Massive open online courses (MOOCs) emerged in 2012 as top universities like Stanford, Princeton, and MIT offered free online courses to tens of thousands of students worldwide. Coursera, Udacity, and edX are three major MOOC providers that partner with universities to deliver online courses in a wide range of subjects. These courses are free to audit but students can earn certificates or college credit by paying a fee for verified assessments. MOOCs have grown rapidly since 2012 and now reach over 10 million students globally through online video lectures, assignments, and interactive learning tools.