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microbialmmmmmmmmmmmmmetabolism (1).pptx
- 1.
- 2. Microbial metabolism meansseries of biochemical reactions by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Catabolism Anabolism Primary Metabolism Secondary Metabolism Intermediary Metabolism
- 3. Catabolism • Catabolism isthe set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy. • Catabolism breaks down large molecules (such as polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids and proteins) into smaller units (such as monosaccharides, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids, respectively). • Cells use the monomers released from breaking down polymers to either construct new polymer molecules, or degrade the monomers further to simple waste products, releasing energy.
- 4. Catabolism • Cellular wastesinclude lactic acid, acetic acid, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and urea. The creation of these wastes is usually an oxidation process involving a release of chemical free energy, some of which is lost as heat, but the rest of which is used to drive the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). • This molecule acts as a way for the cell to transfer the energy released by catabolism to the energy-requiring reactions that make up anabolism.
- 5. Catabolism • Catabolism thereforeprovides the chemical energy necessary for the maintenance and growth of cells. Examples of catabolic processes include glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the breakdown of muscle protein in order to use amino acids as substrates for gluconeogenesis, the breakdown of fat in adipose tissue to fatty acids, and oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters by monoamine oxidase.
- 6. Anabolism • Anabolism isthe set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units. These reactions require energy, known also as an endergonic process (absorbing energy in the form of work). • Anabolism is the building-up aspect of metabolism, whereas catabolism is the breaking-down aspect. Anabolism is usually synonymous with biosynthesis.
- 7. Anabolism • Anabolism includesthe biosynthesis of: I. Building blocks of cellular macromolecules: e.g. Amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, sugar etc. II. Vitamins and coenzymes, which are essential for driving various reactions III. Cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides as well as synthesis of cell structural compounds.
- 9. PrimaryMetabolism • Very essentialmetabolism for cell growth. • The products of primary metabolism are called as ‘Primary metabolites’. • It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function). A primary metabolite is typically present in many organisms or cells. • Note that primary metabolites do not show any pharmacological actions or effects.
- 10. PrimaryMetabolism • The productsof primary metabolism include: • Energy rich compounds such as ATP, NADP, and others • Organic acids such as lactic acid, citric acid, acetic acid etc. • Organic alcohol and solvents such ethanol, glycerol, acetone, butanol etc. • Amino acids, Vitamins coenzymes, nucleotides etc.
- 11. SecondaryMetabolism • Secondary metabolism(also called specialized metabolism) is a term for pathways and small molecule products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism. • These molecules are produced by specific cells, that do not need these metabolites by themselves, but rather can be beneficiary for the whole organism. • It is expected that in nature secondary metabolism helps organism to become more competitive for nutrients with other organisms by either their ability to obtain and purify necessary nutrients or by killing competitive organisms.
- 12. SecondaryMetabolism • The termsecondary metabolite was first coined by Albrecht Kossel, a 1910 Nobel Prize laureate for medicine and physiology in 1910. • Secondary metabolites also called Specialized Metabolites, secondary products or Natural Products are organic compounds produced by bacteria, fungi, or plants which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism. • Bacterial production of secondary metabolites starts in the stationary phase as a consequence of lack of nutrients or in response to environmental stress.
- 13. SecondaryMetabolism • Secondary metabolitesynthesis in. bacteria is not essential for their growth, however, they allow them to better interact with their ecological niche. • E.g. Antibiotic synthesis is the best example which is not essential for growth but does help organisms to survive against various organisms by destroying them.
- 15. IntermediaryMetabolism • Intermediary metabolism the whichare in the and the encompasses compounds intermediates processes regulatory mechanism which maintain their homeostasis.
- 16. Roleofreducing powerinMetabolism • Reducingpower - Many biochemical reactions involve oxidation (removal of electrons from a compound) & reduction (addition of electrons to a compound; E. coli stores electrons in coenzymes called NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) & NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate). These compounds capture electrons in the form of hydrogen atoms from compounds that are being oxidized, thus forming NADH & NADPH). NAD & NADP stores the cell's reducing power. Bacteria will then use this reducing power to build its cellular components (it will reduce other compounds in this process).
- 17. Roleofreducing powerinMetabolism • Mostof elements exist in oxidized state in nature. Therefore before they are digested in cell, they must be reduced. • This requires availability of suitable reducing power. • NADPH serves as the principle reducing power in all such digestions and biosynthetic reaction of anabolism. • Flavin coenzyme FADH2 can also serve as intermediate reducing agent in biochemical reaction.
- 18. Generationofreducing power • Reducingpower is generated on oxidation of a suitable electron donor during catabolic reactions. • These electron donor can be either organic or inorganic molecule. • NADPH serve as reducing power in most of biochemical reaction. • There are several other lesser-known mechanisms of generating NADPH
- 19. Generationofreducing power • NADPHis produced from NADP+. The major source of NADPH in animals and other non-photosynthetic organisms is the pentose phosphate pathway, by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) in the first step. The pentose phosphate pathway also produces pentose, another important part of NAD(P)H, from glucose. Some bacteria also use G6PDH for the Entner–Doudoroff pathway, but NADPH production remains the same.
- 20. RoleofPrecursormetabolites • Precursor metabolitesare intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways that can be either oxidized to generate ATP or can be used to synthesize macromolecular subunits such as amino acids, lipids, and nucleotides as shown in Figure
- 21. RoleofPrecursormetabolites 1. Acetyl CoA 2.Pyruvate 3. Phospho enol pyruvate (PEP) 4. 3 Phospho (3PGAL) 5. Oxaloacetate 6. Glucose 6 Phosphate 7. Fructose 6 Phosphate 8. Erythrose 4 Phosphate 9. Ribose 5 Phosphate glyceraldehydes10. Xylulose 5 Phosphate 11. Alpha Keto glutaric acid (2KG) 12. Succinate There are only 12 compounds act as precursor metabolites.
- 22. RoleofPrecursormetabolites There are only12 compounds act as precursor metabolites.
- 23. RoleofEnergyrichcompounds • Energy canbe stored in the chemical bonds within molecules in the cell, but not all chemical bonds are equally energetic. When broken, some bonds will release more energy than others. A phosphate is a phosphorus atom bonded to three oxygen atoms (PO3). When it’s bonded to another molecule, the bond between them is called a phosphate bond. Breaking the phosphate bond releases a lot of energy.
- 24. RoleofEnergyrichcompounds • There aremainly two classes of energy rich compounds formed in the cell which fulfill the energy requirements; Compounds having high energy anhydrous phosphoester bond. - ATP, GTP, CTP, TTP, UTP Compounds having high energy thioester bond. -In chemistry thioesters are compounds with the functional group R–S–CO–R'. -In biochemistry, the best-known thioesters are derivatives of coenzyme A, e.g., acetyl-CoA.
- 25. Role of ATP •Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells. • Found in all known forms of life, ATP is often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. •When consumed in metabolic processes, it converts either to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or to adenosine monophosphate (AMP).
- 26. Role of ATP •The hydrolysis of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate releases 30.5 kJ/mol of enthalpy, with a change in free energy of 3.4 kJ/mol. The energy released by cleaving either a phosphate (Pi) or pyrophosphate (PPi) unit from ATP at standard state of 1 M are: • ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi • ATP + H2O → AMP + PPi ΔG° = −30.5 kJ/mol (−7.3 kcal/mol) ΔG° = −45.6 kJ/mol (−10.9 kcal/mol)
- 27. Role of ATP •Biochemical functions includes: • Uptake of nutrients • Activation of most substrate molecules so that they are able to enter the cell metabolism • Biosynthesis of most cellular molecules, nucleic acids, chromosome replication (DNA replication), and cell division and cell growth. • Amino acid activation in protein synthesis • ATP binding cassette transporter • Extracellular signalling
- 28. Role of otherenergy rich compounds High Energy compounds Structure Role in metabolism GTP Guanosine-P-P-P Energy transfer, Genetic Translation, CTP Cytidine-P-P-P Phospolipid biosynthesis, substrate in the synthesis of RNA, coenzyme in metabolic reactions UTP Uridine-P-P-P Polysaccharide, peptidoglycan biosynthesis TTP Thymidine-P-P-P one of the four nucleoside triphosphates that make up DNA, synthesis of lipopolysaccharides Acetyl CoA CH3CO-S CoA Fatty acid biosynthesis