Mobile Technology – Historical Evolution, Present Status & Future Directions

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, GhaziabadDr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad
Faculty Development Program on
Emerging Trends of ICT in Higher Education
(09th – 15th June, 2016)
Mobile Technology – Historical Evolution, Present
Status & Future Directions
Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey
Professor & Director (IT)
Institute of Technology & Science
(NAAC Accredited “A” Grade Institute & NBA Accredited PG Programs)
Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad
www.its.edu.in

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad
How the Technology is Impacting!
 It is evident from the fact that:
 in 1930, it used to take about 70 years to double the worldwide
information
 in 1970 it was reduced to 30 yrs, and
 it is projected that by 2018, this will take place at every 09 Hrs.
 In this scenario, amount of data is being posed is enormous and our
conventional methods of storage, manipulation and analysis are being
challenged very frequently
 Facebook is forced to go for an Application named “MOON” where
Facebook expects the Users to transfer their Images, Videos, Information on
this Application otherwise after sometime all old Images & Videos shall be
deleted from Facebook Database.
 This is posing the new challenges of:
 developing newer algorithms
 processing tools
 storage and access methods
 To cope up with this increased volume of data without compromising with the
quality and performance of the applications.
2

3
Shift in Paradigms
 Past few decades, in the context of Information Technology
(IT), word have witnessed a paradigm shift from:
• Mainframes to Tablets
• Our interactions with the devices have been changing from
Batch computing (mainframes), time-sharing (minis), personal
computing (PCs), to mobile computing (laptops, tablets, smart
phones) and now to clouds and Heading towards Pervasive
Computing Environment leading to Internet of Things (IoT).
• In each generation, the infrastructure, the way we interact with
these computers, and how we use these, have been changing
unprecedented.
• The arrival of web have changed the model of building
applications by enabling everyone to become a content producer.

Paradigm Shift in Technology
 From Basic Network (ARPANET) to Mobile Network
◦ Physical Networks – Wireless – Mobile - Virtual
◦ It is helping to create a Dynamic Global Network Infrastructure with self-
configuring capabilities based on standard and inter-operable communication
Protocols where Physical and Virtual “Things” have identities, physical attributes,
and Virtual Personalities and use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
integrated into the information network, often communicate data associated with
users and their environment – creating a new shift in Paradigm called – IoT
 From Basic Data Files (1950’s) to In-Memory Databases
 From Tape-based Storage to SAN to Data Centers
 From Physical Infrastructure/ Services/ Products to
Virtualization
 From Restricted Infrastructure to Clouds
 From Internet of People to Internet of Things
……………….... and so on
Apr. 01, 2008 4

Motivation: Internet Revolution
A boffin is British slang for a scientist, engineer, or other person engaged in technical or
scientific work.
In computers and the Internet, a geek is a person who is inordinately dedicated to and involved
with technology
 ‘Internet of Masses’ refers to engaging people & masses with the emergence of Social Media
applications including Face book, LinkedIn, Twitter etc.
 Mobile Internet’ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. There
was steep rise in the use of internet by the people round the globe due to the mobile internet.
 ‘Internet of Things’ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using
internet.

Contd…..
• ‘Internet of masses’ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst
in 2000.
• In the starting of this era Dot-com bubble burst led to high
growth in stock markets due to increasing use of internet in the
industrial sector.
• In this era many people across the globe started using internet.
• Social networking sites came into existence.
• In 2001 Wikipedia came into existence followed by
– Facebook in 2004
– Youtube
– Twitter and
– Wikileaks in the consecutive years.

What is Internet Minute?
2015

Electronic Computing Devices & Technology Trends
• Advances in Technology
– more computing power in smaller devices
– flat, lightweight displays with low power consumption
– user interfaces suitable for small dimensions
– higher bandwidths
– multiple wireless interfaces: wireless LANs, wireless WANs, home RF,
Bluetooth
• New Electronic Computing Devices
– small, cheap, portable, replaceable and most important of all USABLE!
• Technology Trends
– devices are aware of their environment and adapt - “location
awareness”
– devices recognize the location of the user and react appropriately (e.g.,
call forwarding, fax forwarding)

Shifting Trends in Technology
• OS Share – On Mobile
• Worldwide Devices Shipments by Segment (Thousands of Units)

Connected World

Urban & Rural
India: A
Comparison of
IT Usage

Contd….

Internet of Things and economy sectors

We are heading to 2050!

What Comprises IoT Networks?
Information
Technology
(IT)
Operational
Technology
(OT)
Smart
Objects

Internet of Things: a glimpse into the future
Estimation is that by 2020
there will be 50 billion
connected devices!
Anything that will be
benefit from being
connected will be
connected!
There will be 40 times more devices
than people on the Internet in 2020.

7.2
6.8 7.6
IoT Is Here Now – and Growing!
Rapid Adoption
Rate of Digital
Infrastructure:
5X Faster Than
Electricity and
Telephony
50 Billion
“Smart Objects”
50
2010 2015 2020
0
40
30
20
10
BILLIONSOFDEVICES
25
12.5
Inflection
Point
TIMELINE
World
Population

The Secure IoT Architecture
– IT Plus OT!
Services
Application Interfaces
Infrastructure Interfaces
New Business Models Partner Ecosystem
Applications
Device and Sensor Innovation
Application Enablement Platform
Application Centric Infrastructure
Security
APPLICATION AND BUSINESS INNOVATION
Data
Integration
Big Data Analytics
Control
Systems
Application
Integration
Network and
Perimeter Security
Physical Security
Device-level
Security /
Anti-tampering
Cloud-based Threat
Analysis /
Protection
End-to-End Data
Encryption
Services

IT and OT are Inherently Different
IT• Connectivity: “Any-to-Any”
• Network Posture: Confidentiality,
Integrity, Availability (CIA)
• Security Solutions: Cybersecurity;
Data Protection
• Response to Attacks:
Quarantine/Shutdown to
Mitigate
OT
• Connectivity: Hierarchical
• Network Posture: Availability,
Integrity, Confidentiality (AIC)
• Security Solutions: Physical
Access Control; Safety
• Response to Attacks: Non-stop
Operations/Mission Critical –
Never Stop, Even if Breached

IT/OT Converged Security Model
IT
DMZ
OT
Enterprise Network
Supervisory
Demilitarized Zone
Automation & Control
IdentityServices
Cloud
NetworkSecurity
SecureAccess
ApplicationControl
ConfigMgmt

Opportunities

Applications I
• Vehicles
– transmission of news, road conditions, weather
– personal communication using cellular
– position identification via GPS
– inter vehicle communications for accident
prevention
– vehicle and road inter communications for traffic
control, signaling, data gathering
– ambulances, police, etc.: early transmission of
patient data to the hospital, situation reporting
– entertainment: music, video
32

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 7/10/2016Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad
Highway Scenario
33
GSM, 3G, WLAN,
Bluetooth, ...
PDA, laptop, cellular phones,
GPS, sensors

Applications II
• Mobile workers
– access to customer files and company documents stored in a
central location
– collaborative work environments
– access to email and voice messages
• Replacement of fixed networks
– remote sensors, e.g., weather, environment, road conditions
– flexible work spaces
– LANs in legacy buildings
• Entertainment, education, ...
– outdoor Internet access
– intelligent travel guide with up-to-date
location dependent information
– ad-hoc networks for
multi user games

Mobile Devices
35
performance
Pager
• receive only
• tiny displays
• simple text
messages
Mobile phones
• voice, data
• simple text displays
PDA
• simple graphical displays
• character recognition
• simplified WWW
Palmtop
• tiny keyboard
• simple versions
of standard applications
Laptop
• fully functional
• standard applications
Sensors,
embedded
controllers

Impact of Portability on Device Design/Functionality
• Power consumption
– battery capacity - limited computing power, low quality/smaller displays, smaller disks, fewer
options (I/O, CD/DVD)
– CPU: power consumption ~ CV2f
• C: internal capacity, reduced by integration
• V: supply voltage, can be reduced to a certain limit
• f: clock frequency, can be reduced dynamically based on usage
• Device vulnerability
– more rugged design required to withstand bumps, weather conditions, etc.
– theft
• Limited/Simpler User Interfaces
– display size
– compromise between comfort/usability and portability (keyboard size)
– integration of character/voice recognition, abstract symbols
• Limited memory
– memory limited by size and power
– flash-memory or ? as alternative

Wireless Networks Compared to Fixed Networks
• Higher loss-rates due to interference
– other EM signals, objects in path (multi-path, scattering)
• Limited availability of useful spectrum
– frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all
occupied
• Low transmission rates
– local area: 2 – 11 Mbit/s, wide area: 9.6 – 19.2 kbit/s
• Higher delays, higher jitter
– connection setup time for cellular in the second range, several hundred
milliseconds for wireless LAN systems
• Lower security, simpler active attacking
– radio interface accessible for everyone
– base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones
• Always shared medium
– secure access mechanisms important

History & Development: Development & Applications
• 1898 - 1901 - Guglielmo Marconi
– first demonstration of wireless
telegraphy (Morse code - digital!)
– long wave transmission over longer distances (transatlantic) at an operating
frequency of 1MHz
• 1906 - 1st World Admin. Radio Conf. (WARC -> WRC)
– increasing popularity of radio systems and their extended use
– ability to define BW using filters led to spectrum control
– recommendations for the assignment of RF bands
• 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections
– huge base stations
(30 100m high antennas)
• 1915 - Wireless voice transmission N.Y. - San Francisco
• 1920 - Discovery of short waves by Marconi
– reflection at the ionosphere
– smaller sender and receiver -> due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906 - Lee
DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

History & Development: Development & Applications
• 1933 - Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
• 1946 - Mobile Telephone Service (MTS) in US
– introduced in 1946, it allowed telephone calls between fixed stations and
mobile sers
– one single powerful transmitter/receiver (base station) provided coverage of
up to 50km
– based on FM technology, each voice channel of 3kHz used 120KHz of
spectrum, and only half duplex service was available
– blocking probabilities were as high as 65% (only 12 simultaneous calls could
be handled!)
• 1958 - A-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
– analog cellular, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover,
80% coverage, 1971 only 11000 customers
• 1972 - B-Netz in Germany at 160MHz
– connection setup from the fixed network (location of the mobile station had
to be known)

History & Development: Analog Cellular Services
• Two major technological improvements made the cellular
concept a reality:
– the microprocessor -> allowed for complex algorithms to be
implemented, and
– digital control links between base station and mobile unit ->
allowed for increased control of the system so more sophisticated
services could be made available:
• hand-overs
• digital signaling
• automatic location of mobile device
• 1979 - Analog Mobile Phone System (AMPS) in US
• 1979 - NMT at 450MHz in Scandinavian countries
• 1985 - France’s Radiocom 2000
• 1985 - UK’s TACS
• 1986 - C-Netz in Germany at 450MHz

History & Development: Digital Cellular
• 1991 - Specification of DECT
– Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications)
– 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission,
voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 40
countries
• 1992 - Start of GSM
– fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
– automatic location, hand-over, cellular
– roaming initially in Europe - now worldwide in more than 100 countries
– services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...
• Early 90’s - IS 54, IS 136, IS 95 in US in same spectrum as AMPS
– IS 54 is a TDMA digital standard that uses the old AMPS system for transmission.
– IS 136 is the new TDMA standard and
– IS 95 is the CDMA based standard. All 4 systems are in operation in the US!
• 1994 - GSM at 1800MHz (called Digital Cellular Service (DCS1800))
– smaller cells, supported by 11 countries

History & Development: Digital Wireless Services
• 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
– ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
– recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-
networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
• 1997 - Wireless LANs
– many products with proprietary extensions out there already
– IEEE-Standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz, 2Mbit/s
• 1998 - Specification of GSM successors
– UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as the European proposal for IMT-
2000
• 1998 - Specification for next generation CDMA starts
– Qualcomm starts work on wideband CDMA spec.
• 1999 - Specificatipn of IEEE802.11b
– increased BW to 11Mbit/s
• 2000 - Bluetooth Specification
– 1Mbit/s specification, single cell
– Work on 10Mbit/s spec. with multi cell capability initiated
Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Mohan Nagar, Ghaziabad 42

Introduction
 New dimensions of ongoing Digital Revolution is evolving year-by-year,
 It is enabling an abundance of information to move faster, cheaper, in
more intelligible forms, in more directions, and across borders of every
kind.
 Over the last decade, the growth of the entire telecom ecosystem has
significantly propelled the growth of digital quotient in the country,
and, in turn, positively affected the lives of a vast majority of India’s
population.
 With more than 960 million subscribers, telecom services have
reached some of the remotest areas in the country acting as an
enabler for the masses.
 The digital revolution now stands at the cusp of a transformation, with
the new government laying out its vision of a digitally enabled India.
 The multi-faceted “Digital India” program aims to transform the
country into a knowledge economy using technology for delivery of
various government services and initiatives.

Some Historical Perspectives
• 1997, “The Internet of Things” is the Seventh in the series of ITU Internet
Reports originally launched in 1997 under the title “Challenges to the
Network”
• 1999, Auto-ID Center founded in MIT
• 2003, EPC Global Founded in MIT (An organization set up to achieve worldwide
adoption and standardization of Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology. The
Main focus is
– To create a standard for RFID
– The use of the Internet to share data
– via the EPCglobal Network
• 2005, Four important technologies of the “Internet of Things” was proposed in
SWIS Conference (World Summit on Information Society)
• 2008, First International Conference of “Internet of Things : The IOT 2008” was
held at Zurich.

Moving towards a Smarter Internet
• Imagine a world where Billion of objects can sense, communicate
can sense, communicate and share information, all
interconnected over public or private Internet Protocol (IP)
Networks.
• These Interconnected objects have data regularly Collected,
Analyzed and used to initiate action, providing a wealth of
Intelligence for Planning, Management and decision making.
• This is the world of the Internet of Things (IOT)

People Connecting to Things
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
Motion sensor
ECG sensor
Internet

Things Connecting to Things
- Complex and heterogeneous resources and
networks

Future Networks

Technology Ahead
Over the next few years, we can expect different trends which will
include:
Location awareness
Context awareness
Augmented Reality etc.
Sensors and little devices start talking to each other and to
mobile devices and to the cloud (IoT).
To leverage these emerging trends, we need to keep close watch on
these developments and understand the challenges these
developments are posing on us.
49

Contd….
Apr. 01,
2008
50
 The future of a country is generally determined by the
growth of its economy
 The Digital India campaign is one such way that will not only
strengthen the economy of India, but will also play a major
role in putting India in the league of developed nations.
 The transformation of the country into a knowledge
economy will ensure the industry gets rock solid support
and a fertile ground to flourish in the time to come.
 Additionally, the huge investment of Rs.1.13 lakh-crore and
18 lakh direct or indirect jobs in the country will generate
trust among major investors across the globe making it the
new mecca for emerging technologies.
 Consequently, the next Apple or Facebook might just come
from India!

Generic Enablers

Challenges of Digital Progress
 Basic Infrastructure (Power/ Energy/ Computers)
 There is a strong need of creating a basic foundation to build
upon a solid ground to build-up an ICT enabled Infrastructure
flourish the
◦ Computer - Network & Communication
◦ Spectrum - Awareness
◦ Accessibility - Availability
◦ Affordability - Security -
 The increasing Digital Divide
◦ Cyber Space Vs Physical Space
 Dividing Society between Digitally Empowered & Digitally Isolated
Communities from Urban & Rural Communities
 Spectrum Crunch

53
An issue of concern –
The Power Consumption
 Desktop consumption has
reached 100 watts
 Total Personal Computer (400
million) energy usage in 2000 =
26 nuclear power plants
 2.6 Billion Computers in 2015 =
How much energy usage ???
 Power is the bottleneck of
improving the system
performance
 Power consumption is causing
serious problems because of
excessive heat.
Water Cooled Computer
(www.water-cooling.com)

Green Computers - Energy efficient Machines
are now need of the Hour
 CPU Intel i3 Third Generation consumes 35W
 CPU Intel i3 Fourth Generation consumes 15W
 CPU Intel i5 Fifth Generation consumes 15W
 CPU AMD 6402 consumes 15W
54

55
Power Consumption & Data
Centers
 On an average the world’s
Data Centers use 30 billions
watts of electricity – equiv. To
30 Nuclear Power Plant
 One single room in
Datacenter contains 100
Racks
 1 Rack = 5 to 20 kW
 One of the contributors to the
2000/2001 California Energy
Crisis This caused an 800%
increase in wholesale prices from
April 2000 to December 2000
The estimated cost of crisis was
$40 to 45 Billion.
Internet
Racks
Gateway
Client
 Where are the web pages
you browse?
Data Center

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 56
A Perfect “Green Computing” Example
 A super low-power “processor”:
◦ 800x faster
◦ 1000x more memory
◦ 3000x less power
◦ The average reaction time for
humans is 0.25 seconds to a visual
stimulus, 0.17 for an audio stimulus,
and 0.15 seconds for a touch
stimulus.

57
A super low power - “Processor”
Modern Processor made by
hundreds of PH.D.
researchers (The MOS
transistor was built from Silicon,
the pre-dominant atom in rock
and sand, after processed in a
high temperature.)
Human Brain
( containing 100 billion
neurons, each linked to as
many as 10,000 other
neurons.)
Speed 2.0 GHz Equivalent to 1,700 GHz
processor
Memory
(Source: Oracle Corporation:
http://library.thinkquest.org/C001501/the_
saga/compare.htm, computer vs. brain)
100 GB 100,000 GB
Power
(Source: UC Berkeley, EE241 class)
45 mW/cm3 15 mW/cm3

Introduction
• 2010 view starts with the concept of a pervasive set of
objects that can interact with each other and cooperate with
their neighbors to reach common goals. Authors coming from
the RFID space.
• IoT is expected to have high impact both positively and
negatively (disruptive technologies and potential threats).
• Central issues are full interoperability of interconnected
devices and more smartness while guaranteeing trust,
privacy and security.
• Efforts are to describe different visions (Next Slide).

Three Visions of IoT

Definition
 “Internet of Things semantically means a world-wide network of
interconnected objects uniquely addressable, based on standard
communication protocols.”
 Challenges include object unique addressing and the
representation and storing of exchanged information.
 Smart items can relate to concept of a spime.
• Spime: An object that can be tracked through space and time
throughout its lifetime and will be sustainable, enhanceable and
uniquely identified.

The Internet of Things
• The term Internet of Things
was first used by Kevin Ashton
in 1999.
• Refers to uniquely identifiable
objects (things) and their
virtual representations in an
Internet-like structure

Relationship to the Internet of Everything
(IoE)
People
Connecting People in More
Relevant, Valuable Ways
Process
Delivering the Right Information
to the Right Person (or Machine)
at the Right Time
Data
Leveraging Data into
More Useful Information for
Decision Making
Things
Physical Devices and Objects
Connected to the Internet and
Each Other for Intelligent
Decision Making
IoE

The Concept of IOT
• The concept of IOT was coined by a Member of the Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) development community in
1999 by Mr. Kevin Ashton in 2009.
• It has become more relevant to the Practical world largely
because of growth of:
– Mobile Devices
– Embedded and Ubiquitous Communication
– Cloud Computing and
– Data Analytics.

“Internet of Objects” “Machine-to-Machine Era”
(2) Internet of Things refers to the concept that the Internet is no longer
just a global network for people to communicate with one another using
computers, but it is also a platform for devices to communicate electronically with
the world around them.”
--Center for Data and Innovation
(1) The Internet of Things, also called The Internet of Objects, refers to a wireless
network between objects, usually the network will be wireless and self-
configuring, such as household appliances.
------Wikipedia
“Internet of Everything”

(4) “Things having identities and virtual personalities operating in smart spaces
using intelligent interfaces to connect and communicate within social,
environmental, and user contexts”.
-------IoT in 2020
(3) The term "Internet of Things" has come to describe a number of technologies
and research disciplines that enable the Internet to reach out into the real world
of physical objects.
------IoT 2008

Characteristics
Event
Driven
Ambient
Intelligence Flexible
Structure
Semantic
Sharing
Complex Access
Technologies
Internet of Things

Applications of IoT
Education
Food
Management
IoT
Applications
Retail
Logistics
Pharmaceuticals

Some more Applications
• Applications for Connected/ Smart Homes
• Applications for Wearable's
• Applications in Retails
• Applications for Smart Cities
• Applications for HealthCare
• Applications I Agriculture
• Application in Automotives/ Transportations
• Application in Industrial Automations
• Applications in Energy Management

Network Infrastruture

• Univocally identifiable and addressable objects
• Artificial Intelligence
• Architecture
• Geo-Localization
• Size Considerations
Features

Market Trends
• In today’s IT Industry, companies are staying competitive by
adopting new Technologies, streamlining business processes
and Innovating new services to increase productivity and save
cost. Some of them are:
– Logistics and Supply Chain
– Healthcare
– Smart Grid & Monitoring
– Automotive Transportation
– Retail Businesses

Technology Trends
• Several Technology Trends are helping to
shape IoT. Here are 07 identified Macro
trends:
1. The Miniaturization of Devices
2. Advances in RFID Technologies
3. Internet Protocol (IPv6)
4. Improvements in Communication throughput and Latency
5. Real Time Analytics
6. Adoption of Cloud Technologies
7. Security

The Miniaturization of Devices
• IoT uses technologies to connect physical objects
to the Internet
• The size and cost of electronic components that
are needed to support capabilities such as:
– Sensing
– tracking and
– control mechanisms
Above play a critical role in the widespread adoption of
IoT for various Industry Applications.

Smart Things Timeline

Challenges and Issues
• Issues
– Society: People, security, privacy
• A policy for people in the Internet of Things:
• Legislation
– Environmental aspects
• Resource efficiency
• Pollution and disaster avoidance
– Technological
• Architecture (edge devices, servers, discovery services, security, etc.)
• Governance, naming, identity, interfaces
• Service openness, interoperability
• Connections of real and virtual world
• Standards

IoT will inherit the drawbacks of the current internet on
an infinitely larger, but more invisible scale
– Privacy – will be a huge issue when implementing IoT
– Identity - Online Fragmentation of Identity
– Efficiency – speed - person loses identity and is an IP address
– Decisions – do not delegate too much of our decision making
and freedom of choice to things and machines
– Balancing

• Transition to IPv6 – Internet protocol v6
• Establishing a common set of standards between
companies, educational systems, and nations.
– The same type of cabling,
– The same applications or programming
– The same protocol or set of rules that will apply to all
• Developing energy sources for millions -even
billions - of sensors.
– Wind
– Solar,
– Hydro-electric

Hype Cycle of IoT

Dr. Sunil Kr Pandey, I.T.S, Ghaziabad 82
Living Labs
ACCESS
TO:
What’s next-short term? Supporting the teams

Future of IoT

Mobile Technology – Historical Evolution, Present Status & Future Directions

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