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Metabolism- Biochemistry
Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that maintain life, including energy metabolism and the building and breakdown of compounds. Energy is used to build larger molecules through anabolism and released during catabolism. ATP is the main energy source for cells, produced through catabolism. Metabolic efficiency converts about 50% of food energy to ATP with the rest lost as heat. Nutrients are broken down into smaller units through digestion then further broken down into two-carbon compounds to be degraded into carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy. Enzymes and coenzymes facilitate these chemical reactions.
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Metabolism- Biochemistry
- 1.
- 2. Metabolism: • Metabolism: refersto the entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life. • Energy metabolism: the ways that the body obtains and spends energy from food. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 3. • Anabolism: Thebuilding of compounds from small molecules into larger ones. Energy is used for this process to take place. • Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules into smaller units. Energy is released in this process. – Ex: Glucose catabolism results in the release of CO2 and H2O Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 4. ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): •The main energy source of cells. • Used for muscular contractions, enzyme activity, etc. • Catabolism results in the production of many ATP molecules: energy. • Used by the body when energy is needed. • Hydrolysis breaks the bonds in ATP, thus releasing energy. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 5. Metabolic Efficiency: • Foodenergy is converted to ATP with approximately 50% efficiency. • The other 50% is released as heat. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 6. The Cell: Q: Approximatelyhow many cells does the human body contain? A: 1x1014 cells or 100,000,000,000,000. (100 trillion cells) Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 7. The Cell: • Thesite for metabolic activity. • Liver cells are the most metabolically active. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 8. How is energyproduced? Three stages: 1. Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats are broken down during digestion and absorption into smaller units: AAs, monosaccharides and fatty acids. 2. These smaller compounds are further broken down into 2-carbon compounds. 3. Compounds are degraded into CO2 and H20. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 9. Helpers in reactions: •Enzymes: proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts. • Coenzymes: assist enzymes in their activities. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 10. Breakdown of nutrientsfor energy: 1. Glucose breakdown 2. Glycerol and Fatty Acid breakdown 3. Amino Acid breakdown Fats Carbohydrates Common Pathway Energy in r ote P Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 11. 1. Glucose breakdown Glycolysis:A reaction in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate; net profit: 2 ATP. An anaerobic pathway. Glucose 2 ATP Pyruvate Less oxygen available Oxygen available Lactic Acid Acetyl CoA Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 12. The path fromPyruvate to Acetyl CoA is NOT reversible. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 13. Metabolism: FON 241;L. Zienkewicz
- 14. 2. Glycerol andFatty Acid breakdown Triglycerides are broken into: Glycerol and Fatty Acids (lipolysis). Glucose Glycerol Pyruvate Fatty acids Acetyl CoA Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 15. 3. Amino Acidbreakdown Glucose Amino Acids Pyruvate Amino Acids Acetyl CoA Amino Acids TCA Cycle Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 16. 3. Amino Acidbreakdown (cont.) • Deamination: AA Keto acid and Ammonia • Transamination • Ammonia Urea in the Liver • Urea excreted via the kidneys • Water needed for urea excretion Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 17. The TCA Cycle: •Functions to convert Acetyl CoA to CO2 and to produce energy. • Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA to begin the cycle. • The result: produces potential ATP (energy). Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 18. The Electron TransportChain: • The primary site for ATP (energy) synthesis. • Uses Oxygen to convert products of the TCA cycle into energy. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
- 19. Why is fathigher in energy? •Fat’s carbon-hydrogen bonds can be easily oxidized, yieldin energy (ATP). •1 glucose molecule yields 38 ATP when oxidized. •1 fatty-acid (16-C) will yield 129 ATP when oxidized. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Editor's Notes
- #5 When a bond is broken, as in the case of a glucose molecule being broken into CO2 and H2O during catabolism, energy is released in the process. Some of this energy is trapped for cell use, and the rest is lost as heat. Bonds within the ATP molecule, contain a high amount of energy. When energy is needed in the body, these bonds are broken, which splits of a phosphate group. Energy is released that can aid in anabolic reactions.
- #12 Glucose is degraded into pyruvate with the end result being ATP. A cell can take pyruvate and make glucose… a reversed process. But, this requires energy. Degrading glucose into pyruvate requires a tiny amount of energy, but the energy it gains from the reaction is much larger. Compounds that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose. If the cell needs energy and oxygen is available, pyruvate is degraded into Acetyl CoA If energy is not needed in the body, acetyl COA will be used to make fatty acids… increases the fat stores. If less oxygen is available, the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.This is an anaerobic reaction that occurs during high-intensity exercise. This occurs when physical activity exceeds the rate at which the heart and lungs can deliver oxygen to and clear CO2 from the muscles. This lactic acid can be converted by the liver to glucose in a recycling process called the Cori cycle.
- #13 Page 211 in your text book.
- #15 Glycerol is easily converted to a 3-carbon compound that can be converted to pyruvate or can up up the chain to be converted to glucose. Fatty acids cannot be converted to pyruvate. But, they can be converted to acetyl CoA. These fatty acid fragments that are used to make pyruvate cannot be sent back up the chain to make glucose. Thus, fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose. Only 5% of the weight of a triglyceride is glycerol. The rest are fatty acids. So, 95% of the triglyceride molecule cannot be converted into glucose. Glycerol is NOT a viable source of glucose in the body.
- #16 If amino acids are consumed in excess or if they are needed for energy, they enter a metabolic pathway. They can be 1. Converted to glucose, 2. Converted to Acetyl CoA or 3. Be sent straight to the TCA cycle. First, the AA’s must be deaminated, meaning they have their Nitrogen group. If the AA are converted to acetyl Coa and energy is not needed, the Acetyl Coa is converted to fatty acids and stored.
- #17 Pages 218-219 Deamination: AA’s are broken down, first the nitrogen –containing amino group must be released. This leads to 1. Keto acid and 2. Ammonia Transamination: The liver can use the keto-acids to synthesize nonessential amino acids. In the deamination reactions, ammonia is produced. Remaining ammonia is combined with Co2 to make urea, a much less toxic compound than ammonia. Urea is released into the blood and is removed from the blood by the kidneys for excretion in the urine. The amount of protein ingested is related to the amount of urea that will need to be excreted. If not enough water is consumed in extremely high protein diets, the urea cannot be excreted from the body and will accumulate in the blood.
- #18 Also called the Kreb’s cycle, the Citric Acid Cycle. Oxaloacetate is crucial in facilitating the activity of the TCA cycle. It is a carbohydrate intermediate. If Oxaloacetate is deficient, as may be the case in a low carb diet, cells face an energy shortage.
- #19 Energy is captured within bonds of the ATP molecules. Proteins serve as carriers within a cell, each carrier receives electrons (down a chain-like process). Little energy is released as heat, most of the energy is stored within the bonds of the ATP.
- #20 Text page 221. Fat has many C-H bonds, making oxidation abundant. Glucose molecules have some O already bound to the C bonds. Thus, not much is there for oxidation to take place. Thus, much more energy can be released from fat, making it the ideal energy storage form.