MINERALS lecture for pharmacy undergrad level students

MINERALS lecture for pharmacy undergrad level students

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  MINERALS AND TRACE MINERALSAND TRACE ELEMENTS ELEMENTS
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  MINERALS MINERALS • Minerals areneeded for the normal growth and maintenance of the body. • Some minerals are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg/day, these are called major elements or MACROMINERALS. They include:- • 1. Calcium • 2. Phosphorous • 3. Sodium • 4. Potassium • 5. Chloride • 6. Magnesium
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  MICROMINERALS OR TRACE MICROMINERALSOR TRACE ELEMENTS ELEMENTS  Some minerals are needed in amounts less than 100 mg/day,  These are called minor elements or MICROMINERALS or trace elements. They are:  Iron  Iodine  Copper  Manganese  Zinc • Cobalt • Molybdenum • Selenium • Fluoride • Chromium • Silicon
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  Mineral Functions DeficiencyDiseases Calcium An adult needs about 500 mg/day and a child needs about 1200 mg/day. During pregnancy and lactation it is required upto 1500 mg/day. It is important for -bones and teeth formation, transmission of nerve impulses, muscle function, blood coagulation and activate some enzymes like protein kinases. 1. Rickets in children 2. Osteomalacia in adults 3. Osteoporosis in adults Phosphorous About 500 mg of phosphorous is needed by the body daily Phosphorous is needed for formation of bones and teeth, it is a part of ATP, CTP and GTP, it is an important part of nucleic acids and present in blood as phosphate- buffer system Na2HPO4:NaH2PO4 in blood is 4:1(this maintains the pH of blood as 7.4 Rickets in children Osteomalacia in adults
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  Mineral Functions DeficiencyDiseases Sodium This is the major cation of extracellular fluid and regulates the fluid volume. Sodium as sodium bicarbonate is important in the regulation of acid-base balance. Edema Potassium This is the major intracellular cation and maintains intracellular osmotic pressure. Extracellular potassium is also important for skeletal and cardiac activities. Required for transmission of nerve impulses. Hypokalemia (condition when potassium level fall below normal range): Muscular weakness and cardiac problems Hyperkalemia (condition when potassium level is above the normal range): Tissue necrosis, paralysis, increased hemolysis. Chloride Chloride is important in the formation of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice. It also important in electrolyte balance. Hyperchloremia:Dehydration, Cushing’s syndrome, severe diarrhea. Hypochloremia: occurs in excess of vomiting. Magnesium It is the activator of many enzymes requiring ATP. Deficiency of magnesium causes neuromuscular tremors and cardiac arrythmias.
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  Mineral Functions DeficiencyDiseases Iron Is a part of hemoglobin and myoglobin. Hemoglobin is needed for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. As part of cytochromes in electron transport chain iron is important for oxidative phosphorylation. In lysosomal enzymes- myeloperoxidase, it is used for phagocytosis and for killing bacteria by neutrophils. Iron deficiency anemia Iodine It is used for the synthesis of thyroid hormones tri-iodo- thyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Deficiency of iodine causes cretinism in children and goiter in adults.
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  Mineral Functions DeficiencyDiseases Copper It is necessary for iron absorption and formation of hemoglobin.. ceruloplasmin is a copper containing enzymes. It is a co- factor for vitamin C requiring hydroxylations Copper deficiency results in anemia. Wilson’s disease is due to low level of ceruloplasmin in blood. Zinc Zinc is a cofactor for lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, carbonic anhydrase etc. Zinc is an anti-oxidant. Zinc deficiency results in poor wound healing, defective spermatogenesis dermatitis, macrophages functions are retarded. Depression, dementia and other psychiatric disorders. Chromium Chromium is a part of glucose tolerance factor (GTF). This helps in insulin function. Chromium deficiency results in decreased insulin function. Selenium Selenium is an antioxidant. Other trace elements Molybdenum is present in xanthine oxidase. Fluoride is important to give strength to bones and teeth and is also added to drinking water. Boron has role in bone formation. Silicon helps in calcification of bones. Cobalt is required as part of vitamin B12
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  BLOOD CALCIUM BLOOD CALCIUM TotalBlood (Serum or Plasma) level of CALCIUM is 8.7 – 10.2mg/100mL (2.2-2.6mmol/L ) 8
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  Hormones regulationg Hormones regulationgBLOOD BLOOD CALCIUM CALCIUM Levels Levels S.No HORMONE 1 CALCITRIOL (also called as 1,25- Dihydroxy cholecalciferol/ 1 ,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D3): Is the Physiologically active form of Vitamin D 2 PARARTHYROID HORMONE (PTH)/Parathormone 3 CALCITONIN 9
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  Effect of Effect ofPARATHYROID HORMONE : Increases blood calcium PARATHYROID HORMONE : Increases blood calcium and lowers blood phosphate level and lowers blood phosphate level This net effect is a final result of the action of PTH on bones, intestine This net effect is a final result of the action of PTH on bones, intestine and kidneys. and kidneys. 1.Action of PARATHYROID HORMONE on the BONES • When blood calcium level is low, PTH is secreted from parathyroid gland. PTH causes increase in activity of OSTEOCLASTS cells in bones . This leads to de-mineralization (decalcification) of bones and release of both calcium and phosphate from bones. 2. Action of PARATHYROID HORMONE on INTESTINE • Parathyroid hormone helps in formation of active form of viatmin D (the calcitriol) by stimulating 1α- Hydroxylation step in kidney. Calcitriol then increase calcium and phosphate absorption from intestine 3. Action of PARATHYROID HORMONE on KIDNEY • PTH Causes ↑ reabsorption of calcium from kidney tubules + PTH Causes↑ increased excretion of Pi from kidneys into urine(Phosphaturia) 10 Finally as a result of above three actions of PTH on bones, intestine and kidneys, the PTH tries to increase the blood calcium and lower the blood phosphate levels to bring them within normal range
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  Vitamin D formationin body Vitamin D formation in body 11
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  Effect of 1,25Dihydroxycholecalciferol/1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D3/calcitriol : Increases blood calcium and phosphate level Actions of 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 1. On bones: Causes bone mineralisation 2. On intestine : Promotes absorption of Ca++ and Pi from intestine 3. On Kidney : It increases↑ reabsorption of Ca++ and Pi from renal tubules, therefore, both minerals (Ca++ and Pi )are conserved
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  Action of Action ofCALCITONIN CALCITONIN • Calcitonin is secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland. • Calcitonin secretion is stimulated by HIGH serum concentration of Calcium. The function of calcitonin hormone is to bring down the high blood calcium levels to normal range. • Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormones are ANTAGONIST to each other (Parathyroid hormone tries to increase blood calcium whereas calcitonin tries to decrease blood calcium level to bring calcium levels to normal range in blood) 13
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  Composition of Bone Bone is a mineralized connective tissue. Its matrix contains both organic (35%) and inorganic (65%) material  Organic matter is mainly protein (collagenous organic matrix)  Inorganic or mineral component is mainly made up of hydroxyapatite crystals [Ca10 (PO4)6 (OH)2 ]  Approximately 99% body’s calcium is in the bone which provides strength to the bones of the body 14
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  Bone disorders Bone disorders 1. 1.Rickets • Childhood disorder , Childhood disorder , bone bone deformities deformities, defective defective mineralization of bone mineralization of bone • Due to deficiency of vit D deficiency of vit D 2. Osteomalacia: seen in 2. Osteomalacia: seen in adults adults, demineralization of demineralization of bone in women ( bone in women (who have little exposure to sunlight often after several pregnancies) 15
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  Bone disorders Bone disorders 3.Osteoporosis 3. Osteoporosis  Progressive reduction in bone tissue per unit volume causing skeletal weakness and chance for fractures of bones  Genetic factors, poor diet ( in calcium and vitamin D), smoking, alcohol consumption and lack of exercise cause bone resorption 16
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  HYPERCALCEMIA  Condition whenthe blood calcium is more than the normal range  Major cause is HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, (HYPERPARATHYROIDISM-this may be due to a parathyroid adenoma or an ectopic PTH secreting tumor) 17
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  HYPOCLCEMIA (Condition whenserum calcium level is below normal range) • If , serum calcium level is lower than 7.5mg/dL ,it can results in TETANY(may be due to accidental surgical removal of Parathyroid Glands or by autoimmune diseases) • TETANY increases neuromuscular irritability • Main manifestation is CARPOPEDAL SPASM 18