Module 1- Living in the IT Era GE 12 FOR CHED

LESSON 1: Data Privacy and Security – Understanding Personal Data Protection and Online Safety
What is data?
Data refers to raw facts, figures, and details that are collected, stored, and analyzed for various purposes. It
can take many forms, including numbers, text, images, audio, and video. Data serves as the foundation for making
informed decisions in different fields such as business, science, education, and technology.
Real-Life Examples of Data Use in the Philippines
 Weather Forecasting: PAGASA collects climate and meteorological data to predict typhoons.
 E-Commerce: Shopee and Lazada analyze purchase data to recommend products to customers.
 Education: Schools track student performance data to improve learning outcomes.
Data is everywhere, and its proper collection, analysis, and security are crucial for making informed
decisions and protecting privacy.
Data Privacy refers to the right of individuals to control how their personal information is collected, used,
shared, and stored. It ensures that personal data is handled securely and not exploited for unauthorized purposes.
Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) and Data Subject Rights
The Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) is the primary law in the Philippines that protects
personal data. It ensures that individuals (called data subjects) have control over how their personal information is
collected, stored, and shared. The law is enforced by the National Privacy Commission (NPC) and applies to both
government and private organizations handling personal data.
Key Provisions of the Data Privacy Act
1. Scope and Application
 Covers all persons and entities that collect, process, or store personal data in the Philippines.
 Applies to both physical and digital data collected through websites, applications, surveys, and
other means.
2. Obligations of Organizations
 Must obtain consent from individuals before collecting personal information.
 Should implement data protection measures (e.g., encryption, secure storage).
 Must notify the National Privacy Commission (NPC) and affected individuals in case of a data
breach.
 Must appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO) to oversee compliance.
Rights of Data Subjects
Under the Data Privacy Act of 2012, individuals have the following rights:
1. Right to Be Informed
You have the right to know why, how, and where your data is being collected and used. Organizations must provide
a privacy notice explaining their data collection practices.
 Example: Before signing up for an online banking app, you should be informed about how your financial data
will be stored and used.
2. Right to Access
You can request a copy of any personal data that an organization has collected about you.
 Example: You can request your health records from a hospital or your financial records from a bank.
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3. Right to Object
You can refuse the collection or use of your personal data, especially for marketing purposes.
 Example: If an online store sends you promotional emails without your permission, you can opt out.
4. Right to Rectification (Correction of Data)
You have the right to correct or update inaccurate or outdated personal data.
 Example: If your contact details on a government database (like SSS or PhilHealth) are incorrect, you can
request corrections.
5. Right to Erasure or Blocking
You can ask an organization to delete or block your personal data if:
 It is no longer needed for the purpose it was collected.
 It was unlawfully collected without your consent.
 It violates your privacy rights.
 Example: If a website stores your personal information without your consent, you can request its removal.
6. Right to Data Portability
You can request your data in a format that allows you to transfer it to another service provider.
 Example: If you want to switch from one mobile network to another, you can request to transfer your call logs
and messages.
7. Right to File a Complaint
If your data privacy rights are violated, you can file a complaint with the National Privacy Commission (NPC).
 Example: If a company leaks your personal data, you can report it to the NPC for investigation.
8. Right to Damages
If your personal data is misused or leaked, you have the right to claim compensation for any damages suffered.
 Example: If a data breach leads to identity theft and financial loss, you can seek legal action for
compensation.
Penalties for Violating the Data Privacy Act
The Data Privacy Act of 2012 imposes fines and imprisonment for violations:
 Unauthorized processing of personal data – 500,000 to 2 million fine and 1-3 years of imprisonment.
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 Improper disposal of personal data – 500,000 to 2 million fine and 6 months to 2 years of
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imprisonment.
 Data breach due to negligence – 500,000 to 4 million fine and 1-3 years of imprisonment.
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 Unauthorized access (hacking) – 500,000 to 4 million fine and 1-3 years of imprisonment.
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Real-Life Data Privacy Cases in the Philippines
Positive Example:
 GCash & Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) – To protect users from fraud, GCash implemented multi-
factor authentication, requiring a one-time PIN (OTP) before transactions.
Data Privacy Violations:
1. COMELEC Data Breach (2016) – Exposed 55 million voter records, including personal details and
passport numbers. Considered one of the biggest government data breaches in the world.
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2. PhilHealth Ransomware Attack (2023) – Hackers leaked personal and medical data of PhilHealth
members, leading to privacy concerns and legal actions.
Conclusion
The Data Privacy Act of 2012 protects Filipinos from identity theft, data misuse, and unauthorized access to their
personal information. Understanding your rights and taking steps to secure your data can help prevent fraud and
protect your privacy. If your rights are violated, you can file a complaint with the National Privacy Commission
(NPC).
Data Security: Protection Against Cyber Threats
What is Data Security?
Data security refers to the measures and strategies used to protect digital and physical data from
unauthorized access, breaches, cyberattacks, theft, and corruption. It ensures that sensitive information remains
confidential, intact, and available only to authorized individuals.
In the Philippines, data security is governed by the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (RA 10173), which requires
organizations to implement safeguards to protect personal and corporate data.
Key Principles of Data Security
1. Confidentiality – Ensures that data is accessible only to authorized users.
 Example: Banking apps require passwords and OTPs to prevent unauthorized access.
2. Integrity – Ensures data remains accurate and unaltered.
 Example: Cloud storage services use encryption to prevent data tampering.
3. Availability – Ensures data is accessible when needed.
 Example: Hospitals must ensure patient records are available during emergencies.
Types of Data Security Measures
🔐 1. Access Control & Authentication
Restricts who can access data by using:
 Strong passwords
 Multi-factor authentication (MFA) (e.g., OTPs, biometrics)
 Role-based access control (RBAC) (e.g., only HR can access employee records)
 Data encryption (scrambling data to make it unreadable to hackers)
Example: Online banking apps use fingerprint authentication to prevent unauthorized logins.
📡 2. Network Security
Protects data transmitted over networks from cyberattacks.
 Firewalls – Block malicious traffic.
 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) – Secure internet connections.
 Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) – Detect suspicious activities.
Example: Government agencies use VPNs to secure online communications.
📊 3. Data Encryption
Converts data into unreadable code to prevent unauthorized access.
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 AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is commonly used for encryption.
Example: Messaging apps like Viber and WhatsApp use end-to-end encryption to protect user conversations.
🛠️4. Data Backup & Recovery
Ensures data is stored securely and can be restored in case of system failure or cyberattacks.
 Cloud backups (e.g., Google Drive, OneDrive)
 Offline backups (e.g., External hard drives)
Example: Businesses use cloud backups to prevent data loss during power outages.
🛡️5. Security Awareness & Training
Educating employees and users about cybersecurity risks like:
 Phishing scams (fraudulent emails)
 Social engineering (tricking people into revealing sensitive data)
 Malware attacks (viruses, ransomware)
Example: Companies conduct cybersecurity training to prevent data breaches.
Common Cyber Threats in the Philippines
1. Phishing Attacks – Hackers send fake emails to steal passwords.
 Example: Scammers pretending to be GCash or BPI ask users to click fraudulent links.
2. Ransomware Attacks – Hackers lock files and demand payment to restore access.
 Example: The PhilHealth Ransomware Attack (2023) exposed millions of Filipino healthcare
records.
3. Identity Theft – Criminals steal personal data to commit fraud.
 Example: SIM swap scams steal OTPs to hack bank accounts.
4. Data Breaches – Unauthorized access to sensitive information.
 Example: The COMELEC Data Breach (2016) exposed 55 million voter records.
Best Practices for Data Security
✅ For Individuals:
 Use strong passwords and MFA for accounts.
 Avoid clicking suspicious emails and links.
 Regularly update software and antivirus programs.
 Use secure Wi-Fi and avoid public networks for transactions.
✅ For Businesses & Organizations:
 Implement strict access control (limit who can access sensitive data).
 Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing.
 Encrypt stored and transmitted data.
 Train employees on cybersecurity best practices.
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Lesson 2: Cyberbullying: Understanding and Addressing the Issue
What is Cyberbullying?
Cyberbullying refers to the use of digital platforms (such as social media, text messages, emails, and online
forums) to harass, intimidate, or harm others. Unlike traditional bullying, which typically occurs in person,
cyberbullying takes place in the virtual world and can occur at any time, often anonymously, making it more difficult
for victims to escape.
Forms of Cyberbullying:
1. Harassment – Repeatedly sending offensive, hurtful, or threatening messages.
 Example: Sending constant mean comments or messages on someone's social media posts.
2. Impersonation – Pretending to be someone else online to spread false information or damage their
reputation.
 Example: Creating fake accounts with someone else’s name or photos to post embarrassing or
harmful content.
3. Outing – Sharing personal, private, or embarrassing information about someone online without their
consent.
 Example: Posting intimate photos or personal secrets of a person to humiliate them.
4. Exclusion – Intentionally excluding someone from an online group or activity to make them feel left out or
isolated.
 Example: Removing someone from a social media group chat or blocking them from participating in
online events.
5. Cyberstalking – Repeatedly targeting and harassing an individual over an extended period.
 Example: Constantly sending threatening messages or tracking someone’s online activities without
their consent.
6. Doxxing – Publicly releasing private personal information, such as addresses or phone numbers, to harm
the victim.
 Example: Posting someone's home address or phone number online to encourage others to harass
them.
Cyberbullying in the Philippines
Cyberbullying has become a significant issue in the Philippines, especially among the youth, due to the high
prevalence of mobile phone usage and internet access. Social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, and
Twitter are common spaces for cyberbullying activities. The Philippine government has taken steps to address this
growing issue through Republic Act No. 10627, also known as the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, which requires schools to
adopt policies to prevent and address bullying, including cyberbullying.
Additionally, Republic Act No. 10175, or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012, provides legal measures to combat
cybercrimes, including online harassment, identity theft, and cyberbullying.
Impact of Cyberbullying
Cyberbullying can have serious emotional, psychological, and social consequences for the victims, including:
1. Emotional Distress – Victims may experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, and feelings of worthlessness.
 Example: A teenager who is repeatedly mocked online may feel isolated and lose confidence in
themselves.
2. Academic Decline – Cyberbullying can affect a student's focus, motivation, and school performance.
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 Example: A student who faces online ridicule may lose interest in their studies and stop attending
school.
3. Self-Harm and Suicide – In extreme cases, victims of cyberbullying may resort to self-harm or suicide as a
result of prolonged emotional pain.
 Example: Several tragic cases have been reported worldwide where teens take their own lives due
to relentless cyberbullying.
4. Social Isolation – Victims may withdraw from their social circles, avoiding interactions both online and offline.
 Example: A young person may stop using social media or avoid attending social events because
they fear being bullied.
How to Prevent Cyberbullying
For Individuals:
1. Be Mindful of What You Share – Avoid sharing sensitive or private information online.
2. Be Kind and Respectful Online – Always treat others the way you want to be treated.
3. Use Privacy Settings – Adjust your social media settings to limit who can view and comment on your posts.
4. Report and Block Bullies – Most social media platforms have features that allow you to report and block
bullies.
5. Reach Out for Support – If you're a victim of cyberbullying, don't hesitate to talk to someone you trust, such
as a friend, parent, teacher, or counselor.
For Schools and Organizations:
1. Implement Anti-Bullying Policies – Create clear guidelines for preventing and addressing cyberbullying in
educational institutions or workplaces.
2. Provide Awareness and Education – Conduct workshops and programs to educate students and staff about
the dangers of cyberbullying and how to prevent it.
3. Support Victims – Offer counseling and support to those who have been affected by cyberbullying.
4. Enforce Consequences – Ensure that appropriate disciplinary actions are taken against perpetrators of
cyberbullying.
Legal Framework for Addressing Cyberbullying in the Philippines
Republic Act No. 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013)
This law mandates that all schools in the Philippines develop anti-bullying policies to protect students from all forms
of bullying, including cyberbullying. Schools must:
 Set up procedures for reporting incidents of bullying,
 Investigate complaints of bullying,
 Provide counseling services for victims, and
 Discipline perpetrators in accordance with the law.
Republic Act No. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012)
This law criminalizes various cybercrimes, including:
 Cyberbullying: Sending offensive, threatening, or abusive messages or images via the internet.
 Libel: Publishing harmful statements about someone online.
 Identity Theft: Using someone's personal information online for malicious purposes.
Penalties include imprisonment and fines depending on the severity of the offense.
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What to Do if You Are a Victim of Cyberbullying
1. Document Everything – Take screenshots or save copies of any abusive messages, posts, or interactions.
2. Report the Incident – Use the reporting tools available on social media platforms or websites to alert the
authorities.
3. Seek Support – Talk to a trusted adult, counselor, or mental health professional to address the emotional
impact of cyberbullying.
4. Legal Action – If the harassment is severe or ongoing, victims can file a case under the Cybercrime
Prevention Act or other related laws.
Conclusion:
Cyberbullying is a harmful and pervasive issue that can have lasting effects on the victims' mental health,
academic performance, and social lives. Awareness, prevention, and prompt action from individuals, schools, and
organizations are crucial to addressing this issue. Legal frameworks like the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013 and the
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 are essential tools in combating cyberbullying in the Philippines. Everyone must
work together to create a safer and more respectful online environment.
Remember:
 Be kind online, just as you would in person.
 Speak out against cyberbullying and support those who are being targeted.
What is Online Etiquette?
Online etiquette, also known as netiquette, refers to the set of guidelines and expectations for polite,
respectful, and responsible behavior when communicating and interacting in the digital world. This includes
interactions on social media, emails, forums, and any other online platforms. As our digital presence grows, it's
essential to understand how to engage in a way that promotes positivity, avoids misunderstandings, and protects
personal reputation.
Key Principles of Online Etiquette
1. Be Respectful and Courteous
Just as in face-to-face communication, it is important to treat others with kindness and respect online.
 Avoid offensive language or insults.
 Don't engage in online arguments or flame wars.
 Acknowledge other people’s opinions respectfully, even if you disagree.
Example: If you don’t agree with someone's opinion on a Facebook post, express your thoughts politely instead of
resorting to personal attacks.
2. Use Proper Language and Grammar
While casual language may be acceptable in certain online spaces (like texting), it's important to use correct
grammar, spelling, and punctuation in professional or formal communications.
 Use clear and concise language.
 Avoid using all caps, as it is often interpreted as shouting.
 Proofread your messages before sending, especially in emails or work-related communications.
Example: In a professional email to a colleague, instead of saying, "i need help now", you might say, "Hello, could you
please assist me with this issue as soon as possible?"
3. Think Before You Post
Once something is posted online, it can often be permanent. Be mindful of the content you share, as it may affect
your online reputation and relationships.
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 Consider the impact of your post on others.
 Be cautious when posting personal or sensitive information about yourself or others.
 Don’t share something without verifying its truthfulness, especially in the case of news or rumors.
Example: Avoid posting something that could harm someone's reputation or make others uncomfortable, even if it's
meant as a joke.
4. Respect Others' Privacy
In the digital world, respect for privacy is crucial. Just because something can be shared, doesn’t mean it should be.
 Avoid sharing private conversations or information without permission.
 Ask for consent before posting pictures of others, especially on social media.
 Don’t use someone’s personal information or images without their knowledge or approval.
Example: If you attend an event and take pictures, always ask others if they're comfortable with you posting their
images online.
5. Respond Promptly and Politely
Being courteous and responsive online shows respect for others' time and effort.
 Reply to emails, messages, or comments in a timely manner.
 Acknowledge and thank others for their feedback, help, or compliments.
 Avoid leaving people on read without any explanation, especially in professional settings.
Example: If a colleague sends you an email with a question, it’s polite to reply as soon as possible, even if just to
acknowledge receipt and say you’ll respond in more detail later.
6. Avoid Overposting or Spamming
While it’s important to be active online, excessive posting can overwhelm your audience and come off as spammy.
 Limit your posts to relevant and meaningful content.
 Don’t bombard people with messages or posts, especially in group chats or forums.
 Avoid using irrelevant hashtags or tags just to get attention.
Example: Instead of posting every thought or every picture you take on Instagram, try to curate your posts to reflect
moments that are meaningful or interesting.
7. Respect the Rules and Guidelines of Platforms
Each online platform (social media sites, forums, email, etc.) has its own set of guidelines and rules.
 Familiarize yourself with the community standards of any platform you use.
 Respect the terms of service to avoid being flagged or banned.
 Report inappropriate behavior or content that violates the platform's guidelines.
Example: If you’re participating in an online discussion group, ensure your comments align with the group’s topic and
rules.
The Importance of Online Etiquette
1. Promotes Positive Interactions
Proper online etiquette fosters healthy, productive, and respectful interactions that create positive
environments in virtual spaces.
 Example: Thoughtful and respectful comments encourage open discussions in forums or social
media, where differing opinions can be exchanged in a constructive manner.
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2. Protects Your Reputation
Your online presence is a reflection of you. How you communicate online shapes others' perceptions of you.
 Example: Someone who consistently uses polite language and engages in respectful conversations
online is more likely to be seen as trustworthy and professional.
3. Prevents Misunderstandings
Clear and respectful communication can reduce misunderstandings and conflicts, making online interactions
more effective and efficient.
 Example: Using clear language in a business email helps prevent confusion, especially when
discussing important tasks or deadlines.
4. Ensures Privacy and Safety
Following proper online etiquette also includes ensuring your own privacy and the privacy of others. By
sharing only necessary information and respecting boundaries, you protect not only your data but also
others'.
 Example: Not sharing sensitive personal information, such as your address or phone number, on
social media prevents identity theft or unwanted solicitations.
5. Creates a Safe and Inclusive Environment
By adhering to proper online etiquette, we help create a space where everyone feels respected, safe, and
included.
 Example: Avoiding discriminatory language and ensuring that diverse viewpoints are respected
fosters an inclusive and supportive online community.
Lesson 3: Digital Citizenship: Rights and Responsibilities of Being an Informed Digital User
What is Digital Citizenship?
Digital citizenship refers to the responsible use of technology by individuals to engage with society, work,
and communication in the digital world. It encompasses the rights, responsibilities, and behaviors that come with
interacting in an online environment. Being a digital citizen means understanding how to navigate the digital
landscape ethically, safely, and with respect for others.
Rights of a Digital Citizen
As a digital user, individuals are entitled to certain rights that ensure their safety, privacy, and freedom of
expression online. These rights are essential in maintaining an equitable and secure digital environment.
1. Right to Privacy
Every digital citizen has the right to control their personal information and decide how it is collected, used, and
shared. This is critical in an era where data privacy concerns are increasingly prevalent.
 Example: Users should have control over their social media profiles, deciding who can view their posts and
what information can be shared.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Data Privacy Act of 2012 ensures the protection of personal data and governs
how businesses collect and handle personal information.
2. Right to Free Speech and Expression
Digital citizens have the right to express their opinions and beliefs freely on online platforms, provided their speech
does not harm others or violate community guidelines.
 Example: Individuals can share their thoughts on social media or participate in online forums without fear of
censorship, as long as it does not involve hate speech, defamation, or other harmful content.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Constitution of the Philippines guarantees freedom of speech, although this
right has limitations when speech becomes harmful or incites violence.
3. Right to Access Information
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Digital citizens have the right to access information, knowledge, and resources available on the internet. This allows
individuals to learn, engage with global communities, and contribute to online discussions.
 Example: Accessing online educational materials, government resources, or public services available on
websites.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Freedom of Information (FOI) Act allows citizens to access public information
and government documents.
4. Right to Safety and Security
Digital citizens have the right to be protected from online threats such as cyberbullying, identity theft, and
cyberattacks. Ensuring that online platforms have security measures in place is essential to maintaining digital safety.
 Example: Users should be able to report inappropriate or harmful content on social media platforms and
have their complaints addressed.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 addresses crimes like online harassment,
cyberstalking, and identity theft, ensuring users are protected from malicious activities online.
Responsibilities of a Digital Citizen
Alongside rights, digital citizens also have specific responsibilities to ensure a safe, respectful, and productive online
environment. These responsibilities contribute to creating a positive digital community for all users.
1. Responsibility to Respect Others’ Rights
Digital citizens must respect the privacy and intellectual property rights of others. This means refraining from activities
like data theft, plagiarism, or unauthorized sharing of personal content.
 Example: Users should not steal someone’s creative work (e.g., photos, videos, articles) and present it as
their own.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Intellectual Property Code protects the ownership of original works, including
digital content.
2. Responsibility to Protect Personal Information
Digital citizens have the responsibility to safeguard their own personal data by using secure online platforms, strong
passwords, and enabling privacy settings.
 Example: Avoid sharing sensitive details (like passwords, bank information, and social security numbers)
online unless through a secure, trusted platform.
 Best Practice: Use multi-factor authentication (MFA) and regularly update passwords to protect your online
accounts.
3. Responsibility to Use Technology Ethically
Digital citizens must use technology responsibly and ethically, avoiding actions that can harm others, such as
cyberbullying, online harassment, or spreading misinformation.
 Example: Posting or sharing offensive or false content that could damage someone's reputation or cause
emotional harm.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): Under the Cybercrime Prevention Act, individuals can be penalized for committing
crimes such as online defamation or spreading fake news.
4. Responsibility to Be Critical and Evaluate Online Information
With the vast amount of information available online, digital citizens must be discerning and critical of the sources
they trust. This includes evaluating the credibility of news, articles, and online claims to avoid the spread of
misinformation or fake news.
 Example: Fact-checking news before sharing it on social media to prevent the spread of false or misleading
information.
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 Best Practice: Use reliable news outlets or fact-checking organizations to verify claims before making them
public.
5. Responsibility to Report Harmful Behavior
Digital citizens have a duty to report harmful or illegal online activities such as cyberbullying, identity theft, or scams.
Reporting helps keep online spaces safe for everyone.
 Example: Reporting abusive comments or fake profiles to platform administrators or authorities.
 Legal Basis (Philippines): The Cybercrime Prevention Act and the Anti-Bullying Act require that individuals
report cybercrimes and online harassment to relevant authorities.
6. Responsibility to Foster Digital Literacy
Digital citizens are responsible for improving their digital literacy, which includes understanding the tools and
platforms they use, being aware of their online behavior, and educating others on proper digital conduct.
 Example: Taking courses or reading articles on digital security and online etiquette to stay informed about
best practices.
 Best Practice: Encourage others, especially younger users, to adopt safe and respectful online behaviors
through mentorship or educational programs.
Digital Citizenship in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the need for digital literacy and citizenship is increasingly important as more people gain access to
the internet and social media platforms. The government has implemented several laws to promote safe, ethical, and
responsible use of digital technologies:
1. Republic Act No. 10627 (Anti-Bullying Act of 2013): This act mandates the development of anti-bullying
policies in schools, including measures to prevent cyberbullying.
2. Republic Act No. 10175 (Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012): Addresses crimes committed through the
internet, such as hacking, online harassment, and identity theft.
3. Republic Act No. 10973 (National Privacy Commission): Enforces the protection of personal data through
the Data Privacy Act of 2012, ensuring privacy and security for Filipino digital citizens.
Conclusion
Digital citizenship is about more than just using technology; it involves being an informed, ethical, and
responsible participant in the digital world. By recognizing both our rights and responsibilities as digital citizens, we
can help create a safe, respectful, and inclusive online environment for everyone. Whether it’s protecting our own
privacy, respecting others' opinions, or using technology to benefit society, responsible digital citizenship is key to
fostering a positive and productive digital community.
Lesson 4: Copyright and Intellectual Property: Respecting Ownership and Avoiding Plagiarism
What is Copyright and Intellectual Property?
Copyright and Intellectual Property (IP) are legal concepts designed to protect the rights of creators and owners of
original works. These laws ensure that creators can control the use of their creations, whether it be art, literature,
inventions, or other forms of intellectual creation. Understanding and respecting these concepts is essential for
individuals in the digital age, where content is easily shared and copied.
Copyright
Copyright refers to the legal right granted to the creators of original works to protect their creations from unauthorized
use, reproduction, or distribution. Copyright applies to a wide range of works, including literary, musical, artistic, and
dramatic works, as well as films, computer programs, and other digital content.
Key Aspects of Copyright:
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1. Automatic Protection
Copyright is granted automatically to creators of original works when the work is created and fixed in a
tangible medium. For example, when a writer finishes a novel or an artist paints a picture, they immediately
have copyright protection over their work.
2. Duration of Copyright
In most countries, including the Philippines, copyright lasts for the life of the creator plus 50 years (for
literary, artistic, and musical works). For works made for hire or anonymous works, copyright may last for 50
to 75 years, depending on the jurisdiction.
3. Exclusive Rights
Copyright gives the creator exclusive rights to:
o Reproduce the work (e.g., print copies of a book)
o Distribute copies of the work
o Perform or display the work publicly
o Create derivative works (e.g., adaptations or translations)
4. Fair Use
In some cases, the use of copyrighted material is allowed without the permission of the copyright owner
under the principle of fair use. This applies to specific uses, such as commentary, criticism, news reporting,
teaching, or research. However, fair use is subject to legal interpretation and varies by jurisdiction.
Lesson 5: Copyright and Intellectual Property: Respecting Ownership and Avoiding Plagiarism
Intellectual Property (IP)
Intellectual Property (IP) is a broader term that encompasses various legal protections granted to creators and
inventors. IP rights allow the owner to control the use and exploitation of their creations or inventions. IP includes
copyright but also extends to patents, trademarks, and trade secrets.
Types of Intellectual Property:
1. Copyright
As mentioned above, copyright protects original works of authorship, including books, music, films, software,
and artwork.
2. Patent
A patent is a legal right granted to an inventor for a new invention. It gives the inventor exclusive rights to
make, use, sell, and distribute the invention for a set period (typically 20 years from the filing date).
3. Trademark
A trademark is a sign, logo, word, or combination that distinguishes goods or services of one company from
those of others. Trademarks are important for branding and protecting the identity of a business.
4. Trade Secret
A trade secret refers to confidential business information, processes, or formulas that give a company a
competitive advantage. Unlike patents or copyrights, trade secrets are protected without registration, but the
owner must take steps to keep the information confidential.
Respecting Ownership and Avoiding Plagiarism
Plagiarism occurs when someone uses another person's work, ideas, or intellectual property without permission or
proper attribution, passing it off as their own. In the digital age, it’s easy to copy, paste, and distribute content without
considering the consequences of violating copyright or IP rights. Understanding how to avoid plagiarism and
respecting others’ intellectual property is critical for maintaining ethical standards in both academic and professional
environments.
Key Ways to Avoid Plagiarism:
1. Proper Citation and Attribution
When using someone else’s work (whether a quote, image, or idea), it’s essential to give proper credit. This
includes properly citing the source in the appropriate format, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style. This not
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only gives credit to the creator but also shows that you have researched and acknowledged the work of
others.
o Example: When writing an academic paper, if you quote a passage from a book, ensure you
include the author's name, title of the book, and page number.
2. Use of Quotation Marks for Direct Quotes
When using a direct quote from a source, make sure to enclose the quoted material in quotation marks and
cite the source. This helps distinguish your words from those of the original author and prevents
misrepresentation.
o Example: “Digital technology has transformed communication across the globe” (Smith, 2022, p.
15).
3. Paraphrasing and Summarizing with Attribution
If you reword or summarize someone else's ideas in your own words, this is still considered their intellectual
property, and you must credit them. Paraphrasing is often necessary when writing research papers, but it
should not be used as an excuse for copying.
o Example: Instead of directly quoting a passage, you might paraphrase the idea in your own words,
followed by a citation: Smith (2022) argues that digital communication has had a profound global
impact.
4. Using Public Domain and Open-Access Resources
If you want to avoid copyright issues, consider using resources that are in the public domain or under open-
access licenses (e.g., Creative Commons). These resources are free to use and distribute, often with
minimal restrictions.
o Example: You can find free-to-use images on platforms like Unsplash or Pexels, which provide
content under licenses that allow you to reuse the material without needing permission.
5. Seeking Permission to Use Copyrighted Works
If you want to use someone’s copyrighted work and it is not available under fair use or an open-access
license, you need to seek permission from the copyright holder. This may involve negotiating licensing
terms, particularly for commercial use.
o Example: If you are creating a promotional video for a business and want to use a popular song,
you would need to contact the song’s copyright holder to obtain the appropriate licensing rights.
Legal Protections and Consequences of Violating Copyright and IP Laws
Violating copyright and intellectual property laws can lead to serious consequences, both legal and financial.
Depending on the jurisdiction, these may include:
1. Monetary Penalties
Copyright infringement may result in significant fines or the requirement to pay damages to the copyright
holder.
2. Criminal Charges
In severe cases, infringement of intellectual property laws can lead to criminal charges and imprisonment.
3. Reputation Damage
Plagiarism or the unauthorized use of someone else’s work can damage your professional reputation,
leading to loss of credibility, academic penalties, and other professional consequences.
4. Loss of Access
For businesses or individuals engaging in online content creation, repeated infringement of copyright laws
may result in being banned or restricted from online platforms.
Conclusion
Respecting copyright and intellectual property rights is essential in maintaining the integrity of the creative and digital
worlds. By understanding these concepts and practicing responsible usage, such as proper citation, seeking
permission for use, and avoiding plagiarism, individuals can ensure they are respecting others' creations and
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fostering a fair, ethical environment. In the digital age, where content is easily shared and reproduced, it is crucial to
uphold these values to ensure creativity, innovation, and respect for creators are maintained.
Lesson 6: Responsible Social Media Use: Avoiding Misinformation and Managing Digital Footprints
What is Responsible Social Media Use?
Responsible social media use refers to engaging with digital platforms in a way that promotes positive, ethical, and
respectful behavior. It involves being aware of the consequences of our actions online, including sharing content,
interacting with others, and managing the personal information we disclose. With the widespread influence of social
media on public opinion, education, and even politics, using these platforms responsibly is crucial to ensuring a safe
and informed online environment.
Avoiding Misinformation on Social Media
What is Misinformation?
Misinformation refers to false or inaccurate information that is spread, regardless of intent. It can include rumors,
unverified news, and misleading claims. Misinformation is often shared unintentionally, with people believing the
information is true or failing to verify its authenticity.
Why is Misinformation a Problem?
 Spread of False Beliefs: Misinformation can lead to the development of false beliefs, misconceptions, or
biases among individuals, potentially influencing decisions that impact personal, social, or political
outcomes.
 Damage to Reputations: False information can harm individuals' reputations, especially when it involves
defamatory statements or rumors.
 Undermines Public Trust: Inaccurate information erodes trust in institutions, media, and even scientific
research, which can have serious implications, especially in critical areas like healthcare, politics, and public
safety.
How to Avoid Misinformation?
1. Verify Sources
Before sharing or believing any information, check the credibility of the source. Reliable sources typically
include reputable news outlets, academic institutions, government websites, or experts in the relevant field.
Be cautious of anonymous sources or websites with questionable reputations.
o Example: If you come across a health-related post about a new treatment, check for information
from trusted medical organizations, like the World Health Organization (WHO) or the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), to verify its accuracy.
2. Cross-Check Information
Cross-checking information across multiple sources helps ensure that the news or claim is consistent. If
multiple credible sources report the same information, it’s more likely to be accurate.
o Example: If you see a news story about a political figure, check other reputable news platforms to
see if they are reporting the same details.
3. Be Skeptical of Sensational Headlines
Misinformation often comes with sensational or emotional headlines designed to provoke a strong reaction,
such as fear, anger, or surprise. If a headline seems too shocking or sensational, take time to evaluate the
content carefully before sharing it.
o Example: A headline like "Scientists Discover Cure for Cancer!" might be misleading if it doesn't
come from an authoritative or peer-reviewed source. Look for the full article and verify the
information.
4. Fact-Check Using Reputable Tools
Use fact-checking websites or tools to confirm the accuracy of information. Websites like Snopes,
FactCheck.org, and PolitiFact specialize in debunking myths, rumors, and false claims.
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o Example: If you see a viral post about a new government policy, run the claim through a fact-
checking site to determine if it’s true or exaggerated.
5. Avoid Spreading Unverified Information
Always think before you share. If you are unsure about the authenticity of something, avoid sharing it with
your network. Sharing unverified content only contributes to the spread of misinformation.
o Example: If a viral post says “breaking news” but you haven't verified it, refrain from sharing it until
you confirm the facts.
Managing Your Digital Footprint
What is a Digital Footprint?
A digital footprint refers to the trail of data you leave behind as you interact with the internet. It includes the
information you share on social media, the websites you visit, the comments you make, and the content you create.
Your digital footprint can reveal a lot about you, including your interests, personal views, and even your location.
Why is Managing Your Digital Footprint Important?
 Online Reputation: Everything you post online contributes to your digital identity. An unmanaged digital
footprint can affect your personal and professional reputation.
 Privacy Risks: Your digital footprint can expose personal information that could be misused for identity theft
or other malicious purposes.
 Employment and Academic Opportunities: Many employers and educational institutions review applicants'
social media profiles. Inappropriate posts or comments can negatively impact your chances of securing a job
or admission.
 Long-Term Impact: Unlike physical footprints, digital footprints can be permanent. Once something is shared
online, it can be difficult, if not impossible, to remove.
How to Manage Your Digital Footprint?
1. Think Before You Post
Before sharing anything online, consider how it might affect your reputation or others. Ask yourself whether
the post is something you’d be comfortable with being seen by your employer, family, or the public. Avoid
posting anything that could be seen as inappropriate, offensive, or harmful.
o Example: Avoid posting controversial opinions or personal information that could later be used
against you in a professional setting.
2. Review Privacy Settings
Social media platforms often have privacy settings that allow you to control who can see your posts. Set
your privacy settings to limit access to your posts, especially personal or sensitive content. Review these
settings regularly, as platforms sometimes update their policies.
o Example: On Facebook, you can set your profile and posts to be visible only to friends, rather than
the public, to maintain privacy.
3. Regularly Audit Your Online Presence
Periodically search for your name on search engines to see what others can find about you. This helps you
identify any outdated or unwanted content that may be associated with you. You can also delete old posts or
ask others to remove any content that is inappropriate or no longer represents who you are.
o Example: Google your name to check if there are any embarrassing photos or outdated posts
visible publicly. If you find them, consider removing or updating them.
4. Be Careful About Geotagging
Geotagging allows social media platforms to share your exact location with your posts. This can be a privacy
concern, especially if you are posting publicly or at a sensitive location. Turn off location tagging or limit it to
posts where it’s necessary.
o Example: If you're at a private event, avoid tagging your exact location in real-time to maintain
privacy.
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5. Engage Positively and Professionally
Social media can be a great tool for networking, learning, and sharing positive content. Engage with others
in a professional and respectful manner, and avoid participating in online arguments, trolling, or
cyberbullying.
o Example: Use LinkedIn to showcase your professional accomplishments and engage in industry-
related discussions, while avoiding posting controversial personal opinions that may harm your
career.
Conclusion
Responsible social media use is essential for creating a positive, ethical online environment. By avoiding
misinformation, verifying sources, and carefully managing our digital footprints, we contribute to a safer, more
informed, and respectful online community. As digital citizens, we must recognize the impact of our online behavior
and ensure that we use social media in ways that reflect our values, protect our privacy, and promote truth and
integrity.
Lesson 7: Cybersecurity Threats and Prevention: Recognizing Phishing, Malware, and Secure Browsing
Habits
What is Cybersecurity?
Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting systems, networks, and data from cyber threats or attacks. With the
increasing reliance on digital technologies, the importance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. Protecting
personal, financial, and sensitive information from cybercriminals and malicious actors is essential for ensuring online
safety and privacy.
Common Cybersecurity Threats
1. Phishing
Phishing is a type of cyberattack in which cybercriminals attempt to deceive individuals into revealing sensitive
information, such as usernames, passwords, credit card numbers, or other personal data. This is typically done by
impersonating legitimate institutions or individuals via email, text message, or phone call.
How Phishing Works:
 Attackers send fake emails, texts, or messages that appear to come from reputable sources, like banks,
online services, or government agencies.
 These messages often contain urgent or alarming information, prompting the recipient to click on malicious
links or attachments.
 Once the victim clicks on a link, they are directed to a fake website designed to steal login credentials or
other personal data.
Examples of Phishing Attacks:
 Email Phishing: An email that looks like it’s from your bank asks you to click on a link to verify your account
information, but the link leads to a fake website designed to steal your login details.
 Spear Phishing: A more targeted phishing attack where the attacker customizes the message to a specific
individual or company, often by impersonating someone the target knows.
 Vishing (Voice Phishing): A phone call from someone pretending to be from your bank asking you to provide
sensitive information over the phone.
How to Recognize Phishing:
1. Suspicious Sender: Check the sender's email address. Phishing emails often use addresses that resemble
official ones but have slight variations (e.g., “support@paypa1.com” instead of “support@paypal.com”).
2. Urgent or Threatening Language: Phishing emails often use language that creates a sense of urgency, such
as “Your account has been compromised. Click here to fix it immediately!”
3. Unusual Links: Hover over any links before clicking to see if the URL looks suspicious or doesn't match the
legitimate website’s domain.
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4. Poor Grammar or Spelling: Many phishing messages contain grammatical errors or unusual phrasing.
5. Attachment Requests: Be cautious of unsolicited attachments. Avoid downloading attachments from
unknown or unexpected sources.
How to Prevent Phishing:
 Verify the Source: Always verify the source of any suspicious email or message, especially if it asks for
personal information.
 Use Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA): MFA adds an extra layer of security to your online accounts, making
it harder for attackers to access your information even if they have your credentials.
 Don't Click on Unknown Links: Avoid clicking on links in unsolicited emails or messages. Instead, type the
website address directly into your browser.
2. Malware
Malware (short for "malicious software") refers to any software designed to harm or exploit computers, devices, or
networks. It can take various forms, including viruses, worms, trojans, and ransomware, and can be delivered through
email attachments, infected websites, or malicious downloads.
Types of Malware:
 Viruses: Malware that attaches itself to a legitimate program or file, spreading to other programs or files
when executed.
 Worms: Self-replicating malware that spreads across networks without needing to attach to a host file.
 Trojans: Malware that disguises itself as a legitimate file or program to trick users into installing it.
 Ransomware: A type of malware that locks users out of their own data, demanding payment in exchange for
restoring access.
 Spyware: Malware that secretly monitors and collects information about the user’s activities without their
knowledge.
How Malware Works:
 Malware is often distributed through infected websites, malicious email attachments, or software downloads.
 Once installed, malware can corrupt files, steal personal information, track browsing habits, or hijack system
resources for malicious purposes.
How to Recognize Malware:
1. Sluggish Performance: If your device suddenly starts running much slower than usual or experiences
crashes, it could be infected with malware.
2. Unusual Pop-Ups: Unexpected pop-up ads or messages, especially those urging you to click on them, could
be a sign of malware.
3. Unauthorized Activity: If you notice unfamiliar programs running or files being modified without your consent,
it may indicate malware presence.
How to Prevent Malware:
 Install Antivirus Software: Use reputable antivirus software to scan your devices regularly for malware and
protect against threats.
 Avoid Suspicious Downloads: Do not download files, programs, or attachments from unknown or untrusted
sources.
 Update Software Regularly: Keep your operating system, software, and security programs up to date with
the latest patches to close any vulnerabilities that malware could exploit.
 Backup Data: Regularly backup your important files to an external drive or cloud service to minimize the
damage caused by malware like ransomware.
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3. Secure Browsing Habits
Secure browsing involves using safe and responsible practices while navigating the internet to avoid exposure to
cyber threats like phishing, malware, and data theft.
Best Practices for Secure Browsing:
1. Use HTTPS Websites
Ensure the websites you visit use HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) instead of HTTP. HTTPS
encrypts the data exchanged between your browser and the website, making it harder for attackers to
intercept or alter the information. Look for the padlock icon in the address bar to confirm a secure
connection.
2. Use Strong and Unique Passwords
Avoid using the same password for multiple accounts. Use a mix of letters, numbers, and symbols to create
strong passwords. Consider using a password manager to store and generate secure passwords.
3. Enable Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)
Whenever possible, enable two-factor authentication (2FA) for your accounts. This adds an extra layer of
security by requiring both a password and a second verification step, such as a code sent to your phone.
4. Avoid Public Wi-Fi for Sensitive Transactions
Public Wi-Fi networks are often not secure and can expose your data to hackers. Avoid conducting sensitive
transactions, such as online banking or shopping, while connected to public Wi-Fi. If necessary, use a Virtual
Private Network (VPN) to encrypt your internet connection on public networks.
5. Clear Your Browser Cache Regularly
Clearing your cache and cookies can help protect your privacy by removing stored data that websites may
use to track your browsing habits.
6. Update Your Browser and Extensions
Keep your browser and any installed extensions up to date to ensure you’re protected from known
vulnerabilities.
7. Be Careful with Browser Extensions
While browser extensions can improve functionality, they can also pose security risks. Only install
extensions from trusted sources and periodically review the permissions granted to installed extensions.
Conclusion
Cybersecurity threats like phishing, malware, and unsafe browsing practices are common risks in today’s connected
world. Recognizing the signs of these threats and adopting preventive measures can significantly reduce the
likelihood of falling victim to cyberattacks. By practicing secure browsing habits, staying vigilant against phishing
attempts, and protecting your devices with antivirus software and strong passwords, you can help safeguard your
personal information and contribute to a safer digital environment.
Lesson 8: ICT Use in Academic Integrity: Preventing Cheating and Promoting Originality in Digital
Submissions
What is Academic Integrity?
Academic integrity refers to the ethical code of conduct in educational settings, which involves maintaining honesty,
fairness, and responsibility in learning, research, and scholarship. It ensures that students and academic
professionals uphold the values of truth and originality, avoiding cheating, plagiarism, and other dishonest practices.
With the increasing use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education, promoting academic
integrity has become more crucial, especially in digital submissions and online assessments.
Challenges of Maintaining Academic Integrity in the Digital Age
As technology evolves, so do the methods by which academic integrity can be compromised. Students now have
greater access to information and resources, but this also increases the potential for dishonest practices, including
cheating, plagiarism, and the unauthorized use of digital materials.
Common Threats to Academic Integrity:
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1. Plagiarism: Copying someone else's work, ideas, or research without proper citation, whether from digital
sources or print materials.
2. Cheating on Online Assessments: Using unauthorized resources, collaborating with others, or obtaining
answers from websites or forums during exams and assignments.
3. Contract Cheating: Hiring someone else to complete assignments, exams, or other academic work on behalf
of the student.
4. Fabrication: Falsifying data, citations, or research results in digital submissions to mislead others about the
authenticity of work.
5. Collaboration in Unauthorized Forms: Working together on individual assignments or assessments where
collaboration is not permitted.
ICT Tools and Strategies to Prevent Cheating and Promote Originality
While ICT presents opportunities for academic misconduct, it also offers effective tools and strategies for preventing
cheating and promoting academic integrity. By using the right digital tools and practices, educators can create a more
secure and honest academic environment.
1. Plagiarism Detection Software
Plagiarism detection software is one of the most effective tools in maintaining academic integrity. These tools scan
submitted digital content and compare it against vast databases of online publications, research papers, websites,
and student submissions to identify similarities or instances of copied content.
Popular Plagiarism Detection Tools:
 Turnitin: A widely used tool that checks for originality by comparing student submissions to an extensive
database of academic papers, journals, and internet content.
 Grammarly: Besides grammar and spelling checks, Grammarly can also detect plagiarism in academic
writing.
 Copyscape: Mainly used for web content, Copyscape checks for duplicate content across the internet.
How to Use Plagiarism Detection Tools Effectively:
 For Educators: Set clear guidelines for students on citation and originality expectations. Use plagiarism
detection software to review digital submissions and provide feedback on any instances of plagiarism.
 For Students: Always ensure that your work is original, and use plagiarism detection tools to check your
content before submitting assignments. This helps you identify and correct any unintentional plagiarism
before it becomes an issue.
2. Secure Online Assessment Platforms
Online assessments and exams pose particular challenges to academic integrity, as students may attempt to cheat
by accessing unauthorized resources. However, secure online exam platforms incorporate measures to minimize
cheating and ensure fairness in digital submissions.
Features of Secure Online Assessment Platforms:
 Timed Exams: Limiting the time for completing exams reduces the opportunity for students to search for
answers online.
 Randomized Questions: Randomizing question order or using multiple versions of the exam ensures that
each student has a unique set of questions.
 Proctoring Tools: Some platforms incorporate proctoring tools, such as AI-based monitoring, to track
students' behaviors during online exams, preventing cheating through unauthorized means like browsing or
talking to others.
 Browser Lockdown: The use of software that restricts students from accessing other websites, applications,
or tabs during an exam to prevent cheating.
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Examples of Secure Assessment Platforms:
 ProctorU: Offers live or automated proctoring for online exams, ensuring that students do not engage in
cheating.
 Respondus LockDown Browser: A browser that prevents students from opening other windows or
applications during online exams.
3. Encouraging Proper Citation and Referencing
Educating students about the importance of proper citation and referencing is essential in maintaining academic
integrity. ICT can play a pivotal role by providing resources that help students understand how to cite their sources
accurately.
Tools to Assist with Citation:
 Zotero: A free, open-source reference manager that helps students organize, cite, and share their research
sources.
 Mendeley: A reference management tool that allows students to manage citations and create bibliographies
efficiently.
 EasyBib: A user-friendly tool that helps students generate citations in various formats (APA, MLA, Chicago,
etc.).
Promoting Proper Citation and Avoiding Plagiarism:
 Educate on the Importance of Citation: Teach students that citing sources not only helps them avoid
plagiarism but also strengthens their arguments by acknowledging the work of others.
 Use Citation Management Tools: Encourage students to use tools like Zotero and Mendeley to manage their
research and citations effectively.
4. Fostering a Culture of Academic Integrity Through Education
Using ICT tools to promote academic integrity is not just about detection; it’s also about fostering a culture of honesty
and responsibility. Educating students about the importance of academic integrity and the consequences of cheating
and plagiarism is essential in preventing dishonesty.
Strategies to Promote Academic Integrity:
 Workshops and Online Courses: Offer workshops, online courses, or tutorials that teach students about
academic integrity, proper citation, and the dangers of cheating.
 Clear Academic Integrity Policies: Establish clear policies regarding academic integrity and ensure students
understand the consequences of violating these policies.
 Digital Literacy Programs: Incorporate digital literacy programs into the curriculum to help students better
navigate and critically assess digital sources, ensuring they avoid using improper or unverified content in
their work.
5. Encouraging Originality Through Creative Assignments
Encouraging students to engage in assignments that require original thinking and creativity can reduce the temptation
to cheat. ICT tools can facilitate assignments that are difficult to plagiarize and encourage students to demonstrate
their unique perspectives.
Examples of Creative Assignments:
 Project-Based Learning: Assignments that require students to complete real-world projects or research tasks
that are unique to their interests and academic journey.
 Digital Portfolios: Encourage students to maintain a digital portfolio where they can track their learning
progress, reflections, and projects. This ensures that the work is original and personalized.
 Interactive Assessments: Use multimedia tools, such as video presentations, infographics, or podcasts, to
allow students to showcase their learning in creative and unique ways.
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Conclusion
ICT plays a vital role in both the promotion of academic integrity and the prevention of academic dishonesty. By
leveraging tools such as plagiarism detection software, secure online assessment platforms, citation management
tools, and fostering a culture of integrity, educators and students can ensure that academic work remains original, fair,
and honest. It is essential for both educators and students to understand and embrace the importance of academic
integrity in the digital age to maintain the value of education and the credibility of academic qualifications.
Lesson 9: Legal Implications of ICT Misuse: Consequences of Cybercrimes and Data Breaches
What is ICT Misuse?
ICT misuse refers to the inappropriate or illegal use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) resources,
systems, and tools. This includes activities such as cybercrimes, data breaches, hacking, identity theft, and other
malicious actions that exploit digital technologies to harm individuals, organizations, or society as a whole. The rise of
ICT use in almost every aspect of daily life has led to new challenges in protecting users from misuse, while also
creating complex legal and ethical issues that need to be addressed.
Cybercrimes and Data Breaches: Understanding the Legal Risks
Cybercrimes are criminal activities conducted using computers or the internet. These crimes can have severe
consequences, both for the individuals involved and the broader community. In the case of data breaches, personal
and sensitive data is exposed, often leading to identity theft, financial losses, and reputational damage.
Types of Cybercrimes:
1. Hacking and Unauthorized Access:
o Gaining unauthorized access to computer systems or networks to steal, alter, or destroy data.
o Example: A hacker breaks into a company’s internal network to access confidential customer data
for financial gain.
2. Identity Theft:
o Stealing personal information, such as Social Security numbers, bank details, or credit card
information, and using it to commit fraud or other crimes.
o Example: A cybercriminal steals someone’s credit card details from an online store and makes
unauthorized purchases.
3. Phishing and Online Fraud:
o Using deceptive emails, websites, or social media profiles to trick individuals into revealing
personal information, passwords, or credit card numbers.
o Example: A person receives an email that appears to be from their bank, asking them to click on a
link to update their account information. The link directs them to a fake website designed to steal
their credentials.
4. Cyberbullying and Harassment:
o Using digital platforms (social media, messaging apps, etc.) to harass, threaten, or intimidate
others.
o Example: A person uses social media to repeatedly send threatening messages to another
individual, causing harm to their mental health.
5. Ransomware Attacks:
o A type of malware that encrypts a victim’s files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
o Example: A hospital's computer systems are locked by ransomware, and the attackers demand a
large sum of money to restore access to critical patient data.
6. Child Exploitation and Distribution of Illegal Content:
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o The use of digital platforms to exploit children or distribute illegal content, such as child
pornography.
o Example: A person uploads explicit or harmful material involving minors to online platforms.
Legal Consequences of Cybercrimes
The legal consequences for cybercrimes can be severe, as these offenses can affect individuals, businesses, and
even governments. Depending on the nature and severity of the offense, perpetrators can face various legal actions,
including criminal charges, fines, and imprisonment.
Criminal Liability for Cybercrimes:
In many countries, including the Philippines, there are strict laws that impose criminal liability for cybercrimes. The
Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175) in the Philippines is an example of legislation that
addresses various forms of cybercrime, including hacking, online fraud, cyberbullying, and more.
Examples of Cybercrime Penalties Under the Philippine Law:
 Hacking and Unauthorized Access: Violating computer systems or networks can lead to penalties of
imprisonment ranging from six years to twelve years, depending on the severity of the offense.
 Identity Theft: Those found guilty of identity theft may face imprisonment of up to twelve years.
 Online Libel: Posting defamatory content online can result in imprisonment or fines, as cyber libel is treated
similarly to traditional libel under Philippine law.
 Phishing: Engaging in phishing activities can result in imprisonment for up to six years, along with fines.
 Child Exploitation: Perpetrators of child exploitation face severe penalties, including life imprisonment, and
substantial fines.
Civil Liability for Cybercrimes:
In addition to criminal charges, individuals and organizations may also face civil liability for cybercrimes. This means
that victims of cybercrimes can sue the perpetrators for damages, including compensatory damages for the financial
loss, emotional distress, or reputational harm caused by the crime.
Examples of Civil Liabilities:
 Data Breaches: Companies that fail to secure personal data can be held liable for damages resulting from a
data breach, including costs for credit monitoring, legal fees, and fines.
 Intellectual Property Theft: If a person's intellectual property (e.g., copyrighted content) is stolen or used
without permission, they can pursue civil action to claim compensation.
 Defamation: If someone is defamed online, they can file a civil lawsuit seeking monetary damages for
reputational harm and emotional distress.
Data Breaches and the Legal Implications
A data breach occurs when sensitive or personal information is accessed, disclosed, or stolen without authorization.
Data breaches can involve various types of personal data, such as financial information, medical records, login
credentials, and private communications. The consequences of a data breach are far-reaching, and organizations are
legally required to take significant precautions to prevent them.
Legal Framework for Data Protection:
1. Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173) – Philippines:
o This law establishes regulations for the collection, processing, storage, and protection of personal
data in the Philippines. It aims to safeguard the rights of individuals and promote data privacy while
ensuring that businesses comply with security standards.
o Key Provisions:
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 Data Subject Rights: Individuals have the right to access, correct, and object to the
processing of their personal data.
 Data Protection Officer: Companies must appoint a data protection officer responsible for
ensuring compliance with data privacy laws.
 Data Breach Notification: In the event of a data breach, companies must notify both the
affected individuals and the National Privacy Commission (NPC) within 72 hours of
discovering the breach.
 Penalties: Fines and imprisonment are imposed on those who violate the provisions of the
Data Privacy Act, with penalties ranging from P500,000 to P5,000,000 and imprisonment
for up to six years for the most severe offenses.
2. General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – European Union:
o For organizations operating in or targeting customers in the EU, the GDPR imposes strict rules on
data collection, storage, and processing. Organizations must obtain explicit consent from
individuals to process their data and take immediate action in case of a data breach.
o Key Provisions of GDPR:
 Right to Access and Erasure: Individuals can request access to their personal data and
request its deletion.
 Data Breach Notification: Businesses must notify the supervisory authority and affected
individuals within 72 hours of discovering a breach.
 Fines: Non-compliance with GDPR can result in fines of up to €20 million or 4% of a
company’s annual global turnover, whichever is higher.
Preventing Cybercrimes and Data Breaches: Legal Compliance and Best Practices
To avoid legal consequences and protect against cybercrimes and data breaches, individuals and organizations must
implement preventive measures and comply with relevant laws and regulations.
Best Practices to Prevent Cybercrimes and Data Breaches:
1. Adopt Strong Cybersecurity Measures: Use encryption, secure networks, and strong authentication methods
to protect sensitive information.
2. Regularly Update Software: Keep operating systems, applications, and antivirus software up to date to
protect against known vulnerabilities.
3. Implement Data Privacy Policies: Organizations should have clear policies on data protection, and ensure
staff are trained on proper handling of personal and sensitive information.
4. Monitor and Audit Systems: Regularly monitor networks and systems for suspicious activity and conduct
audits to identify potential security risks.
5. Educate Users: Conduct awareness programs on phishing, safe internet practices, and the importance of
cybersecurity to prevent accidental breaches.
Conclusion
The legal implications of ICT misuse, including cybercrimes and data breaches, can be severe, involving both
criminal and civil liability. With the increasing reliance on digital technologies, it is essential for individuals and
organizations to understand the potential risks and legal consequences of cybercrimes. By adhering to legal
frameworks such as the Cybercrime Prevention Act and Data Privacy Act, implementing strong cybersecurity
practices, and promoting awareness, we can help prevent ICT misuse and protect individuals' privacy and security.
Lesson 10: Green ICT Practices: Sustainable and Environmentally Friendly Technology Use
What is Green ICT?
Green ICT (Information and Communication Technology) refers to the practice of designing, producing, using, and
disposing of ICT resources in an environmentally responsible manner. The goal is to minimize the negative
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environmental impact of ICT by reducing energy consumption, lowering electronic waste, and promoting sustainable
practices throughout the lifecycle of technology. In the face of increasing environmental concerns and the
digitalization of everyday life, Green ICT practices aim to balance technological advancement with environmental
responsibility.
Green ICT is essential for fostering sustainability and addressing the environmental challenges posed by the rapid
growth of technology usage globally.
Why is Green ICT Important?
1. Environmental Impact of ICT: The ICT sector contributes significantly to carbon emissions and resource
depletion. Data centers, computers, mobile devices, and other technology components consume large
amounts of energy, while the manufacturing and disposal of electronic devices contribute to pollution and
waste.
o Example: A typical data center can consume as much energy as a small city, primarily for cooling
systems and servers.
2. E-Waste Problem: Electronic waste (e-waste) is one of the fastest-growing waste streams in the world.
Improper disposal of old electronics leads to the release of toxic materials, such as lead, mercury, and
cadmium, which can contaminate water and soil.
o Example: The improper disposal of old smartphones, computers, and televisions can lead to
harmful environmental and health effects.
3. Energy Consumption: With the increasing use of devices and the expansion of the internet of things (IoT),
energy consumption in ICT has become a major concern. Inefficient technologies can consume large
amounts of electricity, contributing to increased carbon footprints.
o Example: Streaming high-definition videos on multiple devices can result in significant energy
consumption, especially if the devices are not energy-efficient.
4. Resource Depletion: The production of ICT devices requires raw materials, including metals like gold,
copper, and rare earth elements. The extraction of these materials can lead to habitat destruction, water
pollution, and human rights violations.
o Example: The mining of materials used in smartphones and laptops can have serious
environmental consequences, including deforestation and disruption of local ecosystems.
Key Green ICT Practices
1. Energy Efficiency:
o Energy-efficient devices: Using computers, servers, and other devices that consume less power
while providing the same performance is a fundamental practice in Green ICT.
o Example: Replacing old computers with Energy Star-rated models that consume less energy can
help reduce an organization's carbon footprint.
o Data centers: Designing and operating data centers that are energy-efficient by using technologies
such as virtualization, liquid cooling, and renewable energy sources.
o Example: Google’s data centers are known for being some of the most energy-efficient in the world,
using renewable energy sources like wind and solar power.
2. E-Waste Management:
o Recycling: Recycling old electronics properly is crucial to reducing e-waste. Electronics contain
valuable materials like gold, silver, and copper, which can be reclaimed and reused.
o Example: Many companies offer take-back programs where consumers can return old electronics
for proper recycling.
o Responsible disposal: Ensuring that old devices are disposed of in an environmentally responsible
way, following regulations that prevent harmful substances from entering landfills.
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o Example: The Philippines has a Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) policy, which
mandates proper disposal and recycling of e-waste.
3. Cloud Computing:
o Server consolidation: Cloud computing allows organizations to centralize their data storage and
reduce the number of physical servers needed, which can help lower energy consumption.
o Example: By using cloud services, businesses can eliminate the need for their own data centers,
leading to energy savings and reduced hardware waste.
o Environmental benefits: Cloud services often run on data centers that are optimized for energy
efficiency and are powered by renewable energy sources.
o Example: Amazon Web Services (AWS) and Microsoft Azure have committed to running their data
centers on renewable energy.
4. Green Procurement:
o Eco-friendly devices: Organizations should prioritize purchasing energy-efficient devices, such as
computers, printers, and servers, that are certified with energy efficiency labels like Energy Star or
EPEAT (Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool).
o Example: A company might choose to buy laptops made from recycled materials or those with long-
lasting battery life to reduce energy consumption and waste.
5. Virtualization:
o Reducing hardware footprint: Virtualization involves running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a
single physical server, which optimizes the use of hardware resources, reducing the need for
additional servers and decreasing energy consumption.
o Example: By consolidating physical servers into fewer virtualized servers, companies can reduce
energy costs and their environmental footprint.
6. Sustainable Software Development:
o Energy-efficient coding: Software developers can create applications that optimize resource use
and reduce the power consumption of devices.
o Example: A developer may create a mobile app that uses minimal processing power, reducing
battery drain and conserving energy on smartphones.
7. Promoting Telecommuting:
o Reducing carbon emissions: Encouraging remote work through digital tools and communication
platforms can reduce the need for employees to commute, which decreases transportation-related
emissions.
o Example: Companies like IBM have adopted telecommuting practices to reduce office space
energy use and minimize the environmental impact of employee travel.
Benefits of Green ICT
1. Cost Savings:
o Energy-efficient devices and practices often lead to lower operational costs. Companies can save
money on electricity bills, reduce the need for frequent hardware upgrades, and avoid costly fines
for improper e-waste disposal.
o Example: By adopting cloud computing and reducing the number of physical servers, a company
can save significantly on electricity and maintenance costs.
2. Environmental Impact:
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o By adopting Green ICT practices, organizations and individuals contribute to the reduction of
carbon footprints, minimize the harmful effects of e-waste, and preserve natural resources.
o Example: The use of renewable energy in powering ICT infrastructure can significantly reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.
3. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR):
o Companies that adopt Green ICT practices can enhance their public image and demonstrate their
commitment to sustainability and corporate social responsibility. This can attract eco-conscious
customers and investors.
o Example: Companies like Apple and Google market themselves as leaders in sustainability by
using renewable energy in their operations and promoting the use of recycled materials in their
products.
4. Compliance with Regulations:
o Governments and international bodies are increasingly introducing regulations that require
businesses to implement environmentally friendly practices. Adopting Green ICT ensures
compliance with these regulations.
o Example: The European Union’s Ecodesign Directive mandates energy efficiency standards for ICT
products, and companies that comply with these standards avoid penalties and ensure they stay
ahead of the regulatory curve.
Conclusion
Green ICT practices are crucial for ensuring that the technological advancements we rely on today do not come at
the expense of the planet’s future. By adopting energy-efficient devices, practicing proper e-waste management,
leveraging cloud computing, and promoting sustainable software development, we can reduce the environmental
impact of ICT while promoting sustainability. As both individuals and organizations, embracing these practices not
only benefits the environment but also leads to cost savings, enhanced reputations, and greater compliance with
regulatory requirements. Through responsible use of technology, we can foster a more sustainable and eco-friendly
digital future.
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Module 1- Living in the IT Era GE 12 FOR CHED

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