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Mental health & Substance abuse
Nearly half of the world's population is affected by mental illness which impacts self-esteem, relationships and ability to function. Good mental health allows one to realize their abilities and cope with stress, while poor mental health prevents a normal life. Mental health involves well-being and functioning well, while mental illness affects thinking, feelings and behavior. Risk factors for mental disorders include genetics, age, toxins, infections, and family/social problems. Both physical and mental health problems interact and influence each other. Prevention strategies target promotion, early intervention, treatment and social support/rehabilitation.
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Mental health & Substance abuse
- 2. IMPORTANCE OF MENTALHEALTH Nearly ½ the world's populations are affected by mental illness (WHO) Impact on their self-esteem, relationships & ability to function in everyday life. Everyday stress & even rapid technological advances make most people under marked stress Good mental health can enhance one’s life, while poor mental health can prevent someone from living a normal life.
- 3. Mental Health • Stateof well-being in which the individual: • Realizes his own abilities, • Cope with normal stresses of life, • Can work productively • Able to make a contribution to community. Mental Illness • Any disease or conditions that affect way a person • Thinks, • Feels, • Behaves • Ability to relate to others & to surroundings
- 4. CRITERIA OF INDIVIDUALSWITH GOOD MENTAL HEALTH Emotional balance. Social adjustment. Perceiving things the way they are. Achievements consistent with the individual's abilities & opportunities.
- 5. RISK FACTORS OFMENTAL DISORDERS Sex Infections Genetic predisposition Age
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- 7. ↓ Iodineduring pregnancy & ↓ O2 at birth, injuries & early childhood brain infections → MR. Nutritional deficiencies “PEM” → MR. Depression interacts with CVDs & vice versa. Anxiety, depression & substance abuse can also complicate existing physical disorders. INTERACTION BETWEEN PHYSICAL & MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS
- 8. Schizophrenia Psychosis & depression Behavioral disordersas maladjustment & absenteeism. Psychopathic disorders: aggressive antisocial acts Impaired intelligence TYPESOFMENTALDISORDERS
- 9. Mental illness& poor mental health are public problems Great impact on: THE IMPACT OF MENTAL DISORDERS
- 10. Individuals • Distressing symptoms. •Unable to participate in work & leisure. • Poor QoL: stigma & discrimination. Family • Economic burden • Disruption of house hold routine & restricted social activities. • Lost work & social opportunities. Community • Cost of providing care. • Loss of productivity. • Legal problems including violence.
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- 12. PRIMARY PREVENTION Mental health promotion •Mental health educational programs. Genetic counseling, antenatal & natal care • Ensure normal fetal development. Public health-related factors • Education, employment, social well-being • Availability of suitable food & housing
- 13. PRIMARY PREVENTION Raising publicawareness • Patients need ttt & kind care. Awareness of psychological development • Development of human being's cognitive, emotional, intellectual & social capabilities. Life skills education & training • Interpersonal communication skills • Decision-making & critical thinking skills • Stress management.
- 14. • Screening: Early detection. •Early diagnosis. Detection of mental disorders/illness in PHC • Complete psychiatric assessment. • Counseling, psychotherapy & medical ttt. • Admission to psychiatric word/hospital. Proper management and/or referral to a psychiatrist • Wars, disasters & crisis. • Social support improves the course of the disease & ↓ its duration & intensity & enhances rapid recovery Crisis intervention Intervention undertaken to reduce complications & all specific ttt. SECONDARY PREVENTION
- 15. Needy/disabled group • ↑ Self-esteem& confidence. • ↑ Opportunities for physical & socio-economic integration. Family & Community •↑ Society understanding of causes of disabilities & abilities “Public information campaigns →↓Stigmatization”. •Communicate to parents about disabilities of their disabled children. •Providing facilities/ services-day care centers & counseling sites to families & Improve physical accessibility to public places. •Create incentives for employers to hire disabled people. •Training HCWs about their needs & Improving approach toward them. Interventions that ↓ disability & all forms of rehabilitation + prevention of relapses of illness. The integration of needy groups in the society is needed. TERTIARY PREVENTION
- 16. MENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMIN EGYPT: In Egypt the national mental health program focuses on: Decentralization of MH care & community care in different governorates. Inclusion of mental health in PHC. Training of family doctors to deal with main mental disorders. Awareness-raising among public regarding recognition of mental disorders & methods of referral. The new policy may ↓ no. of psychiatric inpatients. After-care services are still limited because of the poor understanding of most people
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- 19. Substance abuse “drugabuse” • Any use of non prescribed, non controlled substances or drugs without medical reason. Drug Dependence • State of psychic or physical dependence (or both) on a drug occurring after periodic or continuous administration of that drug. Tolerance • Need for increasing the dose of a drug to reach the original effect of it. Psycho Active Drugs • Exogenous substances that affect CNS for calming, energizing or pleasurable. • Excessive use of these drugs leads to tolerance. Addicted Person • Person who is unable to free himself from a harmful habit or he is unable to stop that habit.
- 21. In Egypt,drug abuse is considered one of the most serious public health problems, especially among the young people at working ages. In Middle Eastern Arab countries, there is scarce information on mental health issues, including drug dependence. This is related to the context of the conservative nature of these societies that reject disclosing about drug intake as well as to stigmatization. Magnitude of the problem
- 23. Narcotics • Morphine, Heroin& Codeine • Strong psychic dependence & early physical dependence & tolerance. • Euphoria, ↓pain perception, nausea, constipation, RC depression & visual disturbance. Depressant • Alcohol & Barbiturates. • Psychic dependence, sedation, hypnosis, anesthesia, muscle relaxation & sleep Stimulants • Amphetamine & Cocaine. • Excitatory for CNS, alertness, euphoria, motor activity, depression of appetite & large doses cause convulsions Hallucinogens • LSD & Mascaline • Distort perception of time & distance, induce delusions & hallucination. • Alter mood & may cause psychotic episodes Cannabis • Hashish & Marijuana & Bango. • Affect cognition, memory & mood • Deterioration of self perception & sensation of time TYPES OF PSYCHO ACTIVE DRUGS
- 25. Risk factors ofdrug addiction Drug pharmacological effects, “highly addictive drug”. Availability & easy accessibility of drugs. Gender. Psychic & neurological illness. Family history of addiction. Lack of family involvement. Anxiety, depression and loneliness. Peer pressure.
- 27. IMPACTS OF DRUGABUSE Health problems & Communicable disease “HIV, HBV”. ↑ Accidents. Unconsciousness, coma & sudden death. ↑ Crime & Violence & Suicide. Family problems. ↓School performance & motivation. ↓ Work performance + ↑ Absenteeism Financial problems
- 28. PATTERN OF SUBSTANCEABUSE IN EGYPT • Cannabis, Opium, Hypnoseditives, Heroin, and Cocaine. 1980s • Cannabis, Alcoholic beverages, Synthetic psychoactive drug. 1990s • Cannabis became prevalent in the form of Bango “leaves of Cannabis sativa”. • This plant is increasingly widely cultivated in Egypt, especially in Sinai Peninsula. 2nd half of the 1990s • Tramadol “Scheduled drug”, milder synthetic opioid painkiller similar to morphine. • Easily accessible at cheap costs from the black market • 30% of males “14-30 years” “Students, laborers & professionals” use it regularly “For Premature ejaculation & for extended orgasm & increase sexual pleasure” Since 2007
- 29. 70 % ofadmissions to the addiction wing of Cairo’s massive Qasr el-Aini hospital were linked to tramadol in 2014 alone.
- 30. PREVENTION OF DRUGDEPENDENCE 2ry 3ry 1ry
- 31. PRIMARY PREVENTION Empower laws &legislations. Health education. Encourage youth for physical exercise & safe recreation activities. Suitable management of family & social problems. Parental supervision & control influence of peers.
- 33. SECONDARY PREVENTION Early diagnosis& continuous supervision. Hospitalization of severe cases. Hot line service “rapid management & confidential service”. Follow up of recovered cases.
- 34. TERTIARY PREVENTION Rehabilitation ofaddicts, find suitable jobs & no community stigma
Editor's Notes
- #6 Although the precise cause of mental illness isn't known, certain factors may increase risk of developing mental health problems, including:
- #7 Although the precise cause of mental illness isn't known, certain factors may increase risk of developing mental health problems, including:
- #32 All efforts should be involved in the treatment and prevention of addiction. Support from all agencies, health and social, religion, educators and community leaders.