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- 2. How small isit?
- 7. •Chemical substances ormaterials that are engineered with particle sizes between 1 to 100 nanometers in at least one dimension ENGINEERED NANOMATERIALS •It is well established that engineered nanomaterials derive many functional advantages from their unique physical and chemical properties.
- 8. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS •STRUCTURALPROPERTIES The crystal structure of nanomaterials may not or may differ as that of bulk one with different lattice parameters. •THERMAL PROPERTIES Thermal properties will alter as the reduction in size toward nanosize.
- 9. FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS •CHEMICALPROPERTIES Ionization energy of nanocluster is more than that of bulk materials.
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- 11. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES • Nanomaterialscontain a large number of defects during their fabrication, which influences the machanical properties. Some nanostructures have very distinct properties, different from their bulk structure because of their atomic structural arrangement and may have different mechanical properties.
- 12. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES • Largesurface to volume of nanomaterials leads to different magnetic coupling with neighboring atoms results in different magnetic property than that of bulk one. For a ferromagnetic material, there are multiple magnetic domains as shown in picture, but in case of nanosize of that material, there is one domain, which exhibits superparamagnetic phenomena. The magnetic moment of nanoparticles is very less than its bulk size. Multiple magnetic domains for bulk materials and mono- domains for nanomaterials
- 13. OPTICAL PROPERTIES • Opticalproperties depend on the transition barrier between valence band and conduction band for a nano-sized material. In low-scaled semiconductor and metal, a huge change in an optical property such as color is observed. The gold nanoparticle colloidal solutions have a deep red color, which changes to more yellow with the increment of the particle size results in surface plasmon resonance i n n a n o - s c a l e m a t e r i a l s .
- 14. ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES • Theelectronic properties are related as wave-like property of the electron for all the small-scaled materials. When size of the materials approaches to the de Broglie wavelength, the limit of the energy states will be prominent. The conduction material changes to insulator below the critical length scale, due to the widening of their bandgap. Nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials Germanium (Ge), Silicon (Si), and Cadmium (Cd) are not Semiconductors.
- 15. Nanotechnology deals with variousstructures of matter having dimensions of the order of a billionth of a meter. From the advent of nanotechnology, people realized that certain materials can exhibit different properties based on its size and shape.
- 16. Nanoparticles canbe classified into different types according to the size, morphology, physical and chemical properties.
- 17. Carbon-based nanoparticlesinclude two main materials: carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes. CNTs are nothing but graphene sheets rolled into a tube. These materials are mainly used for the structural reinforcement as they are 100 times stronger than steel. Fullerenes are the allotropes of carbon having a structure of hollow cage of sixty or more carbon atoms.
- 18. Ceramic nanoparticlesare inorganic solids made up of oxides, carbides, carbonates and phosphates. These nanoparticles have high heat resistance and chemical inertness. They have applications in photocatalysis, photodegradation of dyes, drug delivery, and imaging.
- 19. Metal nanoparticlesare prepared from metal precursors. These nanoparticles can be synthesized by chemical, electrochemical, or photochemical methods. In chemical methods, the metal nanoparticles are obtained by reducing the metal-ion precursors in solution by chemical reducing agents.
- 20. Semiconductor nanoparticleshave properties like those of metals and non- metals. They are found in the periodic table in groups II-VI, III-V or IV-VI. These particles have wide bandgaps, which on tuning shows different properties. They are used in photo catalysis, electronics devices, photo-optics and water splitting applications.
- 21. Polymeric nanoparticlesare organic based nanoparticles. Depending upon the method of preparation, these have structures shaped like nanocapsular or nanospheres. A nanosphere particle has a matrix-like structure whereas the nanocapsular particle has core-shell morphology.
- 22. Lipid nanoparticlesare generally spherical in shape with a diameter ranging from 10 to 100nm. It consists of a solid core made of lipid and a matrix containing soluble lipophilic molecules. The external core of these nanoparticles is stabilized by surfactants and emulsifiers. These nanoparticles have application in the biomedical field as a drug carrier and delivery and RNA release in cancer therapy.
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- 24. • Researchers aredeveloping customized nanoparticles in the field of medical application to deliver drugs to specific cells. Due to nanotechnology, there is a great reduction in damage treatment such as chemotherapy. Nanotechnology and Nanomaterial Applications in Food, Health, and Biomedical Sciences research that involves the use of nanorobots, which work at the cellular level sometimes referred to as nanomedicine.
- 25. • Advances innanotechnology directed to energy saving and energy production by creating storage system, intermediate conversion system, manufacturing development by minimizing materials and process rates, and enhanced renewable energy sources.
- 26. • Nanotechnology helpingto improve data memory, improved high-definition television (HDTV) and LCD monitors, laser diodes, glass fibers, filters, conductive and antistatic coatings. A memory chip that uses CNTs can be applied instead of high-density flash memory chips. Single-atom thick graphene film can build high- speed transistors
- 27. • In propyleneoxide used manufacturing plant; the polluting by-products can be checked using a catalyst of silver nanoclusters. Propylene oxide applied to produce plastics, paint, detergents, and brake fluid, clearing volatile organic compounds from air, organic chemicals in groundwater. Nanotechnology developed the efficient and cheap water purification systems, which permits only water molecules through it.
- 28. • Nanomaterials withnano design provide larger strength for bullet shielding which is much more effective, lightweight, and resistant to chemical and biological attacks. Nanomaterials also reduce the rotor vibration, improving the performance of helicopter rotors. Lightweight solar sails using CNT can use the sunlight to propel the spacecraft up to long range, which is a future solution for fuel energy.
- 29. • Now aday researchers are trying to develop nano steel. Arcelor Mittal is producing nanoparticle content steel to produce thinner gauge, lighter beams, and plates with a lower cost. These steel beams and steel plates are approximately same weight as Al. CNT embedded materials are more interesting to use in many structural devices. Buckyball is the lightweight nanomaterials, used for making badminton racquets which gives greater hitting power and stability.
- 30. • Nanoparticle mineralsused in sunscreen gives longer stability with better biocompatibility, which can strongly block UV rays fall on the skin. Nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO2 are applied in most of the sunscreens, as their absorption and reflection capacity is very high.
- 31. • Nanotechnology isthe pillar to construct strengthen and safer structure much more quickly with lowering the cost. Thin film on the glass is an important material for developing chromogenic-systems (electrochromic, thermo-chromic, photochromic, and gas chromic) on the walls, doors, and windows. Here nanotechnology utilized to give an effective solution by blocking the incoming light and heat through the glass.
- 32. • A hugedevelopment occurs in agriculture and food industries due to the application of nanotechnology from production, processing to waste treatment. Herbicides, chemicals, or genes contain nanoparticles (magic bullets) can target specific parts of plants to discharge their content.
- 33. • Catalytic activitydepends on the contact surface area. As the higher relative surface area of nanomaterials, the catalytic effect will be higher. Nano-materials have higher chemical reactivity with other chemicals. Platinum nanoparticles are used in automotive catalytic converters due to the higher surface area of nanoparticles can decrease the required platinum amount.