Memory,intelligence,AI and Web Design
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This document discusses memory and intelligence. It begins by defining memory as the ability to encode, store, and retrieve information over time. It describes the different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. It then discusses theories of intelligence, ways to measure intelligence like IQ tests, and characteristics of those with high or low intelligence. The document also explores applications of artificial intelligence like natural language processing, computer vision, and expert systems. It concludes by discussing the potential benefits of AI.
Memory,intelligence,AI and Web Design
- 3. GROUP MEMBERS âą HAMZA JAWED âą MUBEEN ARIF âą MUHAMMAD HUSSNAIN âą ANSAR NISAR
- 4. MEMOR Y
- 5. WHAT IS MEMORY ??? THERE ARE CERTAIN DEFINITIONS OF MEMORY: 1. A PERSONâS POWER OF REMEMBER THINGS. 2. MEMORY IS A LEARNING THAT PERSISTED OVER TIME. 3. MEMORY IS A PROCESS OF ENCODING , STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION
- 6. TYPES OF MEMORY âą SENSORY MEMORY âą SHORT TERM MEMORY âą LONG TERM MEMORY
- 7. TYPES OF MEMORY âą SENSORY MEMORY: SENSORY MEMORY IS THE EARLIEST STAGE OF THE MEMORY. SENSORY MEMORY HOLDS THE SENSORY INFORMATION FOR A VERY BRIEF PERIOD OF TIME. HALF SECOND FOR VISUAL INFORMATION 3 â 4 SECONDS FOR AUDITORY INFORMATION
- 8. TYPES OF MEMORY Iconic Memory Echoic Memory Haptic Memory Examples:
- 9. TYPES OF MEMORY âą SHORT TERM MEMORY: SHORT TERM MEMORY, ALSO KNOWN AS ACTIVE MEMORY, IS THE INFORMATION WE ARE CURRENTLY AWARE OF. SHORT TERM MEMORY REMAIN FOR 20 â 30 SECONDS. Sensory Memory Pay Attention Short Term Memory
- 10. TYPES OF MEMORY âą EXAMPLES:
- 11. TYPES OF MEMORY âą LONG TERM MEMORY: CONTINUING STORAGE OF INFORMATION. MOSTLY UNAWARE OF LONG TERM MEMORY. LONG TERM MEMORY CALL IS REFERRED AS PRECONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS.
- 12. TYPES OF MEMORY Implicit MemoryExplicit Memory
- 13. TYPES OF MEMORY âą EXPLICIT MEMORY: THE CONSCIOUS , INTENTIONAL RECOLLECTION OF PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES AND INFORMATION. ALSO KNOWN AS DECLARATIVE MEMORY. THESE MEMORIES ARE FORMED THROUGH EFFORTFUL PROCESSING. Episodic Memories Specific life Events Semantic Memories Facts , Words , Concept
- 14. TYPES OF MEMORY âą IMPLICIT MEMORY: PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES AID IN THE PERFORMANCE OF A TASK WITHOUT CONSCIOUS AWARENESS OF THESE PREVIOUS EXPERIENCES.Procedural Memories Ride a bike Conditional Memories The real reason of Pavlovâs dog salivation
- 15. PROCESS OF MEMORY âą THE PROCESS OF MEMORY DEPENDS UPON THREE STEPS: 1: ENCODING 2: STORAGE 3: RETRIEVAL
- 16. PROCESS OF MEMORY Stimul us Sensory Memory Duration: 2 Sec Long Term Memory Capacity: Unlimited Duration: Unlimited Attention Rehearsal Forgetting Forgetting Forgetting Short Term Memory Capacity: 7+/- 2 Duration: 20 sec Retrieval Input Encoded Maintenance Rehearsal MEMORY
- 17. HOW CAN WE IMPROVE OUR MEMORY ??? MNEMONICS ( A MEMORY AIDS ): THE STRATEGIES USED FOR IMPROVING THE MEMORY.
- 19. MNEMONICS âą DEEP PROCESSING INSTEAD OF SHALLOW PROCESSING:
- 20. MNEMONICS âą VISUALIZATION: âą GREEN âą ROPE âą KNOB âą TEMPER âą HARD
- 22. MNEMONICS âą HIGH HIERATICAL ORGANIZATION:
- 24. INTELLIGENCE
- 25. INTELLIGENCE WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ? INTELLIGENCE IS THE ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND COMPLEX IDEAS, TO ADOPT EFFECTIVELY TO THE ENVIRONMENT, TO LEARN FROM EXPERIENCE, TO ENGAGE TO VARIOUS FORMS OF REASONING, TO OVERCOME OBSTACLES BY TAKING THOUGHT. -ACCORDING TO AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION IN 1995.
- 26. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE ïTHEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE HOLD THAT INTELLIGENCE CAN BE MEASURED BY INTELLIGENCE TESTS. ï BUT SOME RESEARCHERS ARE DISSATISFIED WITH THAT NOTION AND ARGUE THAT INTELLIGENCE TEST IS NOT ENOUGH TO DEFINE INTELLIGENCE
- 27. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE 1. HOWARD GARDNERâS THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES âą INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND THE FEELINGS AND INTENTIONS OF OTHERS. âą INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO UNDERSTAND ONEâS OWN FEELINGS AND MOTIVATIONS âą LINGUISTIC INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO EFFECTIVELY MANIPULATE LANGUAGE TO EXPRESS ONESELF RHETORICALLY OR POETICALLY.
- 28. THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE âą LOGICAL-MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO DETECT PATTERNS, REASON PERSUASIVELY AND THINK LOGICALLY. âą E. MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE :- CAPACITY TO RECOGNIZE AND COMPOSE MUSICAL PITCHES, TONES AND RHYTHMS. âą NATURALIST INTELLIGENCE :- ENABLES HUMAN BEING TO RECOGNIZE, CATEGORIZE AND DRAW UPON CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE ENVIRONMENT. âą SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO MANIPULATE AND CREATE MENTAL IMAGES IN ORDER TO SOLVE PROBLEMS âą BODILY-KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE :- ABILITY TO USE ONEâS MENTAL ABILITIES TO COORDINATE ONEâS OWN BODILY MOVEMENT.
- 29. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE 2. TRIARCHIC THEORY OF INTELLIGENCE BY ROBET STERNBERGâS INTELLIGENCE HAS THREE FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS, THE ANALYTIC, CREATIVE AND PRACTICAL (GOOD AT PROBLEM SOLVING) HE SUGGESTED THAT THERE MUST BE A BALANCE OF THE THREE MENTIONED ASPECTS.
- 30. THURSTONEâS MULTIFACTOR THEORY 3. THURSTONEâS MULTIFACTOR THEORY THIS THEORY WAS FORMULATED BY AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST LOUIS L. THURTONE. HE STRESSED THAT INDIVIDUAL HAVE AT LEAST SEVEN PRIMARY MENTAL ABILITIES NAMELY: VERBAL ABILITY, NUMBER, SPATIAL, MEMORY, REASONING AND WORD FLUENCY.
- 31. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE âą ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY USED INSTRUMENTS TO MEASURE AND EVALUATE INTELLIGENCE IS BY MEANS OF INTELLIGENCE TEST. âą STANFORD-BINET INTELLIGENCE SCALE (SBIS) :- THIS TEST WAS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE MENTAL ABILITIES OF SCHOOL CHILDREN.
- 32. MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION OF INTELLIGENCE THE FORMULA FOR INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT IS WHEREAS : IQ = INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT MA = MENTAL AGE CA = CHRONOLOGICAL OR ACTUAL AGE FORMULA IQ=MA/CA X 100
- 33. STANFORD - BINET CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE 140 ABOVE--------------------VERY SUPERIOR 120-140-----------------------SUPERIOR 110-120-----------------------HIGH AVERAGE 90 â 110-----------------------NORMAL OR AVERAGE 80-90 ---------------------------BELOW AVERAGE 70-80 ---------------------------BORDERLINE 50-70 ---------------------------MORON 25-50 ---------------------------IMBECILE 25 BELOW----------------------IDIOT
- 34. WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE (WAIS) THIS TEST WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE GENERAL INTELLIGENCE OF ADULT. WECHSLER CLASSIFICATION OF INTELLIGENCE 128 AND OVER--------------VERY SUPERIOR 120-127---------------------SUPERIOR 111-119---------------------BRIGHT NORMAL 91-110-----------------------AVERAGE 80-90-------------------------DULL NORMAL 66-79-------------------------BORDERLINE 65 AND BELOW---------------DEFECTIVE
- 35. MENTALLY RETARDED ACCORDING TO THE DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS( DSM-IV),THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A MENTALLY RETARDED ARE AS FOLLOWS: ï BELOW 70 IQ ï DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR ï DIFFICULTY IN PERFORMING ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR BECAME APPARENT BEFORE THE AGE OF 18 ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR REFERS TO THE SKILLS NEEDED TO IVE INDEPENDENTLY THAT ARE MINIMALLY ACCEPTABLE LEVEL FOR ONEâS AGE.
- 36. THREE LEVELS OF MENTALLY RETARDED âą MORON :- EDUCABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 12 YEARS AND AN IQ LEVEL OF 50-70 âą IMBECILE :- TRAINABLE MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 7 YEARS AND AN IQ LEVEL OF 25-50 âą IDIOT :- CUSTODIAL MENTALLY RETARDED WITH A MENTAL AGE OF 3 YEAR OLD AND AN IQ LEVEL OF BELOW 25
- 37. THE MENTALLY GIFTED âą IN 1972, MARLAD DESCRIBES GIFTED STUDENTS AS THOSE WHO GIVE EVIDENCE OF HIGH ACHIEVEMENT CAPABILITY IN AREAS SUCH AS INTELLECTUAL, CREATIVE, ARTISTIC OR LEADERSHIP CAPACITY, OR IN SPECIFIC ACADEMIC FIELDS. âą SPECIFICALLY, THE CHARACTERISTICS OF MENTALLY GIFTED ARE AS FOLLOWS 1. 130 IQ AND ABOVE; 2. USUALLY TALENTED OR GIFTED; AND, 3. ACADEMICALLY SUPERIOR
- 39. THE HISTORY OF AI AFTER WWII, A NUMBER OF PEOPLE INDEPENDENTLY STARTED TO WORK ON INTELLIGENT MACHINES. THE ENGLISH MATHEMATICIAN ALAN TURING MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST. HE GAVE A LECTURE ON IT IN 1947. HE ALSO MAY HAVE BEEN THE FIRST TO DECIDE THAT AI WAS BEST RESEARCHED BY PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS RATHER THAN BY BUILDING MACHINES. BY THE LATE 1950S, THERE WERE MANY RESEARCHERS ON AI, AND MOST OF THEM WERE BASING THEIR WORK ON PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS.
- 40. IN THE NEWS ï± âEUGENEâ BECOMES FIRST COMPUTER TO PASS THE TURING TEST ' - THESTAR.COM ï± THAT COMPUTER ACTUALLY GOT AN F ON THE TURING TEST â WIRED.COM ï± IBM'S WATSON STARTED TALKING LIKE HUMANS AFTER LEARNING THE URBAN DICTIONARY - HTTP://WWW.IBTIMES.COM
- 41. ïARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: âą ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IS THE INTELLIGENCE OF MACHINES AND ROBOTS AND THE BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE THAT AIMS TO CREATE IT âą THE ABILITY TO SOLVE PROBLEM âą THE ABILITY TO ACT LIKE HUMANS
- 42. âą HOW COMPLICATED IS OUR BRAIN? âą NEURON âą 10 12 NEURONS IN A HUMAN BRAIN âą MANY MORE SYNAPSES (10 14) CONNECTING THESE NEURONS âą CYCLE TIME: 10 -3 SECONDS (1 MILLISECOND) âą HOW COMPLEX CAN WE MAKE COMPUTERS? âą 108 OR MORE TRANSISTORS PER CPU âą SUPERCOMPUTER: HUNDREDS OF CPUS, 1012 BITS OF RAM âą CYCLE TIMES: ORDER OF 10 - 9 SECONDS âą CONCLUSION ï¶ YES âą LESS INTERCONNECTIONS (WIRES OR SYNAPSES) âą FASTER
- 43. APPLICATIONS OF AI: âąNATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING AND SPEECH RECOGNITION âąCOMPUTER VISION âąINTELLIGENT ROBOT âąEXPERT SYSTEMS âąPERSONAL ASSISTANTS
- 44. NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING âą TO DESIGN AND BUILD SOFTWARE THAT WILL ANALYZE UNDERSTAND AND GENERATE LANGUAGES THAT HUMAN USE NATURALLY.
- 45. SPEECH RECOGNITION âą PROCESS OF CONVERTING SOUND SIGNAL CAPTURED BY MICROPHONE OR MOBILE/TELEPHONE TO A SET OF WORDS. âą 70-100 WORDS / MIN WITH ACCURACY OF 90%
- 46. COMPUTER VISION âą ABILITY OF A MACHINE TO EXTRACT INFORMATION FROM AN IMAGE THAT IS NECESSARY TO SOLVE A TASK ï IMAGE ACQUISITION ï IMAGE PROCESSING ï IMAGE ANALYSIS ï IMAGE UNDERSTANDING
- 47. INTELLIGENT ROBOT âą TEND TO MIMIC HUMAN SENSING AND DECISION MAKING ABILITIES SO THAT THEY CAN ADOPT THEMSELVES TO CERTAIN CONDITIONS AND MODIFY THEIR ACTIONS.
- 48. EXPERT SYSTEMS âą A PIECE OF SOFTWARE WHICH USES DATABASES OF EXPERT KNOWLEDGE TO OFFER ADVICE OR MAKE DECISIONS IN SUCH AREAS AS MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. âą THESE ARE SOFTWARES USED FOR DECISION MAKING
- 49. PERSONNAL ASSISTANTS ï± CORTANA ï± SIRI ï± GOOGLE NOW
- 50. MY POINT OF VIEW I THINK AI WOULD BE GOOD FOR US. IT WILL ALLOW THE AI TO DO OUR BAD JOBS AND OTHER HARMFUL THINGS THAT AFFECT THE HUMAN BODY. FOR EXAMPLE LIKE MINING FOR DIAMONDS OR COAL.
- 52. TO COME UNDER THE LIMELIGHT OF âSHORT TERMâ MEMORY OF TARGETED USER SHIP. ALSO CALLED GOOGLE EFFECT.
- 53. PRIMING TECHNIQUE âą TO HIGHLIGHT SOME PART IN SUCH A WAY THAT USERâS SUBCONSCIOUS MIND PONDERS OVER IT.
- 54. PRIMING AS A WAY TO HIGHLIGHT YOUR MESSAGE
- 56. WEBSITE RE-DESIGN âą DISRUPTS MEMORY PROCESSING OF USERS âą CAN BE SUICIDAL IF GONE WRONG âą HAS TO DO IN BITS
- 57. THE âWISH LISTâ PHENOMENON âą PEOPLE USED TO FORGET IN LATER VISITS WHAT THEY HAVE LIKED IN PREVIOUS VISIT âą THAN AMAZON.COM INTRODUCED âWISH LISTâ FEATURE âą SALES INCREASED BY 42%
- 59. SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER âą SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER IS A MENTAL ILLNESS THAT IS RELATED TO THE GENERALIZED SOCIAL ANXIETY, WHICH ACQUIRES WHEN THE SOCIAL MEDIA INTERFERES WITH MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF A HUMAN BEING . âą INDIVIDUALS WHO CAN RELATE THEMSELVES TO THE SOCIAL MEDIA ANXIETY DISORDER FEAR THAT INTERACTING WITH PEOPLE WILL GIVE RISE TO THE FEELINGS LIKE EVALUATION, JUDGMENTS, INFERIORITY AND SELF CONSCIOUSNESS. âą IT OFTEN LEADS TO THE FEELINGS LIKE DEPRESSION, INADEQUACY AND EMBARRASSMENT. AFTER DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM, SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER IS CONSIDERED AS THE THIRD LEADING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER IN W ORLD.
- 60. SYMPTOMS âą BEING IN A GROUP OF FRIENDS AND INTERRUPTING THE CONVERSATION JUST TO SPEAK ABOUT THE LATEST COMMENT ON THEIR FACEBOOK UPDATE. âą STAY AWAY FROM SOCIAL SITUATIONS WITH FAMILY AND FRIENDS JUST TO KEEP UP WITH THE NEWS ON TWITTER. âą CHECKING THE SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND TWITTER AMIDST AN IMPORTANT CHORE TO SEE IF SOMEONE HAS LEFT A COMMENT OR NOT. âą ADDING STRANGERS HAPHAZARDLY TO YOUR TWITTER AND FACEBOOK ACCOUNTS. âą SPENDING A LONG TIME LIKE 8 OR MORE HOURS A DAY, ON SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES. âą FEELING A KIND OF ATTACHMENT TO THE PHONE AND COMPUTER LIKE NOTHING ELSE IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THOSE ARE. âą TEND TO GET ANXIOUS WHEN COMMENTS OR PICTURES ARE NOT TAGGED OR POSTED IN THE RIGHT MANNER. âą CONSTANTLY CHECKING THE NUMBER OF FOLLOWERS ON YOUR TWITTER ACCOUNT.
- 61. HOW TO OVERCOME?? 1.ADMITTANCE OF HAVING A PROBLEM AND STAYING AWAY FROM DENIALS. 2. SPECULATE THE AMOUNT OF TIME YOU ARE SPENDING ON SOCIAL SITES. USE A TIMER AND RESTRICT THE USE OF THE INTERNET FOR LONG HOURS. 3. TURN OFF ALL SOCIAL NOTIFICATIONS. 4. FORM A SCHEDULE FOR CHECKING THE FACEBOOK STATUS AND STICK TO IT AT ALL TIMES. 5. ASK OTHERS OR LEARN THROUGH YOUR BEHAVIOR IF YOU ARE RUNNING AWAY FROM A PROBLEM ON FACEBOOK OR OTHER SITES. LEARN TO DEAL WITH THE SITUATION RATHER THAN RUNNING AWAY. 6. TAKE A BREAK FOR A MONTH FROM FACEBOOK AND SEE HOW YOU FEEL DURING THE COURSE. TRY TO COPE UP WITH YOUR OFFLINE ACTIVITIES AT WORK, SCHOOL OR HOME AS WELL. YOU MAY BE SURPRISED WITH SOME REWARDING RESULTS. 7. MAKE A LIST OF ALL THE THINGS THAT YOU WOULD LOVE DOING OTHER THAN SPENDING SOME TIME ON SOCIAL MEDIA SITE LIKE FACEBOOK. START PLANNING AND STICK TO THE PLAN FOR CARRYING OUT THESE ACTIVITIES.
- 62. Any Question ?