![Vector API (JEP 338)
41
void scalarComputation(float[] a, float[] b, float[] c) {
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++)
c[i] = (a[i] * a[i] + b[i] * b[i]) * -1.0f;
}
static final VectorSpecies<Float> SPECIES = FloatVector.SPECIES_256;
void vectorComputation(float[] a, float[] b, float[] c) {
for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i += SPECIES.length()) {
var m = SPECIES.indexInRange(i, a.length);
var va = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, a, i, m);
var vb = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, b, i, m);
var vc = va.mul(va).
add(vb.mul(vb)).
neg();
vc.intoArray(c, i, m);
}
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modernjavaworkshop-240509142009-77c1d23d/85/Modern_Java_Workshop-manjunath-np-hj-slave-41-320.jpg)
![Foreign Linker API (JEP 389): Incubator
44
• Provides statically-typed, pure-Java access to native code
‒ Works in conjunction with the Foreign Memory Access API
‒ Initially targeted at C native code. C++ should follow
• More powerful when combined with Project Panama jextract command
public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable {
var linker = CLinker.getInstance();
var lookup = LibraryLookup.ofDefault();
// get a native method handle for 'getpid' function
var getpid = linker.downcallHandle(lookup.lookup("getpid").get(),
MethodType.methodType(int.class),
FunctionDescriptor.of(CLinker.C_INT));
System.out.println((int)getpid.invokeExact());
}](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/modernjavaworkshop-240509142009-77c1d23d/85/Modern_Java_Workshop-manjunath-np-hj-slave-44-320.jpg)
Modern_Java_Workshop manjunath np hj slave
- 1. Getting The Most From Modern Java Presented by Simon Ritter, Deputy CTO | Azul Systems Inc.
- 2. Introduction 2 •Six-month release cadence •Seven releases since JDK 9 •More features being delivered faster than ever before Java has changed… …a lot
- 3. Incubator Modules 3 • Defined by JEP 11 • Non-final APIs and non-final tools ‒ Deliver to developers to solicit feedback ‒ Can result in changes or even removal ‒ First example: HTTP/2 API (Introduced in JDK 9, final in JDK 11)
- 4. Preview Features 4 • Defined by JEP 12 • New feature of the Java language, JVM or Java SE APIs ‒ Fully specified, fully implemented but not permanent ‒ Solicit developer real-world use and experience ‒ May lead to becoming a permanent feature in future release • Must be explicitly enabled ‒ javac --release 14 --enable-preview ... ‒ java --enable-preview ... • Preview APIs ‒ May be required for a preview language feature ‒ Part of the Java SE API (java or javax namespace)
- 5. JDK 12
- 6. Switch Expressions (Preview) 6 • Switch construct was a statement ‒ No concept of generating a result that could be assigned • Rather clunky syntax ‒ Every case statement needs to be separated ‒ Must remember break (default is to fall through) ‒ Scope of local variables is not intuitive
- 7. Old-Style Switch Statement 7 int numberOfLetters; switch (day) { case MONDAY: case FRIDAY: case SUNDAY: numberOfLetters = 6; break; case TUESDAY: numberOfLetters = 7; break; case THURSDAY: case SATURDAY: numberOfLetters = 8; break; case WEDNESDAY: numberOfLetters = 9; break; default: throw new IllegalStateException("Huh?: " + day); };
- 8. New-Style Switch Expression int numberOfLetters = switch (day) { case MONDAY, FRIDAY, SUNDAY -> 6; case TUESDAY -> 7; case THURSDAY, SATURDAY -> 8; case WEDNESDAY -> 9; default -> throw new IllegalStateException("Huh?: " + day); };
- 9. New Old-Style Switch Expression int numberOfLetters = switch (day) { case MONDAY: case FRIDAY: case SUNDAY: break 6; case TUESDAY break 7; case THURSDAY case SATURDAY break 8; case WEDNESDAY break 9; default: throw new IllegalStateException("Huh?: " + day); };
- 10. Streams • New collector, teeing ‒ teeing(Collector, Collector, BiFunction) • Collect a stream using two collectors • Use a BiFunction to merge the two collections 10 Collector 1 Collector 2 BiFunction Stream Result
- 11. Streams 11 // Averaging Double average = Stream.of(1, 4, 5, 2, 1, 7) .collect(teeing(summingDouble(i -> i), counting(), (sum, n) -> sum / n));
- 12. JDK 13
- 13. Text Blocks (Preview) String webPage = """ <html> <body> <p>My web page</p> </body> </html>"""; System.out.println(webPage); $ java WebPage <html> <body> <p>My web page</p> </body> </html> $ incidental white space
- 14. Text Blocks (Preview) String webPage = """ <html> <body> <p>My web page</p> </body> </html> """; System.out.println(webPage); $ java WebPage <html> <body> <p>My web page</p> </body> </html> $ Additional blank line incidental white space Intentional indentation
- 15. Switch Expression int numberOfLetters = switch (day) { case MONDAY: case FRIDAY: case SUNDAY: break 6; case TUESDAY break 7; case THURSDAY case SATURDAY break 8; case WEDNESDAY break 9; default: throw new IllegalStateException("Huh?: " + day); };
- 16. Switch Expression int numberOfLetters = switch (day) { case MONDAY: case FRIDAY: case SUNDAY: yield 6; case TUESDAY yield 7; case THURSDAY case SATURDAY yield 8; case WEDNESDAY yield 9; default: throw new IllegalStateException("Huh?: " + day); };
- 17. JDK 14
- 18. Simple Java Data Class 18 class Point { private final double x; private final double y; public Point(double x, double y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; } public double x() { return x; } public double y() { return y; } }
- 19. Records (Preview) 19 record Point(double x, double y) { } record Range(int low, int high) { public Range { // Compact constructor if (low > high) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Bad values"); } }
- 20. Record Additional Details 20 • Compact constructor can only throw unchecked exception ‒ Syntax does not allow for specifying a checked exception • Object methods equals(), hashCode() and toString() can be overridden • The base class of all records is java.lang.Record ‒ This is an example of a preview feature Java SE API ‒ Records cannot sub-class (but may implement interfaces) • Records do not follow the Java bean pattern ‒ x() not getX() in previous example • Instance fields cannot be added to a record ‒ Static fields can • Records can be generic
- 21. Using instanceof 21 if (obj instanceof String) { String s = (String)obj; System.out.println(s.length()); }
- 22. Pattern Matching instanceof (Preview) 22 if (obj instanceof String s) System.out.println(s.length()); else // Use of s not allowed here if (obj instanceof String s && s.length() > 0) System.out.println(s.length()); // Compiler error if (obj instanceof String s || s.length() > 0) System.out.println(s.length());
- 23. Pattern Matching instanceof (Preview) 23 if (!(o instanceof String s && s.length() > 3) return; System.out.println(s.length());
- 24. Text Blocks • Second preview • Two new escape sequences String continuous = """This line will not contain a newline in the middle and solves the extra blank line issue """; String endSpace = """This line will not s lose the trailing spaces s""";
- 25. Helpful NullPointerException 25 • Who's never had an NullPointerException? • Enabled with -XX:+ShowCodeDetailsInExceptionMessages a.b.c.i = 99; Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException at Prog.main(Prog.java:5) Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException: Cannot read field "c" because "a.b" is null at Prog.main(Prog.java:5)
- 26. JDK 15
- 27. Java Inheritance 27 • A class (or interface) in Java can be sub-classed by any class ‒ Unless it is marked as final Shape Triangle Square Pentagon
- 28. Sealed Classes (JEP 360) 28 • Preview feature • Sealed classes allow control over which classes can sub-class a class ‒ Think of final as the ultimate sealed class • Although called sealed classes, this also applies to interfaces
- 29. Sealed Classes (JEP 360) 29 • Uses contextual keywords ‒ New idea replacing restricted identifiers and keywords ‒ sealed, permits and non-sealed • Classes must all be in the same package or module public sealed class Shape permits Triangle, Square, Pentagon { ... } Shape Triangle Square Pentagon Circle X
- 30. Sealed Classes (JEP 360) 30 • All sub-classes must have inheritance capabilities explicitly specified // Restrict sub-classes to defined set public sealed class Triangle permits Equilateral, Isosoles extends Shape { ... } // Prevent any further sub-classing public final class Square extends Shape { ... } // Allow any classes to sub-class this one (open) public non-sealed class Pentagon extends Shape { ... }
- 31. Contextual Keyword Humour 31 int non = 2; int sealed = 1; var var = non-sealed;
- 32. Hidden Classes (JEP 371) 32 • JVM rather than language-level feature • Classes that cannot be used directly by the bytecodes of other classes • Several situations where bytecodes generated at runtime ‒ Use of invokedynamic bytecode ‒ Lambdas are a good example ‒ Mostly bound to static class (not for use elsewhere) ‒ Often only used for short time • Hidden classes can only be accessed via reflection ‒ Primarily intended for framework developers
- 33. Records (Second Preview) 33 • Record fields are now (really) final ‒ Cannot be changed via reflection (will throw IllegalAccessException) • Native methods now explicitly prohibited ‒ Could introduce behaviour dependent on external state
- 34. Records (Second Preview) 34 • Local records ‒ Like a local class ‒ Implicitly static List<Seller> findTopSellers(List<Seller> sellers, int month) { // Local record record Sales(Seller seller, double sales) {} return sellers.stream() .map(seller -> new Sales(seller, salesInMonth(seller, month))) .sorted((s1, s2) -> Double.compare(s2.sales(), s1.sales())) .map(Sales::seller) .collect(toList()); }
- 35. Records (Second Preview) 35 • Records work with sealed classes (interfaces) public sealed interface Car permits RedCar, BlueCar { ... } public record RedCar(int w) implements Car { ... } public record BlueCar(long w, int c) implements Car { ... }
- 36. JDK 16
- 37. Pattern Matching instanceof (JEP 394) 37 • Now final, i.e. part of the Java SE specification • Two minor changes to previous iterations ‒ Pattern variables are no longer implicitly final ‒ Compile-time error to compare an expression of type S against a pattern of type T where S is a sub-type of T static void printUpperLeftColoredPoint(Rectangle r) { if (r instanceof Rectangle rect) { System.out.println(rect); } } | Error: | pattern type Rectangle is a subtype of expression type Rectangle | if (r instanceof Rectangle rect) { | ^-------------------------^
- 38. Add UNIX-Domain Socket Channels 38 • Add UNIX_AF socket channels ‒ Used for IPC on UNIX-based OSs and Windows • Better security and performance than TCP/IP loopback connections ‒ Behaviour is identical • No constructor, use factory methods var unix = UnixDomainSocketAddress.of("/tmp/foo");
- 39. Streams mapMulti 39 • Similar to flatMap ‒ Each element on the input stream is mapped to zero or more elements on the output stream ‒ Difference is that a mapping can be applied at the same time ‒ Uses a BiConsumer Stream.of("Java", "Python", "JavaScript", "C#", "Ruby", "") .mapMulti((str, consumer) -> { for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) consumer.accept(str.length()); }) .forEach(i -> System.out.print(i + " ")); // 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 2 2 4 4 4 4
- 40. Vector API (JEP 338) 40 • Incubator module (not part of the Java SE specification) • API to express vector computations ‒ Compile at runtime to optimal hardware instructions ‒ Deliver superior performance to equivalent scalar operations • Ideally, this would not be necessary ‒ Compiler should identify where vector operations can be used
- 41. Vector API (JEP 338) 41 void scalarComputation(float[] a, float[] b, float[] c) { for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i++) c[i] = (a[i] * a[i] + b[i] * b[i]) * -1.0f; } static final VectorSpecies<Float> SPECIES = FloatVector.SPECIES_256; void vectorComputation(float[] a, float[] b, float[] c) { for (int i = 0; i < a.length; i += SPECIES.length()) { var m = SPECIES.indexInRange(i, a.length); var va = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, a, i, m); var vb = FloatVector.fromArray(SPECIES, b, i, m); var vc = va.mul(va). add(vb.mul(vb)). neg(); vc.intoArray(c, i, m); } }
- 42. Foreign-Memory Access API (JEP 393) 42 • Introduced in JDK 14, now third incubator iteration • API for safe and efficient access to memory outside of the Java heap • MemorySegment ‒ Models a contiguous area of memory • MemoryAddress ‒ Models an individual memory address (on or off heap) • MemoryLayout ‒ Programmatic description of a MemorySegment try (MemorySegment segment = MemorySegment.allocateNative(100)) { for (int i = 0; i < 25; i++) MemoryAccess.setIntAtOffset(segment, i * 4, i); }
- 43. Foreign-Memory Access API (JEP 393) 43 • Example using MemoryLayout and VarHandle ‒ Simpler access of structured data SequenceLayout intArrayLayout = MemoryLayout.ofSequence(25, MemoryLayout.ofValueBits(32, ByteOrder.nativeOrder())); VarHandle indexedElementHandle = intArrayLayout.varHandle(int.class, PathElement.sequenceElement()); try (MemorySegment segment = MemorySegment.allocateNative(intArrayLayout)) { for (int i = 0; i < intArrayLayout.elementCount().getAsLong(); i++) indexedElementHandle.set(segment, (long) i, i); }
- 44. Foreign Linker API (JEP 389): Incubator 44 • Provides statically-typed, pure-Java access to native code ‒ Works in conjunction with the Foreign Memory Access API ‒ Initially targeted at C native code. C++ should follow • More powerful when combined with Project Panama jextract command public static void main(String[] args) throws Throwable { var linker = CLinker.getInstance(); var lookup = LibraryLookup.ofDefault(); // get a native method handle for 'getpid' function var getpid = linker.downcallHandle(lookup.lookup("getpid").get(), MethodType.methodType(int.class), FunctionDescriptor.of(CLinker.C_INT)); System.out.println((int)getpid.invokeExact()); }
- 45. Warnings for Value-Based Classes 45 • Part of Project Valhalla, which adds value-types to Java ‒ Introduces the concept of primitive classes • Primitive wrapper classes (Integer, Float, etc.) designated value-based ‒ Constructors were deprecated in JDK 9 ‒ Now marked as for removal ‒ Attempting to synchronize on an instance of a value-based class will issue a warning
- 46. Strongly Encapsulate JDK Internals By Default 46 • Encapsulation of JDK internal APIs started in JDK 9 ‒ Part of modularity (Project Jigsaw) • Side effect was the potential to break many applications and frameworks ‒ Spring, etc. • The big kill switch was included to get round this ‒ --illegal-access ‒ Four options: permit, warn, debug, deny ‒ Until now default has been permit ‒ New default is deny • Critical internal APIs are still not encapsulated ‒ Including sun.misc.Unsafe
- 47. Summary
- 48. Zulu Enterprise 48 • Enhanced build of OpenJDK source code Fully TCK tested JDK 6, 7, 8, 11 and 13 TLS1.3, Flight Recorder backports • Wide platform support: Intel 64-bit Windows, Mac, Linux Intel 32-bit Windows and Linux • Real drop-in replacement for Oracle JDK Many enterprise customers No reports of any compatibility issues
- 49. Conclusions 49 • The six-month release cycle is working well • JDK 12 to JDK 16 contains lots of great new features • Start preparing for JDK 17, the next LTS ‒ Test with JDK 16 • Use Zulu builds of OpenJDK if you want to deploy to production
- 50. Questions?