Downloaded 10 times
Uploaded byMehreen Khan
Mehreen
- Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills. It is now considered a major public health problem affecting millions of older Americans. - The disease is characterized by the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, which disrupt communication between neurons. It typically progresses from mild memory loss to severe brain damage over a period of years. - While the causes are not fully known, risk factors include genetics, age, and lifestyle. Diagnosis involves ruling out other conditions through medical exams, tests, and brain imaging. Currently available treatments can only temporarily slow symptoms but not stop or reverse the disease process.
More Related Content
Mehreen
- 1. by Hafsa and Mehreen Submittedto Mam Huma Alzheimer's desease
- 2.
- 3. The Impact ofAD Once considered a rare disorder, Alzheimer’s disease is now seen as a major public health problem that is seriously affecting millions of older Americans and their families. Slide 2
- 4. Alzheimer’s disease isan irreversible, progressive brain disease that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills. What is AD? Slide 4
- 6. 1) Early Stage: This is considered as a mild/early stage and the duration period is 2-4 years. Frequent recent memory loss, particularly of recent conversations and events. Repeated questions, some problems expressing and understanding language.
- 7. This isconsidered as a middle/moderate stage the duration is 2-10 years. Can no longer cover up problems. Pervasive and persistent memory loss impacts life across settings. Rambling speech, unusual reasoning, confusion about current events, time, and place. Nearly 80% of patients exhibit emotional and behavioral problems which are aggravated by stress and change. 2) Second stage
- 8. Last stage : This is considered as the severe stage the duration is 1-3 years. Generally incapacitated with severe to total loss of verbal skills. Unable to care for self. Extreme problems with mood, behavioral problems, hallucinations, and delirium.
- 10. Neurons • The brainhas billions of neurons, each with an axon and many dendrites. • To stay healthy, neurons must communicate with each other, carry out metabolism, and repair themselves. • AD disrupts all three of these essential jobs. Inside the Human Brain Slide 14
- 11. Plaques and Tangles:The Hallmarks of AD The brains of people with AD have an abundance of two abnormal structures: An actual AD plaque An actual AD tangle • beta-amyloid plaques, which are dense deposits of protein and cellular material that accumulate outside and around nerve cells • neurofibrillary tangles, which are twisted fibers that build up inside the nerve cell Slide 16
- 12. Beta-amyloid Plaques Amyloid precursorprotein (APP) is the precursor to amyloid plaque. 1. APP sticks through the neuron membrane. 2. Enzymes cut the APP into fragments of protein, including beta-amyloid. 3. Beta-amyloid fragments come together in clumps to form plaques. 1. 2. 3. In AD, many of these clumps form, disrupting the work of neurons. This affects the hippocampus and other areas of the cerebral cortex. Slide 17
- 13. Neurofibrillary Tangles Neurons have aninternal support structure partly made up of microtubules. A protein called tau helps stabilize microtubules. In AD, tau changes, causing microtubules to collapse, and tau proteins clump together to form neurofibrillary tangles. AD and the Brain Slide 18
- 14. The Changing Brainin Alzheimer’s Disease No one knows what causes AD to begin, but we do know a lot about what happens in the brain once AD takes hold. Pet Scan of Normal Brain Pet Scan of Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Slide 19
- 15. Causes for AD •AD develops when genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors work together to cause the disease process to start. Slide 24
- 16. Genetic Studies The twomain types of AD are early-onset and late-onset: • Early-onset AD is rare, usually affecting people aged 30 to 60 and usually running in families. Researchers have identified mutations in three genes that cause early-onset AD. • Late-onset AD is more common. It usually affects people over age 65. Researchers have identified a gene that produces a protein called apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Scientists believe this protein is involved in the formation of beta-amyloid plaques. Slide 25
- 17. Environment and lifestylefactors Diet – Diet can affect a person's risk of developing many types of illness, including dementia. A healthy and balanced diet that enables a person to maintain a normal body weight is likely to reduce the likelihood of developing high blood pressure or heart disease, both of which put a person at greater risk of developing dementia. Smoking – Smoking has an extremely harmful effect on the heart, lungs and vascular system, including the blood vessels in the brain. This significantly increases the risk of developing dementia.
- 18. Alcohol – Drinkingabove recommended levels of alcohol significantly increases the risk of developing dementias such as Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. However, research suggests that light-to-moderate amounts of alcohol may protect the brain against dementia and keep the heart and vascular system healthy. Social activity – Research suggests that people who are more socially active have a slightly reduced risk of developing dementia. Mental activity – Research suggests that people who take part in mental activities (such as reading, learning and doing puzzles) are less likely to develop dementia compared with those who do not engage in these activities. Continued………………
- 19.
- 20. Diagnosing AD Experienced physiciansin specialized AD centers can now diagnose AD with up to 90 percent accuracy. Early diagnosis has advantages: • Doctors can rule out other conditions that may cause dementia. • If it is AD, families have more time to plan for the future. • Treatments can start earlier, when they may be more effective. • It helps scientists learn more about the causes and development of AD. Slide 29
- 21. Physicians today usea number of tools to diagnose AD: • a detailed patient history • information from family and friends • physical and neurological exams and lab tests • neuropsychological tests • imaging tools such as CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). PET scans are used primarily for research purposes CONTINUED……………… Slide 30
- 22. Clinical trials arethe primary way that researchers find out if a promising treatment is safe and effective. • Trials examine approved drugs to see if they can be used for other purposes, or look at experimental drugs. • Participating in a trial means regular contact with the study team, who can provide state-of- the-art AD care. Clinical Trials Slide 31
- 23. Drugs used totreat mild to moderate AD symptoms include: • Aricept • Exelon • Reminyl An additional drug, Namenda, has been approved to treat symptoms of moderate to severe AD. These drugs can help improve some patients’ abilities to carry out activities up to a year or so, but they do not stop or reverse AD. Scientists are also studying agents that someday may be useful in preventing AD. For example, they have experimented with a vaccine against AD. Although the first clinical trial was stopped due to side effects in some participants, valuable information was gathered. Treatments for AD Slide 32
- 24. Researchers also arelooking at other treatments, including: • cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins • anti-oxidants (vitamins) and folic acid • anti-inflammatory drugs • substances that prevent formation of beta-amyloid plaques • nerve growth factor to keep neurons healthy Search for New Treatments Slide 33
- 25. Who are theAD Caregivers? • Spouses – the largest group. Most are older with their own health problems. • Daughters – the second largest group. Called the “sandwich generation,” many are married and raising children of their own. Children may need extra support if a parent’s attention is focused on care giving. • Grandchildren – may become major helpers. • Daughters-in-law – the third largest group. • Sons – often focus on the financial, legal, and business aspects of care giving. • Brothers and Sisters – many are older with their own health problems. • Other – friends, neighbors, members of the faith community. Support for Caregivers Slide 37
- 26. The NIA isstudying how computers can provide information and support to family caregivers through: These features have become very popular among users because they reach many people at once, are private and convenient, and are available around the clock. • computer-based bulletin boards • chat rooms • Q & A modules • medical advice forums Slide 39 Technology and Care giving
- 27. One of thegreat mysteries of Alzheimer’s disease is why it largely strikes older adults. Research on how the brain changes normally with age is shedding light on this question. For example, scientists are learning how age-related changes in the brain may harm neurons and contribute to Alzheimer’s damage. These age-related changes include atrophy (shrinking) of certain parts of the brain, inflammation, the production of unstable molecules called free radicals, and mitochondrial dysfunction (a breakdown of energy production within a cell).
- 28. • Generally, itis diagnosed in people over 65 years of age, although the less-prevalent early onset of Alzheimer’s can occur much earlier. • In 2006, there were 26.6 million sufferers worldwide. • Alzheimer’s is predicted to affect 1 in 85 people globally by 2050.
- 30. Signs Of NormalChange vs. Early Alzheimer’s Symptoms Normal Early Alzheimer’s Disease Can’t find your keys Routinely place important items in odd places, such as keys in the fridge, wallet in the dishwasher Search for casual names and words Forget names of family members and common objects, or substitute words with inappropriate ones Briefly forget conversation details Frequently forget entire conversations Feel the cold more Dress regardless of the weather, wear several skirts on a warm day, or shorts in a snow storm Can’t find a recipe Can’t follow recipe directions
- 31. Forget to recorda check Can no longer manage checkbook, balance figures, solve problems, or think abstractly Cancel a date with friends Withdraw from usual interests and activities, sit in front of the TV for hours, sleep far more than usual Make an occasional wrong turn Get lost in familiar places, don’t remember how you got there or how to get home Feel occasionally sad Experience rapid mood swings, from tears to rage, for no discernible reason
- 32. Life expectancy On average,people with Alzheimer's disease live for around 8 to 10 years after they start to develop symptoms. However, this can vary considerably from person to person. Some people with the condition will live longer than this, but others will not. Alzheimer's disease is not usually the actual cause of death, but it is often a contributing factor. For example, a leading cause of death in people with Alzheimer's disease is pneumonia (lung infection), which may go untreated because people with the condition often aren't able to recognize that they're ill, or may not be able to tell someone they are feeling unwell.
- 34. RESULTS: 1,203 subjects wereresurveyed in 1997 and among them 124 new cases of dementia including 81 cases of AD were identified. By computing the relative risk(RR) of psychosocial factors to the AD, many psychosocial factors were found to be correlated with AD including blue collar occupation, no job, no reading or writing, no taking community activities, no gardening in leisure, bad psychological feeling and lower education (RR > 1). The items with high PARP > 50% were not working, no job, retirement, no taking community activities, no reading or writing, blue collar occupation and no gardening in leisure. MMSE total score is a good predict for AD. Psychosocial risk factors of Alzheimer's disease
- 35. Too much cakeand chocolate could cause Alzheimer's disease, new research claims Risk: The study adds further evidence to links between diabetes and dementia
- 36. Eating too manychocolates, cakes and other sugary treats could help trigger Alzheimer’s disease, says new research. •A study in mice found high levels of blood sugar rapidly increased rogue proteins in the body which combine and kill brain cells, ultimately leading to dementia. CONTINUED……………
- 37. Green tea hasalso been proven to have beneficial effects when it comes to Alzheimer's(ALAMY)
- 38. Some famous bookson Alzheimer's
- 39. The 36-Hour Day,fifth edition: The 36-Hour... by Nancy L. Mace Learning to Speak Alzheimer's: A Groundbrea... by Joanne Koenig Coste The Validation Breakthrough, Third Edition by Naomi Feil M.S.W.
- 40. Alzheimer's Disease: WhatIf There Was a Cu... by Mary T. Newport A Caregiver's Guide to Alzheimer's Disease:... by Patricia R. Callone Creating Moments of Joy for the Person with... by Jolene Brackey
- 41. Alzheimer's Early Stages:First Steps for F... by Daniel Kuhn Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias - T... by Nataly Rubinstein Alzheimer's For Dummies by Patricia B. Smith
- 42. Some famous persondied of Alzheimer's
- 43. Fantasy author SirTerry Pratchett dies at 66 Sir Terry Pratchett, renowned fantasy author of more than 70 books, has died at age 66.
- 44. Film Producer, Actor,Singer Ronald Reagan Spokesperson, Politician, Soldier James Stewart Pilot, Television director, Military Officer
- 45. Charlton Heston Actor,Voice acting, Political Activist Charles Bronson Miner, Soldier, Actor
- 46. Some food inducingmemory loss
- 47. Foods That InduceMemory Loss Unfortunately, the foods that hamper memory are common staples in the American diet. White breads, pasta, processed meats and cheeses, all of these have been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Some experts have even found that whole grain breads are as bad as white breads because they spike blood sugar, which causes inflammation.
- 48. Processed cheeses, Processed meats, Beer Whitefoods: Microwave popcorn:
- 50. Healthy Foods ThatBoost Memory •Leafy green vegetables •Salmon and other cold-water fish •Berries and dark-skinned fruits •Coffee and chocolate •Extra virgin olive oil •Cold-pressed virgin coconut oil
- 51. High plasma levelsof vitamin E forms and reduced Alzheimer's disease risk in advanced age. Mangialasche F1 , Kivipelto M, Mecocci P, Rizzuto D, Palmer K, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. In conclusion, high plasma levels of vitamin E are associated with a reduced risk of AD in advanced age. The neuroprotective effect of vitamin E seems to be related to the combination of different forms, rather than to alpha-tocopherol alone, whose efficacy in interventions against AD is currently debated.
- 52. Exposure to DDTlinked to increased risk of Alzheimer's disease in elderly adults Monday, February 03, 2014 by: L.J. Devon, Staff Writer DDT pesticide increases nerve cell plaque associated with Alzheimer's Alzheimer's is characterized by plaque formation between nerve cells, which leads to massive nerve cell die-offs. Increased amyloid protein permits the plaque to form.
- 53. Pomegranate juice shownto halt Alzheimer's disease progression Wednesday, October 04, 2006 by: Jessica Fraser "This study is the first to show beneficial effects (both behavioral and neuropathological) of pomegranate juice in an animal model of (Alzheimer's disease)," wrote lead researcher Richard Hartman. Hartman and his research team wrote that because pomegranate juice is so rich in biochemical compounds that may act synergistically to produce Alzheimer's protection,
- 54. Direct link discoveredbetween eating fish and preventing Alzheimer's disease Wednesday, November 30, 2011 by: S. L. Baker, features writer "The results showed that people who consumed baked or broiled fish at least one time per week had better preservation of gray matter volume on MRI in brain areas at risk for Alzheimer's disease."
- 55. Hibernating Animals MightProvide Clues For Fighting Alzheimer's The Huffington Post | By Carolyn Gregoire Research from Leicester University have isolated a cold-activated protein, RBM3, which helps restore brain activity of animals that are coming out of long hibernation periods. Though the protein also exists in humans, it's been found to be missing among Alzheimer's patients, whose brains also commonly have a reduced number of synapses.
- 56. Deaths Rate %World Rank 10,808 14.33 0.85 20 Pakistan : Alzheimers/Dementia According to the latest WHO data published in April 2011 Alzheimers/Dementia Deaths in Pakistan reached 10,808 or 0.85% of total deaths. The age adjusted Death Rate is 14.33 per 100,000 of population ranks Pakistan #20 in the world. Review other causes of death by clicking the links below or choose the full health profile.
- 57.