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Minerals
- 1. Minerals ANIQA ATTA BS: RENALDIALYSIS TECHNOLOGY MPHIL: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND GENETICS
- 2. Minerals Inorganic substances, notderived from living matters More than 50 chemical elements are found in the human body, which are required for growth, repair and regulation of vital body functions Nearly all minerals are absorbed best in their free form
- 3. Mineral absorption Bioavailability: thedegree at which mineral is absorbed High bioavailability: > 40% of minerals absorbed Sodium, fluoride, chloride, iodide, potassium Low bioavailability: < 10% of minerals absorbed Chromium, iron , zinc , manganese Allover the minerals have bioavailability 30-40% Copper, molybdenum, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, Selinium, phosphorus
- 4. Mineral absorption Factors thatwill affect the bioavailability of a mineral: Current need: this is a major determinant of bioavailability. If the mineral is not present in sufficient amounts, the mineral absorption will greatly increase. Mineral-to-mineral interaction: minerals of similar molecular weight and charge will compete for absorption. When competing minerals are present at the same time, they will not all be absorbed and what gets absorbed and how much cannot be predicted. For example: magnesium, calcium, iron, and copper all have a 2+ valence so they would all compete for absorption if they were present. Two frequently consumed minerals in the pill form are iron and calcium; they both have a 2+ valence so consuming these together will decrease absorption of one or both (other minerals with 2+ valence are magnesium and copper).
- 5. Mineral absorption Vitamin-to-mineral interaction:vitamin C increases the absorption of non-heme iron (iron from plant foods) and calcitriol (active vitamin D or 1, 25 (OH) D3) is required for calcium absorption. Fiber-to-mineral interaction: components of fiber, like Phytic acid (found in grain fiber) can bind minerals and limit absorption. Oxalic acid, found mainly in spinach, strawberries, cocoa, and soy, will bind calcium and decrease absorption. High fiber diets (> 35 grams) will decrease the absorption of at least iron, calcium, and magnesium.
- 6. Minerals that bodyneeds are 16 in all Iron, Iodine, Fluorine, Zinc, Copper Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Nickel, Tin, Silicon and Vanadium calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium
- 7. Categories of minerals Mineralscan be categorized into 3 groups: Major minerals Trace minerals Trace contaminants without known function: Lead, mercury, barium, boron, and aluminum
- 8. Major Mineral Also knownas Macro-minerals They are vital to health Required in the diet by more than 100mg per day calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium
- 9. Trace minerals Also Knownas Micro-minerals They are Vital to health Required less than 20mg per day Iron, Iodine, Fluorine, Zinc, Copper Cobalt, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Nickel, Tin, Silicon and Vanadium
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- 11. Calcium Macro-mineral Constitutes 1.5-2% ofthe body weight of an adult human. An average adult body contains about 1200 gm of calcium of which >98% present in bones. Calcium in blood: 10 mg/dl (60%-ionized, 40%-protein bound) The developing fetus requires about 30 g of calcium. Severe Sweating– loss of 42-121mg/day
- 12. Calcium - Absorption 20-30% normally absorbed Retention:10 -20% but depends on diet and age Enhance absorption: Vitamin-D High protein in diet Reduce absorption Oxalates Phytates Fatty acids Fibers in diet Phosphates
- 13. Calcium-Sources Milk and milkProducts Cow milk- 1200mg Human Milk- 300mg Egg and Fish Cheapest dietary sources: Green leafy vegetables (presence of oxalates) Millets Cereals (bioavailability reduces by Phytates)
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- 15. Calcium- Function Bone formation TeethFormation: formation of dentin and enamel Physiological Process: Essential for the clotting of blood as it is required for prothrombin activation Regulates the permeability of the capillary walls and ion transport across the cell membranes Contraction of the heart and skeletal muscle Regulates the excitability of the nerve fibers Acts as an activator for enzymes such as rennin and pancreatic lipase
- 16. Calcium- Disorder Calcium Deficiency Effectsin Adults: Osteoporosis Fractures of brittle bone by miner accidents Effects in Children: Decreased rate of growth Loss of Calcium from Bone leading to development of Osteoporosis Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland Hyper-irritability and tetany leading to death
- 17. Calcium- Treatment Giving dietcontaining 1-1.5gm calcium along with 400-800IU Vit D
- 18. Phosphorus Phosphorus makes upabout 0.65–1.1% of the adult body (~600 g) 85%-Bones and teeth, 15%- soft tissue Exist in 2 forms: As Inorganic salts : Calcium Phosphates in Bones and teeth Phosphates of Na and K in soft tissues In combination with organic compounds Phospholipids-lecithin, Cephalin Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids Creatine Phosphates-ATP, ADP, NADP Hexose Phosphates etc
- 19. Phosphorus-Sources Important sources: Milk,Egg, Meat, Fish Fair sources: Vegetables Cereals, Pulses, nuts and Oil seed contains Phytic acid or Phytin Phytic acid is the compound of inositol and phosphoric acid Phytin is the salt of Phytic acid
- 20. Phosphorus-Requirement Phosphorus requirements havenot been specifically considered by FAO/WHO Committees, But Other groups of experts have suggested that phosphorus intake should be at least equal to calcium intakes in most age groups, except in infancy where the ratio suggested is 1:1.5 (P:Ca)
- 21. Phosphorus- Function Bone andTeeth Formation: formation of dentin and enamel Required for formation of Phospholipids—integral part of cell structure, act as intermediate in fat transport and metabolism Required for carbohydrate metabolism– Glycogen phosphorylation by inorganic phosphorus Required for formation of nucleic acid and nucleoprotein– Integral part of DNA