MODULE 1.pptx

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCIES (MELCs)
Describe the distribution of
active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain
belts

Unit 1: Earth and Space
Overview
In your Grade 9 Science, part of your lessons was about
volcanoes. You have learned about the position of the
Philippines in the Ring of Fire and its relationship to the
presence of active and inactive volcanoes in our country.
In this quarter, the topics will focus solely on a theory that
explains the existence of volcanoes and other geologic features.
You have two modules to understand this theory better.
In the first module, you will use some of your science
skills such as graphing, measuring, analyzing and interpreting
data, and inferring for you to attain the desired outcomes.

What are the outcomes that are expected from you? First, you should
identify the types of boundaries created because of lithospheric
movements. Secondly, you must relate the movement of Earth’s
lithosphere to the occurrence of different geologic changes. And
finally, you will explain the processes that are taking place along the
boundaries.
In the second module, you will perform an activity that will
allow you to probe the Earth’s interior by analyzing the behavior of
seismic waves (Primary and Secondary waves). You will also have an
opportunity to simulate one of the properties of the materials present
in the mantle.
Lastly, included in the module, and the most important part is
the series of activities that will give you an idea about the driving
mechanism behind the motion of Earth’s lithosphere.

PLATE TECTONICS
I. Introduction
Our country is blessed with so many land features
such as mountains and volcanoes. These features can be
sources of different minerals or can be used for
agricultural purposes. For example, we have the majestic
and world renowned Mayon Volcano. Because of its
activity, it produces fertile slopes and plains which are
used by the locals to grow their crops. Also, found in the
northeastern coast of Luzon, we have the Sierra Madre
mountain range which is home to many endemic species
of flora and fauna.

Have you ever wondered why our country is endowed with
these kind of geologic features? Well, if your answer is YES, then this
module will help you find the answer to your question.
In this module, we will study thoroughly the framework that
will enable us to understand how and why several features of the
Earth continuously change. This theory is what we call “Plate
Tectonics.”
This describes the events within the Earth that give rise to
mountain ranges, volcanoes, earthquake belts, and other features of
the Earth’s surface.
At the end of Module 1, you are expected to answer the key
question below:
What is the relationship among the locations of volcanoes,
earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges?

What is Plate Tectonics?
Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust
and the upper part of the mantle. This part of the
module will focus on the outermost layer which is
called crust.
The crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like
sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. It has an
average density of 2.8 g/cm3 and its thickness ranges
from 5 to 50 km. The crust is thickest in a part where
a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest
along the ocean floor.

Figure 1. Kinds of crust
Continental crust
Mantle
Oceanic crust

You will notice from Figure 1 that there
are two kinds of crust: the thicker but
less dense continental crust and the
oceanic crust which is relatively thinner
but denser than continental crust.
According to the plate tectonics model,
the entire lithosphere of the Earth is
broken into numerous segments called
plates (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. Map of Plate boundaries

As shown in Figure 2, there are seven relatively
large plates and a number of smaller ones,
including the Philippine plate. The plates move
very slowly but constantly, and this movement is
called tectonics; thus the theory of moving
lithospheric plates is called plate tectonics.
Before we study more about plate tectonics,
let’s discuss first one of the consequences of moving
crustal plates which is crucial in studying plate
tectonics: earthquake.

You have learned in your Grade 8 Science that an
earthquake releases three types of seismic waves; Primary
(P-waves), Secondary (S-waves), and Long surface waves
(L-waves). The first two travel into the Earth’s interior
while the last one on the surface. These waves travel at
different velocities; thus, do not arrive at a seismic
recording station at the same time. The farther the
recording instrument is from the focus, the greater the
difference in arrival times of the first P-wave compared to
the first S-wave. The difference in the arrival time will tell
us the distance of the earthquake’s focus from the seismic
recording station. However, it does not tell in which
direction it came from.

If we have at least three recording stations that can
tell how far away from them the earthquake occurred,
the epicenter can be determined using the triangulation
method. It uses distance information from three seismic
stations to locate the earthquake epicenter. On a map,
circles are drawn around each seismic station. The radii
of the circles are scaled to the estimated distance from
the station to the earthquake. The three circles will
intersect at one point that locates the earthquake.
The next activity will give you a first-hand
experience on how to locate earthquake epicenter.

Activity 1
Find the Center
Objective:
Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using the
triangulation method.
Materials:
• hypothetical records of earthquake waves
• Philippine map
• drawing compass, ruler and calculator

Procedure:
1. Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of P-wave and
S-wave on three seismic recording stations.
Recording Station Time difference
(seconds)
Distance of epicenter
from the station
km cm
Batangas 36.8
Puerto Princesa 44
Davao 44.8

2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the
stations using this formula:
d = Td x 100 km
8 seconds
Where: d = distance (km)
Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave
(seconds)
This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval
between the times of arrival of the P-wave and S-wave at a
distance of 100 km.

3. Choose one of the recording stations and measure
the computed distance on the map scale (the scale of
the map in Figure 3 is 1.5 cm: 200 km). Set your
compass for that computed distance.
4. Center your compass on the station you have
chosen. Draw a circle.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the stations. You
should get three circles that intersect or nearly
intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter.

Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical
earthquake?
Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have
data from two recording stations?
In the previous activity, the hypothetical earthquake
happened locally, that is why we use the formula stated
in the procedure. But, if the earthquake took place at a far
greater distance, seismologists use the distance-time
graph similar to the figure below in determining the
location of the epicenter.

The distance-time graph above shows that the S-P interval
is about 10 minutes.
Q3. What is the distance of the epicenter from the seismic
station?
Q4. What do you think is the importance of determining the
epicenter of an earthquake?
Determining the location of earthquake epicenters plays a
vital role in laying the foundations of plate tectonics. Let us see
how early geologists used the plotted positions of earthquake
epicenters throughout the world in conceptualizing crustal
movements.

Activity 2
Let’s Mark the Boundaries
Objectives:
• Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters, and major mountain belts.
• Determine the scientific basis for dividing the Lithospheric plates.
Materials:
• Figure 5: Map of earthquake distribution
• Figure 6: Map of active volcanoes of the world
• Figure 7: Mountain ranges of the world
• 2 pieces plastic sheet used for book cover, same size as a book
page
• marking pens (two different colors)

Figure 5. Map of earthquake distribution (Red, green, and blue dots represent earthquake epicenters)

Procedure:
1. Study Figure 5 showing the earthquake distribution
around the world. Trace the approximate locations of
several earthquake “clusters” using a marking pen on
one of the plastic sheets.
Q5. How are earthquakes distributed on the map?
Q6. Where are they located?
Q7. Where are there no earthquakes?
Q8. Why is it important for us to identify areas which
are prone to earthquakes?

Figure 6. Map of active volcanoes (Red areas represent presence of volcanoes)

2. Study the map of active volcanoes in Figure 6.
Q9. How are volcanoes distributed?
Q10. Where are they located?
Q11. Based on the map, mention a country that is unlikely
to experience a volcanic eruption.
3. On the second plastic sheet, sketch the approximate
locations of several volcanoes using a marking pen.
4. Place the earthquake plastic sheet over the volcano plastic
sheet.
Q12. Compare the location of majority of earthquake
epicenters with the location of volcanoes around the world.

Figure 7. Mountain ranges of the world

5. Study Figure 7, the orange portions indicate mountain ranges of the
world.
Q13. How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges with the
distribution of earthquake epicenters and volcanoes?
6. Now that you have seen the location of volcanoes, mountain ranges,
and majority of earthquake epicenters, study Figure 2 on page 7, Map of
Plate boundaries once more.
Q14. What do you think is the basis of scientists in dividing Earth’s
lithosphere into several plates?
The places on Earth where most of the earthquakes originated or
some mountains and volcanoes were formed mark the boundaries of
each lithospheric plate. As mentioned earlier, each plate is slowly moving
relative to each other, causing geologic events to happen along their
boundaries.

Figure 8. Map showing the relative motion of plates (Arrows indicate the direction of motion)

1. Divergent Plate Boundary- Plates move apart, creating
a tension. The Mid-Atlantic ridge is an example.
2. Convergent Plate Boundary- Two plates are moving
toward each other. Example is the Philippine plate
and the Eurasian plate
3. Transform Fault Boundary- Plates slide or grind past
each other without diverging or converging. The best
example of this plate boundary is the San Andreas
fault which is bounded by the North American plate
and the Pacific plate.

Activity 3
Head-On Collision
Part A: Converging Continental Plate and Oceanic Plate
Objectives:
• Explain the processes that occur along convergent
boundaries.
• Determine the consequences of colliding plates.
Procedure:
1. Study Figure 10 showing a cross-sectional diagram of
plates that are converging, and answer the questions that
follows.

Cross-sectional diagram of converging continental and oceanic plates

Q15. What type of plate is Plate A? What about Plate B?
Why do you say so?
Q16. Describe what happens to Plate A as it collides with
Plate B? Why?
Q17. What do you think may happen to the leading edge of
Plate A as it continues to move downward? Why?
Q18. What do you call this molten material?
Q19. What is formed on top of Plate B?
Q20. As the plates continue to grind against each other,
what other geologic event could take place?

Converging Oceanic Crust Leading Plate and Continental
Crust Leading Plate
The previous activity depicts what happens during collision of two
plates; one has continental edge while the other has an oceanic
edge. From the diagram, it is clear that this event gives rise to the
formation of a volcanic arc near the edge of a continental leading
plate. The reason for this is because the denser oceanic crust (Plate
A) undergoes what we call subduction process or the bending of
the crust towards the mantle. Since the mantle is hotter than the
crust, the tendency is, the subducted crust melt forming magma.
Addition of volatile material such as water will cause the magma to
become less dense, hence allowing it to rise and reach the crust once
again and causing volcanic activities on the continental leading
plate.

SUBDUCTION- an event in which a slab of rock thrusts
into the mantle.
EFFECTS OF CONVERGING CONTINENTAL PLATE
AND OCEANIC PLATE
TRENCH - Also called submarine valleys, formed when
continental and oceanic plate collide. Ocean trenches are
the deepest part of the ocean. One of the deepest is the
Philippine trench with a depth of 10 540 meters.
EARTHQUAKE- The subduction of plate can
cause earthquakes at varying depths.

Activity 3
Head-On Collision
Part B: Convergence of Two Oceanic Plates
Procedure:
1. Study Figure 11. It shows a cross-section of two
converging oceanic plates.
2. Using your knowledge gained from the
previous activity, identify the geologic events or
features resulting from this collision.

Cross-sectional diagram of converging oceanic plates

Q21. What are the geologic processes/events
that will occur because
of this plate movement?
Q22. What geologic features might form at the
surface of Plate A?
Q23. If the edge of Plate A suddenly flicks
upward, a large amount of water may be
displaced. What could be formed at the surface
of the ocean?

Convergence of Oceanic Plates
Like the first type of convergent boundaries discussed
earlier, converging oceanic plates will cause formation of
trenches, and these trenches will become sources of earthquakes.
Underwater earthquakes, especially the stronger ones, can
generate tsunamis. The Japanese term for “harbor wave,” tsunami
is a series of ocean waves with very long wavelengths (typically
hundreds of kilometers) caused by large-scale disturbances of the
ocean. The leading edge of the subducted plate will eventually
reach the mantle causing it to melt and turn into magma. The
molten material will rise to the surface creating a volcanic island
arc parallel to the trench. Volcanic island arc is a chain of
volcanoes position in an arc shape as seen in figure below.

Formation of a volcanic island arc

Formation of the Philippine Archipelago
Many parts of the Philippines originated from oceanic-
oceanic convergence. This resulted from the collision of two
oceanic plates, with one of the plates diving under the other.
Majority of the islands in the Philippine archipelago are
considered as part of the Philippine Mobile Belt. These islands
were formed 65 million years ago at the southern edge of the
Philippine Sea Plate and are considered as part of island arcs.
Other parts of the Philippines, such as Palawan, Mindoro, and
the Zamboanga Peninsula are all highland sections of the
Sundaland block of the Eurasian plate (see Figure 13).

Figure 13. Sundaland block of Eurasian Plate which includes Palawan, Mindoro, and
Zamboanga

`The Philippine Mobile Belt eventually
collided with the Sundaland block which
explains the presence of trenches, such as the
Manila Negros-Cotabato Trench System, and
the Sulu Trench, as shown in Figure 14.
On the eastern side of the Philippines,
trenches like the Philippine Trench and East
Luzon Trough are both products of
subducting Philippine Sea Plate beneath the
archipelago.

Figure 14. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in the Philippines

Figure 15. Subduction of Philippine Sea Plate

Aside from the formation of trenches and troughs, the
downward movement of oceanic lithospheres underneath
the Philippine Archipelago creates active volcanic chains.
For example, the descent of the West Philippine Sea oceanic
lithosphere along the Manila Trench created a volcanic
chain from Taiwan to Mindoro. Some of the known active
volcanoes in this chain are Pinatubo in Central Luzon and
Taal in Batangas.
Also, the constant dipping movement of slabs induces
frequent moderate to strong earthquakes at various depths,
gives rise to mountain ranges and develops the geologic
character of the Philippine Archipelago.

Activity 3
Head-On Collision
Part C: Two Continental Plates Converging
Materials:
• modeling clay
• 2 blocks of wood
• paper
Procedure:
1. On a piece of paper, flatten the modeling clay with the palm of your
hand.
2. Cut the clay into four strips; each strip should be 0.5 cm thick, 4 cm wide,
and 12 cm long.
3. Put 4 strips one on top of the other.
4. Place a block of wood at each end of the clay strips and slowly push the
two blocks together. Observe what happens to the clay.

Q24. What happened to the strips of clay as they were
pushed from opposite ends?
Q25. If the strips of clay represent the Earth’s
lithosphere, what do you think is formed in the
lithosphere?
Q26. What other geologic event could take place with
this type of plate movement aside from your answer in
Q25?
Q27. In terms of the consequences on the Earth’s
lithosphere, how will you differentiate this type of
convergent plate boundary with the other two?

When two continental plates
converge, a collision zone is formed.
Unlike the other two types of convergent
boundaries, subduction ceases for this
particular type of convergence. No trench,
no volcano, and definitely no island arc
are created during this process. Instead,
what is created is a large group of tall
mountains called mountain range.

Figure 16. Formation of mountain range

About 40 to 50 million years ago, two
large land masses, India and Eurasia, collided
to begin the formation of the most visible
product of plate tectonics - the Himalayas.
Since subduction is impossible between two
colliding continental plates, pressure is
released by pushing the crusts upward and
forming the Himalayan peaks.
Also, collision of continental plates is
associated with shallow earthquake activities.

Figure 17. Collision of the Eurasian and Indian plates

Activity 4
Going Separate Ways
Objectives:
• Explain the processes that occur along divergent
boundaries.
• Determine the results of plates that are moving apart.
Materials:
photographs of Rift Valleys and Oceanic Ridges
Procedure:
1. Analyze the photographs of rift valleys (topmost
pictures) and oceanic ridges below, and answer the
questions that follow.

Figure 18. Rift valleys and oceanic ridges

Q28. What are common in the four pictures?
Q29. Millions of years ago, the land masses in
each picture were once connected. What do
you think is happening to the Earth’s crust in
those pictures?
Q30. If this event continues for millions of
years, what do you think will be the effect on
the crust?
Q31. Complete the drawing below to illustrate
your answer in question number 30.

At present
After millions of years

Divergence of Plates
Formation of rift valleys and oceanic ridges
are indications that the crust is spreading or
splitting apart. In this case, the plates are forming
divergent plate boundaries wherein they tend to
move apart. Most divergent boundaries are
situated along underwater mountain ranges
called oceanic ridges. As the plates separate, new
materials from the mantle ooze up to fill the gap.
These materials will slowly cool to produce new
ocean floor.

The spreading rate at these ridges may
vary from 2 to 20 cm per year. Although a
very slow process, divergence of plates
ensures a continuous supply of new
materials from the mantle. The Mid-
Atlantic Ocean ridge is an example of
spreading center which causes the
divergence of the South American plate
and the African plate.

Figure 19. Formation of Mid-Ocean ridge (Diagram by Phyllis Newbill)

When a spreading center develops within a
continent, the crust may break into several
segments. The breaking leads to the formation
of down faulted valleys called rift valleys. It is
also associated with the rising of hot materials
from the mantle.
The rift valley increases its length and depth
as the spreading continues. At this point, the
valley develops into a linear sea, similar to the
Red Sea today.

In Grade 8, you were introduced to different types
of fault such as normal, reverse, and strike-slip. You also
learned that faults are fractures in the Earth’s crust
created by different types of forces acting on the
lithosphere.
There is one type of plate boundary that resembles
the strike-slip fault. Though much larger, transform fault
boundary is similar to strike-slip fault in terms of the
relative motion of adjacent slabs of rock.
To find out more about this kind of plate boundary,
the next activity will let you simulate the event that
could happen out of this boundary.

Activity 5
Slide and Shake
Objective:
determine the effect of transform-fault boundary on the
Earth’s crust.
Materials:
• four blocks of wood:
blocks 1 and 4 measures 5 cm x 5 cm x 10 cm
while blocks 2 and 3 measures 5 cm x 5 cm x 15cm
• two hook screws
• sandpaper

Procedure:
1. Attach a hook screw on one end of Blocks 2
and 3.
2. Arrange the blocks as shown in the
illustration below.
3. Place sandpaper on the side of the blocks
where they all meet.
4. Slowly pull Blocks 2 and 3 on its hook
screw to the direction indicated by the arrow.
Observe the motion of the blocks.

Q32. Were you able to pull the blocks of wood
easily? Why or why not?
Q33. What can you say about the relative
motion of blocks 1 and 2? How about blocks 3
and 4?
Q34. How will you describe the interaction
between blocks 2 and 3 as you pull each
block?
Q35. What is the interaction between blocks 1
and 3? How about between blocks 2 and 4?

Transform Fault Boundaries
If the blocks of wood in Activity 6 were
to represent the lithospheric plates, you will
notice that there were two sets of divergent
plate boundaries (between blocks 1 and 2,
and blocks 3 and 4). But since the plates
were adjacent to each other, a new type of
boundary is manifested and that is the
transform fault boundary.

Most transform faults join two segments of a mid-ocean
ridge (represented by the gaps between 1 and 2, and between
3 and 4). Remember that the presence of a ridge is an
indication of diverging plates, and as the plates diverge
between the two segments of the mid-ocean ridge, the
adjacent slabs of crust are grinding past each other (blocks 2
and 3, blocks 1 and 3, and blocks 2 and 4).
Although most transform faults are located within the
ocean basins, there are a few that cut through the continental
crust. An example of this is the San Andreas fault. The
immediate concerns about transform fault boundaries are
earthquake activities triggered by movements along the fault
system.

It was stated at the beginning of this module
that majority of tectonic activities like earthquakes,
mountain formations, and volcanic activities
happen along or near plate boundaries. But there
are some cases wherein activities take place in the
middle of a plate.
Let’s take the case of the Hawaiian islands.
Here, we can find some of the largest and most
active volcanoes of the world. If we’re going to
look at Hawaii, it is situated right in the middle of
Pacific plate and not along the boundaries.

Activity 6
Drop It Like It’s “Hot Spot”
Objective:
Relate hot spot with plate tectonics
Materials:
• alcohol lamp • test tube • test tube holder
• bond paper (2 sheets) • match • water
Procedure:
1. Attach one end of the bond paper to the end of another bond
paper.
2. Fill 3/4 of the test tube with water and heat it over an alcohol
lamp.
3. While waiting for the water to boil, place the paper on top of
the test

4. Once the water starts boiling and fumes are coming
out, hold the paper in the same position for the next
10 seconds.
5. After 10 seconds, move the bond paper very slowly
and horizontally
by 10 centimeters. See to it that the paper and test
tube are still in contact.
6. Repeat step 5 after another 10 seconds and observe.
Q36. What can you see on the surface of the bond
paper?

Q37. Let’s say that the paper represents the Earth’s
crust; what do you think is represented by the water
in the test tube?
Q38. What geologic feature do you think will be
formed at the surface of the crust?
Q39. Which of the features, at the surface of the crust,
will be the oldest? the youngest? Label these on your
paper.
Q40. Which of the features will be the most active?
The least active? Label these on your paper.

Activity 6 gave you an idea how tectonic
activities could also happen within a plate and not
just along the boundaries.
This idea started when extensive mapping of
seafloor volcanoes in the Pacific revealed a chain of
volcanic structures extending from the Hawaiian
Islands to Midway Islands. When geologists
determined the age of each volcanic island through
radiometric dating, they noticed that the farther
the volcano from Hawaii is, the older and less
active it is.

Scientists suggested that there is a source of molten
materials from the mantle called mantle plume that formed
the volcanic island chains. As the Pacific plate moves,
different parts of it will be on top of the mantle plume to
receive the molten materials, thus creating the volcanic
islands. Continuing plate movement eventually carries the
island beyond the hot spot, cutting it off from the magma
source, and volcanism ceases. As one island volcano
becomes extinct, another develops over the hot spot, and
the cycle is repeated. This process of volcano growth and
death, over many millions of years, has left a long trail of
volcanic islands and seamounts across the Pacific Ocean
floor.

Figure 22. Hot spot forming a chain of volcanoes

VI. Summary/Synthesis/Feedback
• According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of
the Earth is broken into numerous segments called plates.
• Each plate is slowly but continuously moving.
• As a result of the motion of the plates, three types of plate
boundaries were formed: Divergent, Convergent, and Transform
fault boundaries.
• Divergent boundary is formed when plates move apart,
creating a zone of tension.
• Convergent boundary is present when two plates collide.
• Transform fault is characterized by plates that are sliding past
each other.
• Plate tectonics give rise to several geologic features and events.

Glossary of Terms
Continental volcanic arc mountains formed in part by igneous
activity associated with subduction of oceanic lithosphere
beneath a continent
Convergent boundary a boundary in which two plates move
toward each other, causing one of the slabs of the lithosphere
to subduct beneath an overriding plate
Crust the outer portion of the earth
Continental Crust the thick part of the Earth’s crust, not
located under the ocean
Oceanic Crust the thin part of the Earth’s crust located under
the oceans

Divergent boundary a region where the crustal plates are
moving apart
Earthquake vibration of Earth due to the rapid release of
Energy
Fault a break in a rock along which movement has
Occurred
Fracture any break in a rock in which no significant
movement has taken place
Geology the science that studies Earth
Hot spot a concentration of heat in the mantle capable of
creating magma

Magma a mass of molten rock formed at depth,
including dissolved gases and crystals.
Mid-ocean ridge a continuous mass of land with
long width and height on the ocean floor.
Plates rigid sections of the lithosphere that move
as a Unit
Plate tectonics a theory which suggests that
Earth’s crust is made up of plates that interact in
various ways, thus producing earthquakes,
mountains, volcanoes, and other geologic features

Primary (P) wave the first type of seismic
wave to be recorded in a seismic station
Rocks consolidated mixture of minerals
Secondary (S) wave second type of
earthquake wave to be recorded in a seismic
station
Seismogram a record made by a seismograph
Seismograph a device used to record
earthquake waves

Subduction an event in which a slab of rock
thrusts into the mantle
Transform fault boundary a boundary
produced when two plates slide past each
other
Trench a depression in the seafloor produced
by subduction process
Volcanic Island arc a chain of volcanoes that
develop parallel to a trench

MODULE 1.pptx

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MODULE 1.pptx