MEDICINAL GAESES IN PHAEMACEUTICALS

MEDICINAL GASES
Prepared By
D. Mahendra, M.Pharm(PA&QA).,
Asst.Professor
NCOP-T7
Mail :- Mahendra888d@gmail.com
Source From Slide Share/Linkdin
Sub:- Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry

Definition
It is defined as gases which are
manufactured packed and intended
for giving to a patient for diagnosis,
therapy
anaesthesia.
and to produce
It is considered as
drugs and their use without medical
practitioner is unsafe.

Medicinal Gases are Devided in to
Three Types
1. Therapuetic Gases
2. Laboratory Gases
3. Anaesthesia Gases

Medicinal gases
• oxygen
• carbondioxide
• Nitrogen
• Helium
• Nitrous oxide
• Nitrous oxide N2O Laughing gas

Air (21% O2 /79% N2)Grey body with
black & white shoulder quartering

Within the hospital environment
oxygen is usually found in 3 main areas
• Critical care areas
• Operating theatres
• Most wards, A&E & treatment
therapy areas

Introduction
• It is important for all living cells.
oxidative
of useful
• It is necessary for normal
metabolism for the production
energy.
• oxygen is combined with haemoglobin
converted into oxy haemoglobin which
dissociate and release oxygen to the cell.
• Requirement of oxygen in body is classified
into

• Anoxic
• Inadequate supply of oxygen to the tissue
• Anaemic
• Inadequate amount of haemoglobin to supply the
oxygen to the tissue. this is due to hemorrhage,
carbon monoxide poisoning etc.

• Stagnant
• It occurs due to the inadequate general
circulation or retardation of local circulation.
Oxygen is not used in this case whereas
cardiotonic drugs are used to speed up the
circulation.
• Histotic
• It occurs due to interferences of tissue cell
oxidation or uncoupling of oxidative
phosphorylation or cyanide poisoning.

Preparation
• Fractionation of liquid air
• It is prepared by fractional distillation of liquid air.
First of all the air is purified by removing
moisture, carbon di oxide and dust. then it is
compressed into liquid air. The liquid air is
fractioned by distillation to get oxygen which is
then filled under pressure in metallic cylinder.
Nitrogen is more volatile and evaporated first
leaving the oxygen.
• Argon in air is difficult to separate because its
boiling point only 3C higher than that of oxygen.

• Electrolysis of water
• In this method, a direct current is passed
through 1- 25 % potassium hydroxide and
NaOH solution which contain electrodes due
to electrolysis of the alkaline solution. Oxygen
gets liberated at anode and hydrogen at
cathode. The liberated oxygen is then filled
under pressure in metallic cylinder

Uses of oxygen
• It is used as inhalant in anaesthesia post operative condition, burns and
wounds.
• Osmotic condition, gaseous poisoning and artificialrespiration.
• It is mixed with 5-7% CO2 which is used for stimulating respiratory
centre.
• The mixture of oxygen and helium 21:79 is used for patients with severe
lung damage.
• labelling
• The shoulder of cylinder should be painted white and the remainder
should be painted black . The cylinder should carry a label stating oxygen
. along with this, oxygen or the symbol O2 should be stenciled in paint on
the shoulder of the cylinder.

Nitrous Oxide (N2O) All Blue
Nitrous Oxide is used:
• As an inhalation anaesthetic as
part of a balanced maintenance
of a General Anaesthetic.
Only medical personnel trained in
the appropriate techniques
should administer nitrous oxide

Nitrous oxide N2O Laughing gas
• Lab preparation
• Thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate is
explosive if temperature is allowed to rise too high.
The gas obtained is purified by washing with sodium
dichromate, sodium hydroxide and water finally, it is
filled in cylinder under pressure at 100 atmosphere
pressure

ammonium sulphateFrom
2 molecules of sodium nitrate is treated with
ammonium sulphate to produce 2 molecules of nitrous
oxide with sodium sulphate and water.

Assay
• It is assayed by gasometric method. A special type of
apparatus is used.
• The apparatus consist of gas burette with 100 ml capacity is
connected with two capillaries A and B at upper end through
a two way tap .
• The capillary A is used to pass the gas into the apparatus, the
other one B is connected to a vertical capillary arm to form a
four way junction.
• The right arm of the junction is attached to a mercury
manometer. Tap D is connected to the air. The lower portion of
the gas burette is attached to a one way tap which is
connected to a mercury reservoir through a rubber tube.the
upper part of the gas burette is calibrated from 0-5 ml and the
lower part of the burette is calibrated from 99.5 to 100 ml
both in difference of 0.1 ml.

Uses
by inhalation, better analgesic and weak
• In General anesthesia for producing analgesic and anesthetic effect.
• A mixture of 1: 1 ratio with oxygen is used for the relief of pain in
child birth and heart attack. Myocardial infarction.
• Calming the excited psyciatry patients.
• Toinduce anaesthesia.
• Non toxic in nature frequently used in dental practice.
• Quickly absorbed
anesthetic.
• labelling
• The cylinder is painted with blue color with the name nitrous oxide
and the symbol N2O or the name should be stenciled in paint on
the shoulder of the cylinder.

Entonox (50% N2O / 50% O2 )Blue with
Blue & White Quartering

Carbon dioxide is insufflated
into the abdominal cavity to
distend it to allow investigation
& treatment of
abdominal disease and
intra
for
laparoscopic surgery.
Carbon dioxide should only
be given under the direct
supervision of a clinician.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) All grey green

• Air contains 0.03% v/v of CO2
• Sources Volcanoes
• Dead bodies decay
• Respiration
• Combustion
• Fermentation

Preparation
• By Fermentation process
• Fermentation of a sugar produces alcohol and
CO2 as a byproduct.

Commercial
Co2 from fuel gas which is passed under pressure over
potassium carbonate, which yields potassium
bicarbonate and CO2 is liberated. Then it should be
compressed into a metallic cylinder.

From carbonates of heavy metals or
bicarbonates of alkali metal

Assay
• It is assayed by gasometry. The absorbing gas
used is potassium hydroxide solution 50 %.
The decreased gas volume is measured at
standard temperature and pressure. Not more
than 1 ml of gas is remaining in the tube if
100ml of sample is used. Remaining all is
similar to oxygen.

Use of CO2
• The mixture of 95: 5 [ ratio of CO2: O2 ] is used in the
treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning for increasing
the ventilator exchange rate and dissociation rate of co
from haemoglobin
• Carbonated vehicles are useful for masking the
unpleasant taste of saline.
• Inhalation of CO2 as been used for relaxation.
• Detoxification of heroin addicts
• Dry ice as temperature of 80C is used to remove warts.
• 6% carbon di oxide is toxic.
• labelling
• The shoulder of the cylinder should be painted grey
and having the name and symbol of CO2 stenciled with
paint on it.

Heliox( 21%O2 /79%He), Brown with
white quartering
Heliox is a mixture of helium and
oxygen and is often used in
emergency situations where
upper or lower airways are
partially obstructed, but may also
be used within an intensive care
setting for those patients
receiving both invasive and non
invasive ventilation.
Heliox should be administered
via appropriate equipment
calibrated for the gas mixture.

Helium
• It contains NLT 99% by volume of He
• It is the second highest element in the periodic table. It
is used as a diluent in oxygen administered during
mucosal plug obstructions, laryngeal edema etc. which
produces turbulent air flow. The density of this mixture
is one third of the density of air since the diffusion of
gas through the small orifice, by this way it penetrates
the restricted respiratory passages with greater facility
than air.
• Due to less density than air, it changes or pitches or
sounds uttered by the vocal cords to be increased leads
to unintelligible speech like Donald duck sound.

Preparation & Use
• Helium is obtained from either natural gas or
fractional distillation of liquid air which is
intended for medicinal gas.
• Use
• Helium - oxygen mixture are easier to breathe
by patients with severe lung damage or with
obstructions in upper respiratory tract.
• Helium breathing may also influence vocal
pattern and vocal pitch.

Storage
• It should be stored and supplied in brown
colored metal cylinder under compression in
98 %v/v purity. Mixtures of oxygen and helium
in the ratio of 20-21 % and 79-80% v/v re also
supplied in cylinders which are painted black
on the body and white and brown batches on
the shoulders and neck.

• It is important constituent of animal and plant
tissues; largely present as amino acid asproteins
• It is used as diluent for pure oxygen
• It is used as pharmaceutical aid to remove air by
this way it is used as an antioxidant.
• The increased concentration of nitrogen in blood
leads to narcosis.
• It is obtained by fractional distillation of liquid air
NOTROGEN

• Assay- It is assayed by gasometry
Uses
• It is used as diluent for oxygen before administration
• It is also used to remove tumors.
Storage
• It should be stored and supplied in metal cylinders
painted grey with black on the neck and shoulders and
the name or symbol is stenciled on the body of the
cylinder.

Factors & Saftey Meassures
Effecting on Usage of
Medicinal Gses

Oxidisation
Gases if released will
Increase the levels of oxygen in
the atmosphere and will
support and increase the rate
of combustion

Storage pressure
The stored pressure in a
medical gas cylinder can be up
to 300 bar, which is 150 times
greater than your car tyre.
It is essential that Cylinders
are stored correctly in a well
ventilated area
exposed to extremes
and not
of
temperature

Temperature
The storage temperature of
certain gases can be below
minus 180 degrees Celsius

Ability to asphyxiate
Gases stored in liquid form
can expand up to 800 times its
volume and cause oxygen
deficient atmospheres.

Cylinder collar
Safety information
Directions for use, storage
and handling precautions
Name, chemical symbol,
pharmaceutical form
of product
Nominal contents
in Litres
The contents stated on the cylinder collar should correspond with the colour of
the cylinder.
It is NOT sufficient to assume that the colour coding of the cylinder accurately
reflects the contents.

Storage
• Storage is divided into two types, a MAIN store
and smaller units, situated in convenient
locations around the hospital and known as
READY TO USE stores.
• In addition to this you will have areas on your
ward where one or two cylinders will be held,
ready for administration to a patient, this we
would refer to as a cylinder parking area.
• Where ever medical gases are stored, they should
be on their own and away from any other
flammable gases or other materials.

Gas Outlet arrangement
• Medical gas outlets are
always arranged in the same
order from left to right and
are identified by colour and
the name of the gas.

Flow meter
• To set flow turn knob anti
clockwise until ball rises to the
flow rate required, watch for
2-3 seconds to ensure flow
rate maintained, the ball
should sit in the middle of the
required rate
• When not in use the flow of
gas must be turned off by
turning knob clockwise and
the ball falls to zero.
• Flow meters should be
operated by qualified
nursing/medical staff

MEDICINAL GAESES IN PHAEMACEUTICALS

MEDICINAL GAESES IN PHAEMACEUTICALS

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MEDICINAL GAESES IN PHAEMACEUTICALS