Microprocessor
3 likes•3,229 views
The document discusses the history and types of microprocessors. It notes that the microprocessor was born out of reducing the word size of CPUs to fit logic circuits onto a single integrated circuit. It then discusses notable 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor designs from companies like Intel, Motorola, and Texas Instruments. The document also covers topics like RISC processors, multi-core processors, special-purpose microprocessors, and common microprocessor architectures.
Microprocessor
- 2. What is microprocessor A microprocessor (sometimes abbreviated µP) is a programmable digital electronic component that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit (CPU) on a single semiconducting integrated circuit (IC). The microprocessor was born by reducing the word size of the CPU from 32 bits to 4 bits, so that the transistors of its logic circuits would fit onto a single part. One or more microprocessors typically serve as the CPU in a computer system, embedded system, or
- 3. HISTORY As with many advances in technology, the microprocessor was an idea whose time had come. Three projects arguably delivered a complete microprocessor at about the same time, Intel's 4004, Texas Instruments' TMS 1000, and Garrett AiResearch's Central Air Data Computer. In 1968, Garrett was invited to produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat fighter. The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU. The design was smaller and much more reliable than the mechanical systems it competed against, and was used in all of the early Tomcat models. However, the system was considered so advanced that the Navy refused to allow publication of the design, and continued to refuse until 1997. For this reason the CADC, and the MP944 chipset it used, are fairly unknown even today.
- 5. 1. Notable 8-bit designs According to A History of Modern Computing, (MIT Press), pp. 220– 21, Intel entered into a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, later called Datapoint, of San Antonio TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing. Datapoint later decided not to use the chip, and Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972. This was the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio- Electronics in 1974. The 8008 and its successor, the world-famous 8080, opened up the microprocessor component marketplace. The 4004 was later followed in 1972 by the 8008, the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. These processors are the precursors to the very successful Intel 8080 (1974), Zilog Z80 (1976), and derivative Intel 8-bit processors. The competing Motorola 6800 was released August 1974. Its architecture was cloned and improved in the MOS Technology 6502 in 1975, rivaling the Z80 in popularity during the 1980s.
- 6. 2. 16 Bit designs The first multi-chip 16-bit microprocessor was the National Semiconductor IMP-16, introduced in early 1973. An 8-bit version of the chipset was introduced in 1974 as the IMP-8. In 1975, National introduced the first 16- bit single-chip microprocessor, the PACE, which was later followed by an NMOS version, the INS8900. Other early multi-chip 16-bit microprocessors include one used by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) in the LSI-11 OEM board set and the packaged PDP 11/03 minicomputer, and the Fairchild Semiconductor MicroFlame 9440, both of which were introduced in the 1975 to 1976 timeframe. The first single-chip 16-bit microprocessor was TI's TMS 9900, which was also compatible with their TI-990 line of minicomputers. The 9900 was used in the TI 990/4 minicomputer, the TI-99/4A home computer, and the TM990 line of OEM microcomputer boards. The chip was packaged in a large ceramic 64-pin DIP package package, while most 8-bit microprocessors such as the Intel 8080 used the more common, smaller, and less expensive plastic 40-pin DIP. A follow-on chip, the TMS 9980, was designed to compete with the Intel 8080, had the full TI 990 16-bit instruction set, used a plastic 40-pin package, moved data 8 bits at a time, but could only address 16KB. A third chip, the TMS 9995, was a new design. The family later expanded to include the 99105 and 99110.
- 7. 3. 32-bit designs 16-bit designs were in the market only briefly when full 32-bit implementations started to appear. The most famous of the 32-bit designs is the MC68000, introduced in 1979. The 68K, as it was widely known, had 32-bit registers but used 16-bit internal data paths, and a 16-bit external data bus to reduce pin count, and supported only 24- bit addresses. Motorola generally described it as a 16-bit processor, though it clearly has 32-bit architecture. The combination of high speed, large (16 megabyte) memory space and fairly low costs made it the most popular CPU design of its class. The Apple Lisa and Macintosh designs made use of the 68000, as did a host of other designs in the mid-1980s, including the Atari ST and Commodore Amiga. The world's first single-chip fully-32-bit microprocessor, with 32-bit data paths, 32-bit buses, and 32-bit addresses, was the AT&T Bell Labs BELLMAC-32A, with first samples in 1980, and general production in 1982 (See this bibliographic reference and this general reference). After the divestiture of AT&T in 1984, it was renamed the WE 32000 (WE for Western Electric), and had two follow-on generations, the WE 32100 and WE 32200. These microprocessors were used in the AT&T 3B5 and 3B15 minicomputers; in the 3B2, the world's first desktop supermicrocomputer; in the "Companion", the world's first 32-bit laptop computer; and in "Alexander", the world's first book-sized supermicrocomputer, featuring ROM-pack memory cartridges similar to today's gaming consoles. All these systems ran the UNIX System V operating system.
- 8. 4. 64-bit microchips on the desktop While 64-bit microprocessor designs have been in use in several markets since the early 1990s, the early 2000s have seen the introduction of 64-bit microchips targeted at the PC market. With AMD's introduction of the first 64-bit IA-32 backwards-compatible architecture, AMD64, in September 2003, followed by Intel's own x86-64 chips, the 64-bit desktop era began. Both processors can run 32-bit legacy apps as well as the new 64-bit software. With 64-bit Windows XP and Linux that run 64-bit native, the software too is geared to utilise the full power of such processors. The move to 64 bits is more than just an increase in register size from the IA-32 as it also doubles the number of general- purpose registers for the aging CISC designs.
- 9. RISC In the mid-1980s to early-1990s, a crop of new high- performance RISC (reduced instruction set computer) microprocessors appeared, which were initially used in special purpose machines and Unix workstations, but have since become almost universal in all roles except the Intel-standard desktop. The first commercial design was released by MIPS Technologies, the 32-bit R2000 (the R1000 was not released). The R3000 made the design truly practical, and the R4000 introduced the world's first 64-bit design. Competing projects would result in the IBM POWER and Sun SPARC systems, respectively. Soon every major vendor was releasing a RISC design, including the AT&T CRISP, AMD 29000, Intel i860 and Intel i960, Motorola 88000, DEC Alpha and the HP-PA.
- 10. Multi-core processors A multi-core processor is simply a single chip containing more than one microprocessor core, effectively multiplying the potential performance with the number of cores (as long as the operating system and software is designed to take advantage of more than one processor). Some components, such as bus interface and second level cache, may be shared between cores. Because the cores are physically very close they interface at much faster clock speeds compared to discrete multiprocessor systems, improving overall system performance. In 2005, the first mass-market dual-core processors were announced and as of 2006 dual-core processors are widely used in high-end servers and workstations while quad-core processors for servers are beginning to become available.
- 11. Special-purpose microprocessors Though the term "microprocessor" has traditionally referred to a single- or multi-chip CPU or System-on-a-chip (SoC), several types of specialized processing devices have followed from the technology. The most common examples are microcontrollers, Digital Signal Processors (DSP) and Graphics processing units (GPU). Many examples of these are either not programmable, or have limited programming facilities. For example, in general GPUs through the 1990s were mostly non-programmable and have only recently gained limited facilities like programmable vertex shaders. There is no universal consensus on what defines a "microprocessor", but it is usually safe to assume that the term refers to a general-purpose CPU of some sort and not a special- purpose processor unless specifically noted.
- 12. Common microprocessors and architectures AMD K5, K6, K6-2, K6-III, Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon XP-M (IA-32 32- bit Intel x86 architecture) AMD Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX, Athlon 64 X2, Opteron, Sempron, Turion 64 (AMD64 architecture) ARM family, StrongARM, Intel PXA2xx Altera Nios, Nios II Atmel AVR architecture (purely microcontrollers) EISC RCA 1802 (aka RCA COSMAC, CDP1802) Cyrix M1, M2 (IA-32 32-bit Intel x86 architecture) DEC Alpha Intel 4004, 4040 Intel 8080, 8085, Zilog Z80 Intel 8086, 8088, 80186, 80188 (16-bit real mode-only Intel x86 architecture) Intel 80286 (16-bit real mode and protected mode Intel x86 architecture) Intel 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Celeron, Intel Core Duo, Pentium II, Pentium III, Xeon, Pentium 4, Pentium M, Celeron M (IA-32 32-bit Intel x86 architecture; parents of IA-64, with HP PA-RISC) Later Xeon, later Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D, Intel Core 2 (EM64T architecture) Intel Itanium (IA-64 architecture) Intel i860 Intel i960 more
- 13. Common microprocessors and architectures MIPS architecture Motorola 6800, MOS Technology 6502, Motorola 6809 Motorola 68000 family, ColdFire Motorola 88000 (parents of the PowerPC family, with POWER) NexGen Nx586 (IA-32 32-bit Intel x86 architecture) IBM POWER (parents of the PowerPC family, with 88000) NSC 320xx OpenCores OpenRISC architecture PA-RISC family (HP, parents to the IA-64 architecture, with IA-32) PowerPC family, G3, G4, G5 National Semiconductor SC/MP ("scamp") Signetics 2650 SPARC, UltraSPARC, UltraSPARC II–IV SuperH family Transmeta Crusoe, Efficeon (VLIW architectures, IA-32 32-bit Intel x86 emulator) INMOS Transputer VIA's C3,C7,Eden Series (IA-32 32-bit Intel x86 architecture) Western Design Center 65xx XAP processor from Cambridge Consultants
- 14. Thank U!