department data, census data of Sri Lanka, Manmunai South & Eruvil pattu Divisional Secretariat data and land use data. • Some data were collected from Google earth and topography map.
- 16. Results & Discussion •Some mangrove flora and some mangroves fauna species were found out in these areas. • According to the face to face interview, nowadays, density of Sonneratia caseolaris, Excoecaria agallocha was highest in all these sites when compared with other species. • Excoecaria agallocha has poisonous latex exuded, which produce skin rash in humans when it touched. This poisonous plant is not popular for firewood, since the smoke is harmful to humans. Their leaves were not preferred by animals or livestock.
- 17. Cont… • This maybe the reason for high density of Excoecaria agallocha in the study areas. • The people use the Sonneratia caseolaris’ fruit to eat and make the juice. • The density of mangrove tree species like, Cerbera odollam, Pandanas tectorius and Thespesia populnea and saplings were low in Onthachimadam, Kurumanvely and Periyakallar area. • Two main reasons were noted. Firstly, impacts of tsunami and flood had destroyed mangrove cover. Secondly, pre- tsunami clearance of certain portion of mangroves by people were thought as sites for mosquito breeding.
- 18. Cont… • They usethese areas to dump the garbage and grazing the livestock such as cow, goat. • They cut the barks to get the color for their fishing nets. • The major problem is inadequate protection and the administrative failure. • Most of the stumps were not allowed to regenerate due to repeated cutting (during rainy days) and burning (during dry periods) for security reasons.
- 19. Cont… • Most ofthe people’s livelihood was fishing and oyster production. There were lots of fishermen fishing in Koddaikallar, Mahiloor and Onthachimadam areas. But now, very less fishermen are fishing here because the fish’s quantity is very low. • Near to the coast area, lots of oyster was remained but now, Periyakallar area has partially dominated by the oyster.
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- 21. Cont… Source: Coastal Conservationand Coastal Resource Management Department – 2014 District Area (Hectare) 2006 2014 1. Puttalam 2. Batticaloa 3. Tringomale 4. Mannar 5. Kilinochi 6. Mullaitivu 7. Ampara 8. Hambantota 9. Jaffna 10. Gampaha 11. Galle 12. Matara 2,338 1,855 1,762 1,486 424 405 299 292 242 121 104 01 2,364 1,421 1,491 1,261 312 463 292 539 260 122 187 06 Total 9,330 8,718
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- 23. Cont… • Mangrove isimportant for bio eco-system and the study suggests some solutions to protect mangroves for the reason of smooth functioning of ecosystem at this area. • It is required to take following measures; 1. Mangrove restoration 2. Prevention of habitat destruction through legislation 3. Creating awareness programs ( School, University & Society level) 4. Mangrove re-plantation 5. Declare as a protected zone 6. Maintain with public support especially fisherman. 7. Increase the fish production.
- 24. Conclusion • Mangroves arethe particular significance in the context of coastal forests. Mangroves in Sri Lanka are the wealth of our nation. It provides many resources to us in many ways. • When we increase the growth of mangroves, we can also improve the tourism. In addition to, the fishing is the main purpose of the fisherman. They are constantly sustaining the mangrove resources. • Recently, Human activities and the natural disaster interferes the mangrove forest environment of Sri Lanka.
- 25. Cont… • Mangroves havepoor capacity to regenerate again in the cleared area over the last two decades. • The overall tree density was low in Onthachimadam, Mahiloor and Kurumanvely when compared with other sites due to pre and post tsunami and flood impacts. The substratum for the establishment of mangroves was yet to be developed in a reasonable stage. • Therefore, measurer must be taken to protect the mangrove forest in our country by the government of Sri Lanka, NGOs and environmental well-wishers.
- 26. References • Kaleel, M.I.M.,(2013), Growing scarcity of Mangroves: A study of Pottuvil coastal area in Sri Lanka, Department of Geography, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka. • Man and Environment, By Central Environmental Authority. • Information Brief on Mangroves in Sri Lanka, IUCN, The World Conservation Union. • Sri Lankan Mangrove Ecosystems, (2006), Forest department of Sri Lanka. (Tamil Book) • http://www.econsortium.info/Psychosocial_Forum_District_Data_Mapping/Batticaloa.pdf (Accessed on- 12/02/2014). • http://www.dmc.gov.lk/DistrictSection/51_Batticaloa/01_Batti_Profile.htm (Accessed on- 15/05/2014). • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluvanchikudy (Accessed on- 12/02/2014). • Coastal Conservation and Coastal Resource Management Department (2014), http://www.coastal.gov.lk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122%3Astatistics -&catid=56%3A-statistics-&lang=en&limitstart=1 (Accessed on- 21/09/2014). • http://www.fao.org/forestry/en/ (Accessed on- 17/09/2014). • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove (Accessed on- 15/02/2014).
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