Network Topology
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The document discusses different network topologies including bus, ring, star, tree, mesh, and hybrid topologies. It describes the key characteristics of each topology such as their advantages and disadvantages. It also defines common networking devices like hubs, switches, routers, repeaters, and brouters explaining their basic functions.
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Network Topology
- 1. Topic : Network Topology Course Code : Computer Network Course Code : CSE-317
- 2. Submitted To : Pranab Bandhu Nath Senior Lecturer CSE Department City University, Dhaka Submitted By: Name: Md.Al-amin Hossen ID: 1925102523 Batch: 51th Program: B.Sc. in CSE
- 3. Types of Network Topology • Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical and logical topology. • Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.
- 4. Bus Topology • The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable. • Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone cable. • When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the network. All the stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not. • The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks. • The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies. • The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message is broadcast to all the stations.
- 5. Advantage: Only one wire-less expensive. Suited for temporary network. Node failures does not affect others. Disadvantage: Not fault tolerant (no redundancy). Limited cable length. No security.
- 6. Ring Topology • Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends. • The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit to the next node. • The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional. • The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop. • It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no termination point. • The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
- 7. Advantage: Performance better than Bus topology. Can cause bottleneck due to weak links. All nodes with equal access. Disadvantage: Unidirectional . Single point of failure will affect the whole network. In load – in performance. No security.
- 8. Star Topology • Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer. • The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached to the server are known as clients. • Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers. • Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star topology. • Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.
- 9. Advantage: Easy to design and implement. Centralized administration. Scalable. Disadvantage: Single point of failure affects the whole network. Bottlenecks due to overloaded switch/Hub. Increased cost due to switch/hub.
- 10. Tree Topology • Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and star topology. • A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are connected with each other in hierarchical fashion. • The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node. • There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy.
- 11. Advantage: In tree topology, the whole network is divided into segments known as star networks which can be easily managed and maintained. The breakdown in one station does not affect the entire network. It has point-to-point wiring for individual segments. Disadvantage: Devices required for broadband transmission are very costly. A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and failure in main bus cable will damage the overall network.
- 12. Mesh Topology • Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are interconnected with each other through various redundant connections. • There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer. • It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a central point of communication. • The Internet is an example of the mesh topology. • Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where communication failures are a critical concern. • Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks. • Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula: Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
- 13. Advantage: Fault tolerant. Reliable. Disadvantage: Issues with broadcasting messages. Expensive and impractical for large network.
- 14. Hybrid Topology • The combination of various different topologies is known as Hybrid topology. • A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and nodes to transfer the data. • When two or more different topologies are combined together is termed as Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected with each other will not result in Hybrid topology. For example, if there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bank and bus topology in another branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two topologies will result in Hybrid topology.
- 15. Advantage: Reliable as error detecting and trouble shooting is easy. Effective. Flexible. Disadvantage: Scalable as size can be increased easily. Complex in design. Costly.
- 16. Hub • A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN. • A hub has many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in to one of these ports. When a data frame arrives at a port, it is broadcast to every other port, without considering whether it is destined for a particular destination or not.
- 17. Switch • A switch is a data link layer networking device which connects devices in a network and uses packet switching to send and receive data over the network. • Like a hub, a switch also has many ports, to which computers are plugged in. However, when a data frame arrives at any port of a network switch, it examines the destination address and sends the frame to the corresponding device(s). Thus, it supports both unicast and multicast communications.
- 18. Router A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. Data sent through the internet, such as a web page or email, is in the form of data packets. A packet is typically forwarded from one router to another router through the networks that constitute an internetwork until it reaches its destination node.
- 19. Repeater: Repeaters are network devices operating at physical layer of the OSI model that amplify or regenerate an incoming signal before retransmitting it. They are incorporated in networks to expand its coverage area. They are also known as signal boosters. Brouter: A bridge router or brouter is a network device that works as a bridge and as a router. The brouter routes packets for known protocols and simply forwards all other packets as a bridge would. Brouters operate at both the network layer for routable protocols and at the data link layer for non-routable protocols.