Methods of Voltage Control
- 1. INTER CONNECTED POWER SYSTEM METHODS OF VOLTAGE CONTROL 1 Assi. Prof : Shital M. Pujara Elect Dept. Mehta Yashvi M. LY Electrical - 2 Batch : C 130410109048 Submitted to : Submitted By :
- 2. CONTENTS : Introduction Importance of voltage control Methods of voltage control Shunt compensation Series capacitor Synchronous condenser Tap changing transformer Auto transformer tap changing Booster transformer
- 3. INTRODUCTION Transmission of power from generating station to consumers. Constant voltage for satisfactory operation. Variation cause unpredictable operation or mal functioning. Cause : change in load at supply side. Load , voltage due to voltage drop in alternator synchronous impedence, transmission impedence, transformer impedence, feeders and distributors. Prescribe limits : +- 6% of declared voltage Voltage regulating device at suitable places.
- 4. IMPORTANCE OF VOLTAGE CONTROL Lighting load : Lamp characterisic is very sensitive to change in voltage. below limit 20% in illumination power. Above limit 50% in life of lamp. Iduction motor : in voltage saturation of pole high µ in core loss. in voltage reduces starting torque. Distribution Transformer : Due to heating, rating reduces.
- 5. LOCATION OF VOLTAGE CONTROL EQUIPMENTS Used at more than one point due to Desirable drop in transmission and distribution. Dissimilar load characteristics. Individual means of voltage control for each circuit. Devices used at Generating station Transformer station Feeders if drop exceeds the limit
- 6. METHODS OF VOLTAGE CONTROL 1. Shunt compensation 2. Series capacitor 3. Synchronous condenser 4. Tap changing transformer 5. Auto transformer tap changing 6. Booster transformer
- 7. 1. SHUNT COMPENSATION Shunt Reactor : Used to compensate effect line capacitance limit voltage rise on open circuit or light load increases effective ZC They are connected either: directly to the lines at the ends Tertiary windings easily switched as VAR vary. In long lines to overcome ferranti effect. Connected to bus bar without C.B for switching.
- 8. Shunt Capacitor : Supply leading reactive power and boost the voltage as loading of current reduces. Switching substation inductive load absorb inductive current of lower P.F. They are connected either: H.V. bus Tertiary winding of transformers Advantage : low cost and flexibility of installation. Dis advantage : Q is proportional to (voltage)^2. So output reduces.
- 9. 2. SERIES COMPENSATION Series capacitor : Connected in series with line. Used to reduce inductive reactance of line so reduction of I2X loss characteristic impedance ZC Reactive power produced increases with increasing power transfer. Application : improve power transfer capacity. voltage regulation
- 10. Series Reactor : limiting switching surges
- 11. (a) Power transfer as a function of transmission angle δ Compensation chosen to keep Vm at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po Po = natural load PERFORMANCE OF SHUNT AND SERIES CAPACITORS :
- 12. CONCLUSIONS FROM RESULTS With shunt capacitor compensation (chosen to keep midpoint voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po) maximum power transfer capability increased to 1.58 pu of natural power (SIL); represents an increase of 0.16 pu over the uncompensated case voltage regulation is poor, i.e., the voltage magnitude is very sensitive to variations in power transfer With series capacitor compensation (chosen to keep mid point voltage at 1.0 pu when P = 1.4 Po) maximum power transfer capability increased to 2.65 pu voltage regulation significantly improved
- 13. 3. SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER A synchronous machine running without a prime mover or a mechanical load Depending on field excitation, it can either absorb or generate VARs With a voltage regulator, it can automatically adjust vars to maintain constant voltage Started as an induction motor and then synchronized Normally connected to tertiary windings of transformers Unlike a SVC, a synchronous condenser has an internal voltage Speed of response not as fast as that of an SVC
- 14. 4. TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMER Off load Tap changing transformer : Position of tap number of turns output voltage. Stud 1 : min value Stud 5 : max value Light load primary voltage = alternator voltages and movable arm is placed at stud 1. Load drop so movement of stud.
- 15. On load Tap changing transformer : widely used so no interruption of supply voltage Secondary divided into two parallel path so current divided. Tap changing operation is performed one after other. Dis advantages : Voltage surge due to high voltage drop. Num of tapings = 2 * voltage steps.
- 16. 5. AUTO TRANSFORMER Mid tapped auto transformer is used. Connected with one side of line, divided into two parts. Odd switches and even switches Normal operation no drop Tap changing high drop large circulating current flow control by reactor.
- 17. 6. BOOSTER TRANSFORMER Banking or boosting voltage. Secondary injects voltage in phase with line voltage. Small output and low voltage : Auto transformer is used as regulating transformer. Larger size and high voltage : On load tap changing transformer is used. Disadvantages : Large floor space, Expensive and less efficient.