Mgd finite statemachine
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This document provides an overview of finite state machines (FSM) including concepts, examples, and implementation using Unified Modeling Language (UML) state diagrams. It defines an FSM as an abstract mathematical model that represents the behavior of a system. Examples of systems that can be modeled as FSMs include traffic lights, text parsers, and characters in video games. The document discusses Mealy and Moore machines, state structure, advantages of UML state diagrams such nested states and extended states, and limitations of state diagrams. Commercial and open source tools for designing FSMs using state diagrams are also mentioned.
![Guard Conditions
• Boolean expressions evaluated dynamically
based on the value of extended state variables
and event parameters
• Enable actions or transitions only when they
evaluate to TRUE and disabling them when
they evaluate to FALSE
• Shown in square brackets “[]”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/mgdfinitestatemachine-121216125637-phpapp02/85/Mgd-finite-statemachine-48-320.jpg)
Mgd finite statemachine
- 1. Finite State Machine Osama Hussain
- 2. Content • Concept • Mealy & Moore Machines • UML State Machines • UML State Diagrams • Examples • Implementation
- 3. Concept A finite state machine (hereinafter called FSM) is a mathematical model which abstracts the representation of behavior exhibited by some systems
- 4. Mathematical Model Check it by yourself
- 5. System & Behavior System System Abstraction Behavior FSM System …
- 6. Examples • Traffic Light – Switching lights on and off • Text Parsers – Detection of certain phrase or word • Washing Machine – Washing, Rinsing, Spinning … • Mario in Super Mario Game – Walk, Run, Jump …
- 7. Remarks • Not all systems can be modeled in FSM – Real-time systems for example – Memory limitations due to huge number of states • Not all systems can be easily modeled in FSM – Some behaviors are hard to describe in terms of states • Proper FSM design can lead to easier system development
- 8. Within Game Dev. • Some Game Developers think – FSM is only considered for AI field – FSM is only used in abstracting character behavior – FSM is only considered for Gameplay Programmers
- 9. Misconception • Some Game Developers think – FSM is only considered for AI field – FSM is only used in abstracting character behavior – FSM is only considered for Gameplay Programmers
- 10. Composition • FSM consists of several states • In Programming, state is a technical term for all the stored information, at a given point in time, which the program has access to. – Spinning in Washing Machine – C++ parser detects “int” keyword CPP file – Mario Jumping inside a Super Mario game – Red Light in Traffic Light
- 11. Composition • Inputs into the machine are combined with the current state of the machine to determine the new state or the next state of the machine Current State Next State Input
- 12. State diagram Donate a graphical representation of an FSM UML State diagrams
- 13. “Hello World” state diagram Initial Transition States Indicator of Initial Transition Final State Transitions Initial State
- 14. Composition • Output … ?
- 15. Mealy Machine Output determined by state and input
- 16. Traffic Light – Concept • We got 3 lights that can be switched on and off individually, they are: Red, Yellow, and Green • Traffic light contains a timer • The traffic light starts by turning on the red light and turn off the rest • After timer completes, switch on the green light and turn off the rest • After timer completes, switch on the yellow light and turn off the rest • After timer completes, switch on the red light and turn off the rest • Restart again
- 17. Traffic Light – Mealy Machine
- 18. Quote Parser – Concept • For a whole string of characters, print characters which are within double quotations • Example – Input: “Hello ”people, what a nice “world!” – Output: Hello world!
- 19. Quote Parser – Mealy Machine
- 20. Moore Machine Output determined by state and output
- 21. Traffic Light – Moore Machine
- 22. Traffic Light - Comparison Mealy Machine Moore Machine
- 23. Quote Parser – Moore Machine
- 24. UML State Machine Significantly enhanced realization of the mathematical concept of a finite automaton in Computer Science applications as expressed in the Unified Modeling Language notation – Object-based variant of Harel statechart (the concept of nested states) – Combines both Mealy and Moore machines with further addition of features
- 25. State Structure Think of your states as objects where you might need to • Initialize it through Entry actions • Update it through Do actions • Finalize it through Exit actions
- 26. State Structure
- 27. Advantages • Less states • Default control mechanism • Object oriented style
- 28. Hierarchically Nested States Arranging states in a structural way
- 29. Hierarchically Nested States • The most important innovation of UML state machines over the traditional FSMs • State nesting is not limited to one level only • TOP state – Exist in every state machine – Contains all the other elements of the entire state machine – Optionally to depict it in the diagram
- 30. Traffic Light • Based on previous traffic light description • Add to that a switch • You can turn the traffic light on and off at any time • If the traffic light is switched on, then it operates normally • Otherwise, all the lights will be turned off • By default the traffic light is turned off
- 31. Traffic Light
- 32. Traffic Light
- 33. Gain • Less transitions • Less states • Structural behavior – Zoom out: Hide complexity of the system – Zoom in: View the details of sub behavior in meaningful way
- 34. History A facility to return back to the previous state
- 35. Space Counter
- 36. Space Counter
- 37. Washing Machine
- 38. Washing Machine Junction Point A.K.A. Shallow History
- 39. Deep History Recall the state of every nested substate of the enclosing substate, down to any level of nesting
- 40. Washing Machine
- 41. Orthogonal Regions A state can contain two or more independent regions runs concurrently
- 42. Keyboard
- 43. Counter • Imagine designing a FSM for 32-bit counter – Input: an external trigger – Output: once reaches 2^32 – 1, the system peeps! • More than 4 billion different states!
- 45. Extended states State machines supplemented with variables
- 46. Extended states • Program variables are commonly dissociated from states • the complete condition of the system (called the extended state) is the combination of a qualitative aspect (the state) and the quantitative aspects (the extended state variables) • UML state machines belong to this category
- 47. Counter Guard Conditions Choice Point
- 48. Guard Conditions • Boolean expressions evaluated dynamically based on the value of extended state variables and event parameters • Enable actions or transitions only when they evaluate to TRUE and disabling them when they evaluate to FALSE • Shown in square brackets “[]”
- 49. Guard Conditions • Good for the design, making it further simpler • However, do not use it to eliminate states that you actually start used to eliminate IF ELSE statements! • If you do … spaghetti code
- 50. State Diagrams' Limitations • Any nontrivial state machine requires a large amount of textual information. For example, actions • Depend heavily on the specific programming language • Poorly represent the sequence of processing • Require a lot of plumbing gear (junction points, choice points, etc.) to represent the flow of control graphically • several complementary views of the same state machine
- 51. Commercial Tools • Rational Rose – Well known tool – Bought by IBM in 2003 • Bouml – Cross-platform – Was free at certain point of time
- 52. Open Source Tools • StarUML – Windows only – Have most of the features required for State diagrams with only exception of orthogonal regions – No longer being in development – Many initiatives to re-launch the project again
- 53. Questions?
- 54. Thank you