MC-M5 omputer Engineering Learning presentation
- 1. Optimized Mobile IP The optimized mobile IP protocol needs four additional messages. ● Binding request: Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send a binding request to the HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed dissemination of its current location. If the HA is allowed to reveal the location it sends back a binding update. ● Binding update: This message sent by the HA to CNs reveals the current location of an MN. The message contains the fixed IP address of the MN and the COA. The binding update can request an acknowledgement. ● Binding acknowledgement: If requested, a node returns this acknowledgement after receiving a binding update message. ● Binding warning: If a node decapsulates a packet for an MN, but it is not the current FA for this MN, this node sends a binding warning. The warning contains MN’s home address and a target node address, i.e., the address of the node that has tried to send the packet to this MN. The recipient of the warning then knows that the target node could benefit from obtaining a fresh binding for the MN. The recipient can be the HA, so the HA should now send a binding update to the node that obviously has a wrong COA for the MN.
- 3. Cellular IP (Basic Architecture) • Micro-mobility management protocol • Provides local handovers • Cellular IP gateway (CIPGW) for each domain
- 4. Cellular IP Advantage • Manageability: Cellular IP is mostly self-configuring, and integration of the CIPGW into a firewall would facilitate administration of mobility-related functionality. Disadvantages • Efficiency: Additional network load is induced by forwarding packets on multiple paths. • Transparency: Changes to MNs are required. • Security: Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes. Additionally, all systems in the network can easily obtain a copy of all packets destined for an MN by sending packets with the MN’s source address to the CIPGW.
- 5. HAWAII (Basic Architecture) • HAWAII (Handoff- Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure) • Micro-mobility support transparent as possible for both home agents and mobile nodes. • The goals are performance and reliability improvements and support for quality of service mechanisms.
- 6. HAWAII (Basic Architecture) Step 1 : On entering an HAWAII domain, a mobile node obtains a co-located COA. Step 2: A mobile node registers with the HA. Step 3: When moving to another cell inside the foreign domain, the MN sends a registration request to the new base station as to a foreign agent thus mixing the concepts of co- located COA and foreign agent COA.
- 7. HAWAII (Basic Architecture) Step 4: The base station intercepts the registration request and sends out a handoff update message, which reconfigures all routers on the paths from the old and new base station to the so-called crossover router. When routing has been reconfigured successfully, the base station sends a registration reply to the mobile node, again as if it were a foreign agent.
- 8. HAWAII (Basic Architecture) • The use of challenge- response extensions for authenticating a mobile node is mandatory. • In contrast to cellular IP, routing changes are always initiated by the foreign domain’s infrastructure, and the corresponding messages could be authenticated, e.g., by means of an IPSec authentication header reducing the risk of malicious rerouting of traffic initiated by bogus mobile hosts.
- 9. HAWAII Advantages • Security: Challenge-response extensions are mandatory. In contrast to Cellular IP, routing changes are always initiated by the foreign domain’s infrastructure. • Transparency: HAWAII is mostly transparent to mobile nodes. Disadvantages • Security: There are no provisions regarding the setup of IPSec tunnels. • Implementation: No private address support is possible because of co- located COAs.
- 10. Fast Mobile IPV6 • Drawback in MIPV6 is handoff delays. • FMIPV6 proposes the mechanisms to reduce the handoff delay • There are two types of handover, namely predictive and reactive
- 11. Fast MobileIPV6: Call Flow for Predictive Handoff
- 12. Fast MobileIPV6: Call Flow for Reactive Handoff
- 13. HMIPV6 (Basic Architecture) • Micro-mobility management protocol • Introduces hierarchies for handling micro-mobility issues. • HMIPv6 provides micro- mobility support by installing a mobility anchor point (MAP), which is responsible for a certain domain and acts as a local HA within this domain for visiting MNs.
- 14. HMIPV6 (Basic Architecture) • Mobility Anchor Point • A MAP domain’s boundaries are defined by the access routers (AR) advertising the MAP information to the attached MNs. • Local handovers • Binding update. • RCOA stays unchanged • Support smooth handovers • Limited location privacy
- 15. HMIPV6 Advantages • Security: MNs can have (limited) location privacy because LCOAs can be hidden. • Efficiency: Direct routing between CNs sharing the same link is possible Disadvantages • Transparency: Additional infrastructure component (MAP). • Security: Routing tables are changed based on messages sent by mobile nodes. This requires strong authentication and protection against denial of service attacks. Additional security functions might be necessary in MAPs.
- 16. IPV6 • Every IPv6 node masters address autoconfiguration • Neighbor discovery • A soft handover is possible with IPv6 • The FA is not needed any more
- 17. Mobile IPV6 • Route optimization • No need for the CH to be equipped with additional software like MIP-RO (Mobile IP with route optimization.
- 18. IPV4 Vs IPV6 IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4) IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) Encryption and authentication is not provided in IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). Encryption and authentication is provided in IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6) Header of IPv4 is 20 – 60 bytes. Header of IPv6 is fixed at 40 bytes Checksumfield is available in IPv4. Checksumfield is not available in IPv6. Packet flow identification is not available in IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4). Packet flow identification is available in IPv6. Flow label field is available in the header. IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation, consisting of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots. An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits. Sender and forwarding routers performs fragmentation in IPv4 Fragmentationis performed only by the sender in IPv6. In IPv4, security features relies on application In IPv6, there is an inbuilt security feature named IPSEC. End to end connection integrity cannot be achieved in IPv4. End to end connection integrity can be done in IPv6. IPv4 supports DHCP and Manual address configuration IPv6 supports renumbering and auto address configuration. IPv4 addresses are 32-bit long IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long. The address space in IPv4 is 4.29 ×109 The address space in IPv6 is 3.4 ×1038 IPv4 has a broadcast message transmission scheme. Multicast and Anycast message transmissionscheme is available in IPv6.