Micro controller
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Microcontrollers are single integrated circuits that contain a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. They are designed to control systems automatically based on programmed applications. The first microcontroller was the TMS 1000 in 1974. Microcontrollers contain basic hardware components like buses to transfer data, volatile and non-volatile memory, input/output ports, an oscillator for timing signals, and timers/counters. They work by executing programmed instructions in sequence from memory at a rapid pace controlled by the oscillator. Microcontrollers are widely used to control devices in applications like mobile phones, automobiles, appliances, security systems, and more.
Micro controller
- 1. Mini Project Report Micro Controllers ( Life Line Of Automization )
- 2. INTRODUCTION Starting Era Of Microcontrollers. The first microcontroller was not controller it was microprocessor. Microprocessor was 4-bit Intel 4004 released in 1971, another microprocessor released was Intel 8008. Then two engineers Gary Boone and Michael Cochran succeeded in creating first microcontroller TMS 1000 which was commercially available in 1974. It was having combined read-only memory, random access memory, processor and clock on one single integrated chip. What Is Micro Controller? A microcontroller is a self-contained system with different peripherals, memory, and processor according to complexity of work to be handled or system to be controlled. Apart from this the main aim of microcontroller is to control product or device automatically. Microcontroller can be said as a small computer on a single simple integrated circuit containing processor core, memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Purpose For Making And Evaluating Microcontroller. Microcontroller (sometime represented as MCU, µC) are designed such that it can controls mixed signals and react on it according to programmed application. Due to which applications such as automobile engine control system, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, power tools, robots etc can be controlled automatically.
- 3. Detail Information About Microcontrollers Hardware Components Of Microcontrollers. Big problem for designers is that hardware vs. software. Embedded system designers need to design circuit by keeping otential of hardware and software with parameters such as speed, complexity & program memory size. Following are the basic hardware component that is in a microcontroller:- 1) Bus. 2) Volatile Memory. 3) Non-Volatile Memory. 4) Input/output Ports. 5) Oscillator. 6) Timer/Counter. Hardware Building Bloc Memory Micro- Processor Input/Output Clock
- 4. 1) Buses: - In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers. This expression covers are all related hardware components and software, including communication protocols. Buses carry data in bit serial form. 2) Volatile Memory: - It is a type of memory which require power source to maintain storage of information. It retains its contents while power is on but when the power is interrupted the storage immediately lost its data. Volatile memory includes RAM (Random Access Memory), selectron tube, dekatron tubes etc. a) Selectron Tube b) Dekatron Tube c) RAM Buses
- 5. 3) Non-Volatile Memory: - It is a computer memory that can get back stored information even when not in power. Non-volatile memory includes ROM (Read Only Memory), hard disk, floppy disk and magnetic tape. It is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage. a) Magnetic Tape b) Floppy Disk c) ROM 4) Input/output Ports: - Port is group of pins which are matched internally and all of them are similarly registered, pins are grouped which is so called ports denoted by A, B, C, D and E. They all have several features in common which are as under :- a) For practical reasons, many I/O pins have two or three functions. If a pin is not used as i/o pins then ; b) Every port has its “satellite”, i.e. the corresponding TRIS registered: TRISA, TRISB, TRISC, TRISD and TRISE, which determines performance, but not the contents of the port bits.
- 6. 5) Oscillator: - Every pulse generated by the oscillator enables harmonic and synchronous operation of all circuits with in microcontroller. It is usually configured as to use quartz- crystal for frequency stabilization. It is important to say that program instruction is executed at the rate imposed by oscillator itself, but several times slower. 6) Timer/Counter :- If the registers use an internal quartz oscillator as a clock source then it possible to measure the time between two events (if the register value T1 at the moment measurement has started, and T2 at the moment it has finished, then the elapsed time is equal to the subtraction T2 – T1). If the registers use pulses coming from external source, then such a timer is turned into a counter.
- 7. How Microcontroller Works? When power is turned off, everything is still. The program is loaded into the microcontroller, nothing indicates what is about to come next according to program. When power supply is provided everything starts to happen in high speed. The control logical unit keeps everything under control. It disables all other circuit except quartz crystal to operate. While the preparation is in progress and the first millisecond go by. When power supply voltage reaches maximum, oscillator frequency becomes stable. All pins are configured as pins. The overall electronics starts operation in rhythm with pulse sequence. From now on the time is measured in micro and nanoseconds. Program Counter is set to zero. Instruction from that address is sent to instruction decoder which recognizes it, after which it is executed with immediate effect. The value of the Program Counter is incremented by 1 and whole process is repeated several million times per second.
- 8. Applications Of Microcontrollers:- 1) In mobile phones. 2) In automated automobiles. 3) In washing machines. 4) To control cameras. 5) In security alarms. 6) In developing faster responding systems. Conclusion Of The Report:- After researching and collecting information about microcontrollers our group has realized that it is an integrated technology which has made automization possible in different field of engineering as well as non-engineering fields. This technology has evolved over a pass few decades such that it has opened doors for artificial intelligence!!!