![Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM)
ISSN: 2455-3689
www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September 2018 ǁ PP 68-70
|Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 68 |
MOLECULAR COMPUTING
Matthew N. O. Sadiku1
, Sarhan M. Musa1
, and Osama M. Musa2
1
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446
2
Ashland Inc. Bridgewater, NJ 08807
ABSTRACT: Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate
information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon
integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational
devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism.
It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to
molecular computing.
KEY WORDS: molecular computing, molecular electronics, molecular programming, DNA computing
I. INTRODUCTION
Conventional computing uses transistors and binary logic for performing operations. However, increasing the
number of functional units or speed faces inherent limitations in the number of transistors that can be put in one
chip. We therefore seek using molecules as a means of computation. Molecular computers are made of proteins
and other molecules rather than silicon integrated circuits (ICs). Traditional computing is compared with
molecular computing in Figure 1 [1]. Molecular computing is the science that uses individual molecules to build
computer programs. It is the encoding, manipulation, and retrieval of information at a molecular level. It is one
of the subfields of natural computing and is sometimes referred as DNA computing. It is an interdisciplinary
field that uses individual molecules as microscopic switches. It requires the collaboration of polymer chemists,
device physicists, electrical engineers, biotech researchers, and futurists. The objective is to produce a von
Neumann-type of computer in carbon rather than in silicon because carbon chemistry facilitates the construction
of smaller and faster computing devices [2]. Carbon appears to be the element of choice for molecular
computing, just as silicon is used for conventional computing. Molecular computing is often made of DNA,
RNA, or other bio-molecules. A given computational problem is encoded into DNA like strings which are
mixed in a test tube. The computational method has high parallel processing capability [3].
II. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR COMPUTING
An important feature of molecular computing is that it is context-dependent; inputs are processed as physical
structures rather bit by bit as in conventional computing. Due to this, molecular computers are suited for
processing sensory inputs such as pressure, temperature, and light. Conventional computers handle such tasks
poorly [4] Molecular computing provides several ways of solving difficult mathematical problems. Researchers
have recently characterized molecules capable of acting as electronic switches and memory and organic
molecules that act as electronic devices. They have initiated a new era of molecular electronics based on organic
molecules [5]. Several types of molecular switches have been demonstrated. Taking advantage of the small size
of molecules within a nanocell, elementary logic devices such as an inverter, a NAND gate, an XOR gate, and a
1-bit adder have been simulated [6]. A team of French scientists have built the first molecular computer using
polymers to store data, making each bit 100 times smaller than with current data storage [7]. They will have a
lot of challenges scaling-up.
III. APPLICATIONS
Molecular computing has shown great promise in several applications including drug delivery and molecular
communication. It is a powerful tool for the development of massive parallel computation. A promising area of
application of molecular computing is nanotechnology because constructing nanoscale structures requires
computation at the molecular level [8]. Due to size limitations, traditional electromagnetic communication
systems cannot be applied to nanonetworks. Molecular computing also has a potential value for building
inference engines and expert systems [9].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijrtemj029068070-181010134649/85/MOLECULAR-COMPUTING-1-320.jpg)
![MOLECULAR COMPUTING.
|Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 69 |
IV. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES
The main benefit of molecular computing is the potential to pack vastly more circuitry onto a microchip than
silicon will ever be capable of. Molecular computers process information encoded in molecules, not in electrical
signals. Since molecules are only a few nanometers in size, it is possible to make chips containing billions of
components. Molecular devices (with each molecule operating as a switch) are astonishingly easy and
potentially cheap to make. For molecular computing to be practical, it must be able to solve problems of a large
size. Few molecular electronic devices can beat silicon devices on both speed and energy efficiency. Lab
experiments on molecular computers are currently expensive, inefficient, and unreliable. Hoping that molecular
electronics will quickly catch up with the fast-moving advances of silicon has led to disappointment. Despite
these challenges, molecular computing has a promising future.
V. CONCLUSIONS
Molecular computing as a field is in an early but rapid stage of development. It must be evaluated against the
performance of conventional silicon-based computing. Although the field has been gaining a lot of traction, it is
currently not possible to build these computers at a large enough scale to substitute silicon. The bold promise of
replacing silicon with molecular components is yet to come to reality. For more information about molecular
computing, one is cordially advised to consult [10,11].
REFERENCES
[1] R. J. Bonneau et al., “A mathematical architecture for molecular computing,” Proceedings of the 36th
Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2007, pp. 80-86.
[2] M Conrad, “On design principles for a molecular computer,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 28,
no. 5, May 1985, pp. 464-480.
[3] M. Conrad, “The lure of molecular computing,” IEEE Spectrum, October 1986, pp.55-60.
[4] A. F. Rocha, M. P. Rebello, and K. Miura, “Toward a theory of molecular computing,” Journal of
Informational Sciences, vol. 106, 1998, pp. 123-157.
[5] D. Rotman, “Molecular computing,” MIT Technology Review, May/June 2000, pp. 53-58.
[6] J. M. Tour et al., “Nanocell logic gates for molecular computing,” IEEE Transactions on
Nanotechnology, vol. 99, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 100-109.
[7] “World’s first molecular computer makes data storage 100 times smaller,”
https://labiotech.eu/molecular-computer-data-storage/
[8] M. Hagiya, “Perspectives on molecular computing,” New Generation Computing, vol. 17, 1999, pp.
131-151.
[9] P. Wasiewicz et al., “The inference based on molecular computing,” Cybernetics & Systems, vol. 31,
no. 3, 2000, pp. 283-315.
[10] T. Sienko et al., Molecular Computing. The MIT Press, 2003.
[11] G. Rozenberg, T, Bäck, and J. N. Kok, Handbook of Natural Computing. Springer, 2011.
AUTHORS
Matthew N.O. Sadiku is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View
A&M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is the author of several books and papers. His areas of research
interest include computational electromagnetics and computer networks. He is a fellow of IEEE.
Sarhan M. Musa is a professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Prairie View A&M
University, Texas. He has been the director of Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an
LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow.
Osama M. Musa is currently Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for Ashland Inc. Dr. Musa also
serves as a member of the Advisory Board at Manhattan College’s Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering as well as a member of the Board of Trustees at Chemists' Club of NYC. Additionally, he sits on
the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Humanitarian Technology (IJHT).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijrtemj029068070-181010134649/85/MOLECULAR-COMPUTING-2-320.jpg)
![MOLECULAR COMPUTING.
|Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 70 |
Figure 1 Traditional computing compared with molecular computing [1].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijrtemj029068070-181010134649/85/MOLECULAR-COMPUTING-3-320.jpg)
MOLECULAR COMPUTING
- 1. Invention Journal of Research Technology in Engineering & Management (IJRTEM) ISSN: 2455-3689 www.ijrtem.com Volume 2 Issue 9 ǁ September 2018 ǁ PP 68-70 |Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 68 | MOLECULAR COMPUTING Matthew N. O. Sadiku1 , Sarhan M. Musa1 , and Osama M. Musa2 1 Roy G. Perry College of Engineering Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446 2 Ashland Inc. Bridgewater, NJ 08807 ABSTRACT: Molecular computers are systems in which molecules or macromolecules individually mediate information processing functions. Molecular computing provides an alternative to computing using silicon integrated circuits. It aims at developing intelligent computers using biological molecules as computational devices. It is a promising means of unconventional computation owing to its capability for massive parallelism. It offers to augment digital computing with biology-like capabilities. This paper provides a brief introduction to molecular computing. KEY WORDS: molecular computing, molecular electronics, molecular programming, DNA computing I. INTRODUCTION Conventional computing uses transistors and binary logic for performing operations. However, increasing the number of functional units or speed faces inherent limitations in the number of transistors that can be put in one chip. We therefore seek using molecules as a means of computation. Molecular computers are made of proteins and other molecules rather than silicon integrated circuits (ICs). Traditional computing is compared with molecular computing in Figure 1 [1]. Molecular computing is the science that uses individual molecules to build computer programs. It is the encoding, manipulation, and retrieval of information at a molecular level. It is one of the subfields of natural computing and is sometimes referred as DNA computing. It is an interdisciplinary field that uses individual molecules as microscopic switches. It requires the collaboration of polymer chemists, device physicists, electrical engineers, biotech researchers, and futurists. The objective is to produce a von Neumann-type of computer in carbon rather than in silicon because carbon chemistry facilitates the construction of smaller and faster computing devices [2]. Carbon appears to be the element of choice for molecular computing, just as silicon is used for conventional computing. Molecular computing is often made of DNA, RNA, or other bio-molecules. A given computational problem is encoded into DNA like strings which are mixed in a test tube. The computational method has high parallel processing capability [3]. II. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR COMPUTING An important feature of molecular computing is that it is context-dependent; inputs are processed as physical structures rather bit by bit as in conventional computing. Due to this, molecular computers are suited for processing sensory inputs such as pressure, temperature, and light. Conventional computers handle such tasks poorly [4] Molecular computing provides several ways of solving difficult mathematical problems. Researchers have recently characterized molecules capable of acting as electronic switches and memory and organic molecules that act as electronic devices. They have initiated a new era of molecular electronics based on organic molecules [5]. Several types of molecular switches have been demonstrated. Taking advantage of the small size of molecules within a nanocell, elementary logic devices such as an inverter, a NAND gate, an XOR gate, and a 1-bit adder have been simulated [6]. A team of French scientists have built the first molecular computer using polymers to store data, making each bit 100 times smaller than with current data storage [7]. They will have a lot of challenges scaling-up. III. APPLICATIONS Molecular computing has shown great promise in several applications including drug delivery and molecular communication. It is a powerful tool for the development of massive parallel computation. A promising area of application of molecular computing is nanotechnology because constructing nanoscale structures requires computation at the molecular level [8]. Due to size limitations, traditional electromagnetic communication systems cannot be applied to nanonetworks. Molecular computing also has a potential value for building inference engines and expert systems [9].
- 2. MOLECULAR COMPUTING. |Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 69 | IV. BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES The main benefit of molecular computing is the potential to pack vastly more circuitry onto a microchip than silicon will ever be capable of. Molecular computers process information encoded in molecules, not in electrical signals. Since molecules are only a few nanometers in size, it is possible to make chips containing billions of components. Molecular devices (with each molecule operating as a switch) are astonishingly easy and potentially cheap to make. For molecular computing to be practical, it must be able to solve problems of a large size. Few molecular electronic devices can beat silicon devices on both speed and energy efficiency. Lab experiments on molecular computers are currently expensive, inefficient, and unreliable. Hoping that molecular electronics will quickly catch up with the fast-moving advances of silicon has led to disappointment. Despite these challenges, molecular computing has a promising future. V. CONCLUSIONS Molecular computing as a field is in an early but rapid stage of development. It must be evaluated against the performance of conventional silicon-based computing. Although the field has been gaining a lot of traction, it is currently not possible to build these computers at a large enough scale to substitute silicon. The bold promise of replacing silicon with molecular components is yet to come to reality. For more information about molecular computing, one is cordially advised to consult [10,11]. REFERENCES [1] R. J. Bonneau et al., “A mathematical architecture for molecular computing,” Proceedings of the 36th Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop, 2007, pp. 80-86. [2] M Conrad, “On design principles for a molecular computer,” Communications of the ACM, vol. 28, no. 5, May 1985, pp. 464-480. [3] M. Conrad, “The lure of molecular computing,” IEEE Spectrum, October 1986, pp.55-60. [4] A. F. Rocha, M. P. Rebello, and K. Miura, “Toward a theory of molecular computing,” Journal of Informational Sciences, vol. 106, 1998, pp. 123-157. [5] D. Rotman, “Molecular computing,” MIT Technology Review, May/June 2000, pp. 53-58. [6] J. M. Tour et al., “Nanocell logic gates for molecular computing,” IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, vol. 99, no. 2, June 2002, pp. 100-109. [7] “World’s first molecular computer makes data storage 100 times smaller,” https://labiotech.eu/molecular-computer-data-storage/ [8] M. Hagiya, “Perspectives on molecular computing,” New Generation Computing, vol. 17, 1999, pp. 131-151. [9] P. Wasiewicz et al., “The inference based on molecular computing,” Cybernetics & Systems, vol. 31, no. 3, 2000, pp. 283-315. [10] T. Sienko et al., Molecular Computing. The MIT Press, 2003. [11] G. Rozenberg, T, Bäck, and J. N. Kok, Handbook of Natural Computing. Springer, 2011. AUTHORS Matthew N.O. Sadiku is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas. He is the author of several books and papers. His areas of research interest include computational electromagnetics and computer networks. He is a fellow of IEEE. Sarhan M. Musa is a professor in the Department of Engineering Technology at Prairie View A&M University, Texas. He has been the director of Prairie View Networking Academy, Texas, since 2004. He is an LTD Sprint and Boeing Welliver Fellow. Osama M. Musa is currently Vice President and Chief Technology Officer for Ashland Inc. Dr. Musa also serves as a member of the Advisory Board at Manhattan College’s Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering as well as a member of the Board of Trustees at Chemists' Club of NYC. Additionally, he sits on the Advisory Board of the International Journal of Humanitarian Technology (IJHT).
- 3. MOLECULAR COMPUTING. |Volume 2| Issue 9 | www.ijrtem.com | 70 | Figure 1 Traditional computing compared with molecular computing [1].