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- 1. Ms.Saajjdalodhi Notes Class 9th FBISE Chapter5:Climate of Pakistan and Environmental Hazards Chapter5: Climate of Pakistan and Environmental Hazards(Total: 50 MCQs with Answers). 1. The climate of Pakistan is generally: A) Hot and dry B) Cold and humid C) Moderate and wet D) Extremely cold ✅ Answer: A) Hot and dry 2. The main factor affecting Pakistan’s climate is:
- 2. A) Latitude B) Oceancurrents C) Distance from sea D) Forests ✅ Answer: C) Distance from sea 3. Pakistan lies in which climatic zone? A) Tropical zone B) Temperate zone C) Sub-tropical zone D) Polar zone ✅ Answer: C) Sub-tropical zone 4. The coastal areas of Pakistan have: A) Very cold winters B) Very hot summers C) Moderate climate D) Extremely dry climate ✅ Answer: C) Moderate climate 5. Which province receives the most rainfall? A) Sindh B) Punjab C) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa D) Balochistan ✅ Answer: C) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 6. The hottest place in Pakistan is:
- 3. A) Sibi B) Jacobabad C)Multan D) Hyderabad ✅ Answer: B) Jacobabad 7. The coldest place in Pakistan is: A) Quetta B) Murree C) Skardu D) Ziarat ✅ Answer: C) Skardu 8. The main source of rainfall in Pakistan is: A) Westerly winds B) Monsoon winds C) Sea breezes D) Local convection currents ✅ Answer: B) Monsoon winds 9. Monsoon in Pakistan blows from: A) North to South B) East to West C) South-West to North-East D) West to East ✅ Answer: C) South-West to North-East 10. The winter rainfall in Pakistan is caused by:
- 4. A) Monsoon B) Cyclones C)Western depressions D) Sea breeze ✅ Answer: C) Western depressions 11. The hottest months in Pakistan are: A) April and May B) June and July C) July and August D) August and September ✅ Answer: B) June and July 12. The average rainfall in coastal areas of Pakistan is: A) 100–200 mm B) 200–300 mm C) 300–400 mm D) 400–600 mm ✅ Answer: B) 200–300 mm 13. The region with the least rainfall in Pakistan is: A) Thar Desert B) Potohar Plateau C) Northern Mountains D) Indus Delta ✅ Answer: A) Thar Desert
- 5. 14. Which ofthe following areas receives snowfall in winter? A) Karachi B) Lahore C) Murree D) Multan ✅ Answer: C) Murree 15. The northern mountain region has: A) Desert climate B) Tropical climate C) Cold climate D) Dry climate ✅ Answer: C) Cold climate 16. The plain areas of Punjab have: A) Coastal climate B) Desert climate C) Continental climate D) Mountain climate ✅ Answer: C) Continental climate 17. Which region of Pakistan is most affected by droughts? A) Punjab B) Sindh and Balochistan C) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- 6. D) Northern areas ✅Answer: B) Sindh and Balochistan 18. The main environmental hazard in northern Pakistan is: A) Earthquake B) Cyclone C) Drought D) Flood ✅ Answer: A) Earthquake 19. Floods in Pakistan mostly occur in: A) Winter B) Spring C) Summer (Monsoon) D) Autumn ✅ Answer: C) Summer (Monsoon) 20. The main cause of floods in Pakistan is: A) Heavy rainfall B) Glacier melting C) Deforestation D) All of the above ✅ Answer: D) All of the above 21. The 2010 floods in Pakistan were caused by:
- 7. A) Earthquake B) Cyclones C)Heavy monsoon rains D) Snowfall ✅ Answer: C) Heavy monsoon rains 22. Earthquakes occur due to: A) Volcanic eruption B) Movement of tectonic plates C) Strong winds D) Heavy rainfall ✅ Answer: B) Movement of tectonic plates 23. The worst earthquake in Pakistan occurred in: A) 1990 B) 2000 C) 2005 D) 2010 ✅ Answer: C) 2005 24. The 2005 earthquake mostly affected: A) Sindh and Balochistan B) Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir C) Punjab D) Karachi ✅ Answer: B) Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir 25. The 2005 earthquake had a magnitude of about:
- 8. A) 6.0 B) 6.8 C)7.6 D) 8.5 ✅ Answer: C) 7.6 26. Drought means: A) Heavy rainfall B) Long period without rainfall C) Flooding of rivers D) Cyclone ✅ Answer: B) Long period without rainfall 27. The worst drought in Pakistan occurred in: A) 1997–2001 B) 2005–2006 C) 2010–2011 D) 2014–2015 ✅ Answer: A) 1997–2001 28. Drought mainly affects: A) Crops and livestock B) Industry C) Transport D) Communication ✅ Answer: A) Crops and livestock 29. Cyclones affect mostly:
- 9. A) Northern Pakistan B)Western Pakistan C) Coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan D) Punjab plains ✅ Answer: C) Coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan 30. The Arabian Sea cyclones hit mostly: A) Karachi and coastal Sindh B) Gilgit-Baltistan C) Punjab D) KPK ✅ Answer: A) Karachi and coastal Sindh 31. Which of the following is a man-made environmental hazard? A) Earthquake B) Volcano C) Deforestation D) Flood ✅ Answer: C) Deforestation 32. The cutting of forests leads to: A) More rainfall B) Soil erosion C) Less temperature D) None of these ✅ Answer: B) Soil erosion
- 10. 33. The maincause of environmental pollution is: A) Industries and vehicles B) Trees C) Oceans D) Mountains ✅ Answer: A) Industries and vehicles 34. Global warming is caused by: A) Oxygen B) Carbon dioxide C) Nitrogen D) Water vapour ✅ Answer: B) Carbon dioxide 35. The greenhouse effect causes: A) Cooling of earth B) Warming of earth C) More rainfall D) Earthquakes ✅ Answer: B) Warming of earth 36. To control pollution, we should: A) Cut more trees B) Burn more fuel C) Plant more trees D) Build more factories ✅ Answer: C) Plant more trees
- 11. 37. The processof protecting the environment is called: A) Civilization B) Pollution C) Conservation D) Cultivation ✅ Answer: C) Conservation 38. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was established in: A) 2005 B) 2007 C) 2010 D) 2012 ✅ Answer: B) 2007 39. NDMA stands for: A) National Disaster Management Authority B) National Defence Management Agency C) National Development Management Authority D) None of these ✅ Answer: A) National Disaster Management Authority 40. The function of NDMA is to: A) Conduct elections B) Handle disasters and emergencies
- 12. C) Build roads D)Manage education ✅ Answer: B) Handle disasters and emergencies 41. Which organization monitors weather in Pakistan? A) SUPARCO B) NDMA C) PMD (Pakistan Meteorological Department) D) PIA ✅ Answer: C) PMD (Pakistan Meteorological Department) 42. Which of the following helps in flood control? A) Dams and barrages B) Deforestation C) Unplanned cities D) Heavy rainfall ✅ Answer: A) Dams and barrages 43. The environmental hazard most common in mountainous regions: A) Landslides B) Cyclones C) Drought D) Tsunamis ✅ Answer: A) Landslides
- 13. 44. Which regionof Pakistan is more prone to landslides? A) Sindh B) Balochistan C) Northern Areas D) Punjab ✅ Answer: C) Northern Areas 45. The Indus River floods mainly affect: A) Karachi B) Sindh and Punjab plains C) Gilgit D) Quetta ✅ Answer: B) Sindh and Punjab plains 46. The 2010 floods affected about: A) 10 million people B) 15 million people C) 20 million people D) 25 million people ✅ Answer: C) 20 million people 47. Environmental hazards can be reduced by: A) Education and planning B) Ignoring warnings C) Deforestation
- 14. D) Overpopulation ✅ Answer:A) Education and planning 48. Pakistan’s largest environmental problem is: A) Snowfall B) Air and water pollution C) Cyclone D) Volcanic eruption ✅ Answer: B) Air and water pollution 49. The effect of deforestation on rainfall is: A) Increases rainfall B) Decreases rainfall C) No effect D) Causes cyclones ✅ Answer: B) Decreases rainfall 50. One of the best ways to protect the environment is to: A) Burn waste B) Plant trees C) Use plastic D) Build dams only ✅ Answer: B) Plant trees Chapter 5: Climate of Pakistan and Environmental Hazards(40 Short Questions & Answers)
- 15. (FBISE Pattern) 1. Whatis meant by the climate of Pakistan? The climate of Pakistan refers to the average weather conditions experienced throughout the year. It is mostly arid and continental, with hot summers and cold winters. Pakistan’s climate varies from region to region due to differences in elevation, latitude, and distance from the sea. Generally, it is dry in the interior and moderate along the coastal belt. 2. What are the main factors affecting the climate of Pakistan? The main factors affecting Pakistan’s climate include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, wind direction, and relief features. Areas near the sea have a moderate climate, while inland regions experience extreme temperatures. The northern mountains remain cold, whereas southern and western areas are mostly hot and dry.
- 16. 3. How doesdistance from the sea affect Pakistan’s climate? The distance from the sea plays a major role in Pakistan’s climate. Coastal areas like Karachi have moderate temperatures throughout the year because of sea breezes. However, interior regions such as Multan and Jacobabad experience extreme temperatures—very hot in summer and cold in winter —due to the absence of the sea’s moderating influence. 4. Explain the climatic conditions of the coastal areas of Pakistan. The coastal areas, especially Karachi and Gwadar, experience a moderate and humid climate. Summers are warm but not extremely hot, while winters are mild. The sea breeze keeps the temperature balanced, preventing extreme heat or cold. These areas also
- 17. receive limited rainfall,mostly during the monsoon season between July and September. 5. Describe the climatic conditions of the northern mountain region. The northern mountain region, including Gilgit- Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, has a cold climate. In winter, temperatures drop below freezing, and snowfall is common. Summers are short and pleasant. This region receives both winter rain from western depressions and summer rain from monsoon winds, making it comparatively wetter than other regions of Pakistan. 6. What is the climate of the plains of Punjab and Sindh? The plains of Punjab and Sindh have a continental climate with hot summers and cool winters. The temperature can rise above 45°C in summer and fall below 10°C in winter. Rainfall is moderate in Punjab
- 18. but low inSindh. The monsoon season brings rain from July to September, while the rest of the year remains dry. 7. Describe the climate of Balochistan. Balochistan has a dry and arid climate. Most areas receive very little rainfall throughout the year. Summers are extremely hot, especially in the plains, while winters can be quite cold in upland areas like Quetta and Ziarat. Due to low humidity and rainfall, droughts are common in many parts of the province. 8. What are monsoon winds and how do they affect Pakistan’s climate? Monsoon winds are seasonal winds that blow from the sea toward the land during summer. In Pakistan, the southwest monsoon brings moist air from the Arabian Sea between July and September, causing heavy rainfall in the northern and eastern parts of the
- 19. country. These rainsare essential for agriculture but can also cause floods. 9. What are western depressions? Western depressions are low-pressure systems originating from the Mediterranean region that bring rain to Pakistan during the winter months, especially from December to March. These winds mainly affect the northern and western parts of the country, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, and parts of Punjab, providing rainfall and occasional snowfall. 10. Which are the hottest and coldest places in Pakistan? Jacobabad in Sindh is known as the hottest place in Pakistan, where summer temperatures can exceed 50°C. The coldest place is Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan, where winter temperatures fall well below freezing, sometimes reaching -15°C. These extreme variations
- 20. are due todifferences in altitude and geographical location. 11. What is the average annual rainfall in Pakistan? The average annual rainfall in Pakistan varies greatly from region to region. The northern mountainous areas receive up to 1000 mm of rain annually, while the southern deserts like Thar get less than 100 mm. On average, Pakistan receives about 250–300 mm of rainfall per year, which is generally insufficient for agriculture without irrigation. 12. What are environmental hazards? Environmental hazards are natural or human-induced events that cause harm to people, property, and the environment. In Pakistan, these include earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, and landslides. They can result from both natural processes, like tectonic movements, and human activities such as deforestation and poor land management.
- 21. 13. What arethe main types of environmental hazards in Pakistan? The main types of environmental hazards in Pakistan are floods, earthquakes, droughts, cyclones, and landslides. Floods and earthquakes are frequent and cause massive destruction. Droughts affect arid regions, cyclones threaten coastal areas, and landslides are common in the northern mountainous regions during heavy rainfall or seismic activity. 14. What are floods and how do they occur? Floods occur when rivers overflow due to excessive rainfall, glacier melting, or obstruction in drainage. In Pakistan, floods mostly occur during the monsoon season (July–September). Major causes include heavy rain, deforestation, and poor management of water resources. Floods damage crops, homes, roads, and cause loss of life and property.
- 22. 15. Mention themajor flood disasters in Pakistan’s history. Pakistan has faced several severe floods, especially in the years 1950, 1973, 1976, 1992, and 2010. The 2010 floods were the most devastating, affecting around 20 million people and submerging one-fifth of the country’s land. These floods caused immense damage to crops, livestock, and infrastructure, severely affecting the national economy. 16. What are the main causes of floods in Pakistan? The main causes of floods in Pakistan are heavy monsoon rains, rapid melting of glaciers, deforestation, and poor water management. When rainfall exceeds the capacity of rivers, they overflow and inundate nearby areas. Unplanned construction along riverbanks and blocked drainage systems also worsen flood conditions.
- 23. 17. What arethe effects of floods on Pakistan’s economy? Floods cause widespread damage to agriculture, infrastructure, and property. Crops are destroyed, leading to food shortages and loss of income for farmers. Roads, bridges, and irrigation systems are often damaged, disrupting communication and trade. The government also faces financial burdens in relief operations and rehabilitation of affected areas. 18. What is drought? A drought is a prolonged period with little or no rainfall, leading to water shortage and crop failure. In Pakistan, droughts mostly occur in arid regions like Tharparkar, Cholistan, and parts of Balochistan. Droughts severely affect agriculture, livestock, and human health, leading to famine and migration in some areas.
- 24. 19. Which regionsof Pakistan are most affected by droughts? The regions most affected by droughts are southern Sindh, particularly Tharparkar, and western Balochistan. These areas receive very little rainfall and lack irrigation facilities. During severe droughts, water sources dry up, vegetation disappears, and livestock perish, forcing local populations to migrate in search of water and food. 20. What are the main causes of droughts in Pakistan? Droughts in Pakistan are mainly caused by insufficient rainfall, high temperature, deforestation, and poor water management. Climatic changes and uneven monsoon distribution also contribute to this problem. Overuse of groundwater and lack of proper storage systems worsen the situation, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.
- 25. 21. What arethe effects of droughts on people and economy? Droughts lead to crop failure, livestock death, and food shortages. Farmers lose income, causing poverty and unemployment. Water scarcity affects human health and sanitation. Economically, droughts reduce agricultural productivity, increase import dependence, and strain government resources due to relief and rehabilitation efforts in affected areas. 22. What are earthquakes and why do they occur? Earthquakes are sudden shaking of the earth’s surface caused by movements of tectonic plates beneath the crust. Pakistan lies on the boundary of the Indian and Eurasian plates, making it prone to earthquakes. They can cause massive destruction to buildings, roads, and infrastructure and may lead to landslides in mountainous regions.
- 26. 23. Which areasof Pakistan are prone to earthquakes? The northern and western regions of Pakistan, including Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Gilgit- Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir, are earthquake-prone. These areas lie along the tectonic fault lines. The 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2013 Balochistan earthquake were major examples of seismic activity in these regions. 24. Describe the 2005 earthquake and its impact. The 2005 earthquake struck northern Pakistan and Azad Kashmir on October 8, with a magnitude of 7.6 on the Richter scale. It caused the deaths of around 80,000 people and left millions homeless. Entire towns were destroyed, including schools and hospitals. Relief and reconstruction took several years, supported by national and international agencies.
- 27. 25. What arecyclones and how do they affect Pakistan? Cyclones are violent circular storms originating over warm ocean waters. In Pakistan, they usually form over the Arabian Sea and hit the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. Cyclones bring heavy rain, strong winds, and tidal waves, causing destruction of houses, crops, and communication systems, especially in Karachi and coastal Sindh. 26. Which areas of Pakistan are affected by cyclones? Cyclones mainly affect the coastal regions of Sindh and Balochistan, including Karachi, Thatta, Badin, Gwadar, and Pasni. These areas are vulnerable to sea storms during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. Cyclones can cause flooding, destruction of property, and loss of life if early warnings and preventive measures are ignored.
- 28. 27. What arelandslides and where do they occur in Pakistan? Landslides are the downward movement of soil, rocks, or debris on mountain slopes, usually triggered by heavy rainfall or earthquakes. In Pakistan, they occur mainly in northern areas like Murree, Kaghan, Hunza, and Gilgit. Landslides damage roads, block rivers, and isolate communities, especially during the monsoon season. 28. What are the major human causes of environ - mental hazards? Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, unplanned urbanization, and industrial pollution increase the risk of environmental hazards. Cutting trees leads to soil erosion and floods, while excessive use of natural resources disturbs ecological balance. Air and water pollution from industries and vehicles also contribute to climate change and disasters.
- 29. 29. How doesdeforestation cause environmental problems? Deforestation leads to loss of trees that absorb carbon dioxide and prevent soil erosion. Without trees, rainfall decreases, soil fertility declines, and floods become more frequent. In Pakistan, large-scale cutting of forests in northern areas has increased landslides, reduced biodiversity, and contributed to global warming and climate imbalance. 30. What is global warming and how does it affect Pakistan? Global warming is the gradual increase in Earth’s temperature due to excessive greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide. In Pakistan, it causes rising temperatures, melting glaciers, unpredictable rainfall, and increased frequency of floods and droughts. These changes threaten agriculture, water supply,
- 30. and human health,especially in low-lying and arid regions. 31. What are the main causes of air pollution in Pakistan? The main causes of air pollution in Pakistan are vehicle emissions, industrial smoke, burning of solid waste, and use of low-quality fuels. Urban areas like Lahore, Karachi, and Faisalabad suffer from smog due to high population density and lack of regulation. Air pollution reduces visibility, harms human health, and contributes to global warming. 32. What are the effects of water pollution on the environment? Water pollution contaminates rivers, lakes, and groundwater through industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural chemicals. In Pakistan, it leads to the spread of diseases such as cholera and diarrhea. Polluted water also destroys aquatic life and reduces
- 31. agricultural productivity. Itthreatens both human health and the ecological balance of the environment. 33. How does soil erosion affect Pakistan’s agri - culture? Soil erosion removes the fertile top layer of soil, reducing crop productivity. In Pakistan, deforestation, overgrazing, and improper farming practices accelerate soil erosion, especially in hilly areas. As fertile soil is washed away, farmers face declining yields and must spend more on fertilizers. This directly threatens food security and rural livelihoods. 34. What steps has Pakistan taken to control environ - mental pollution? Pakistan has established environmental protection agencies (EPAs) at federal and provincial levels. The government enforces pollution control laws, promotes tree plantation, and encourages cleaner production in
- 32. industries. Public awarenesscampaigns are also launched to reduce plastic use and vehicle emissions. Additionally, the National Climate Change Policy focuses on sustainable resource management. 35. What is the role of NDMA in disaster manage - ment? The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) was formed in 2007 to manage disasters across Pakistan. Its responsibilities include planning, coordination, and response during natural calamities like floods, earthquakes, and droughts. NDMA provides early warnings, organizes relief operations, and works with provincial authorities and international organizations to minimize disaster impact. 36. How can deforestation be controlled in Pakistan? Deforestation can be controlled by promoting afforestation, enforcing laws against illegal logging,
- 33. and involving communitiesin forest protection. Reforestation programs like the “Ten Billion Tree Tsunami” are effective measures. Awareness campaigns, alternative fuel sources, and sustainable forest management can also help preserve Pakistan’s forest cover and maintain environmental stability. 37. What is the importance of afforestation for Pakistan? Afforestation helps reduce air pollution, prevent soil erosion, and increase rainfall. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, balancing the atmosphere. In Pakistan, where deforestation is severe, planting trees can mitigate floods, landslides, and desertification. It also supports wildlife habitats and promotes sustainable agriculture by maintaining soil fertility. 38. How do floods affect human and physical environ ments?
- 34. Floods damage houses,roads, bridges, and crops, displacing millions of people. In Pakistan, recurring floods destroy farmlands, contaminate drinking water, and spread diseases. They also cause soil erosion and disrupt communication networks. Long-term effects include economic losses, reduced agricultural productivity, and environmental degradation in flood- prone regions. 39. What preventive measures can be taken to reduce flood damage? Flood damage can be reduced by constructing dams, barrages, and embankments along major rivers. Afforestation in catchment areas helps absorb rainwater and prevent soil erosion. Early warning systems, proper land use planning, and public awareness are also vital. The government should enforce building codes and avoid settlements in flood- prone zones.
- 35. 40. What arethe responsibilities of citizens in protect -ing the environment? Citizens can protect the environment by planting trees, reducing waste, and conserving water and energy. Avoiding littering, using public transport, and recycling materials help reduce pollution. People should follow environmental laws, participate in awareness campaigns, and support sustainable practices. Responsible behavior by individuals ensures a clean, safe, and healthy environment for future generations. Chapter5: Climate of Pakistan and Environmental Hazards Long Questions & Answers (FBISE Pattern) Q1. Describe the major climatic regions of Pakistan and their main characteristics. Pakistan’s climate varies from region to region due to its diverse topography, latitude, and distance from the
- 36. sea. It canbe divided into four major climatic regions: the coastal region, the plains, the mountainous areas, and the arid regions. Each region experiences distinct weather patterns influenced by altitude, rainfall, and temperature. The coastal region, mainly including Karachi and Gwadar, experiences a moderate climate. The Arabian Sea keeps the temperature balanced throughout the year. Summers are warm but not extremely hot, and winters are mild. Humidity remains high due to the sea breeze, and rainfall occurs mostly during the monsoon season from July to September. The plains of Punjab and Sindh have a continental climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters. Temperatures can rise above 45°C in summer and fall below 10°C in winter. Punjab receives moderate rainfall, while Sindh remains
- 37. relatively dry. Themonsoon season provides essential rain for agriculture, especially in the upper Indus basin. The northern mountain region, including Gilgit- Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir, has a cold and alpine climate. Winters are long and severe, with heavy snowfall, while summers are short and mild. The region receives rainfall from both monsoon winds and western depressions, supporting forests, pastures, and glaciers that feed Pakistan’s rivers. The arid and semi-arid regions, such as Balochistan, Thar, and Cholistan, have very low rainfall and high evaporation rates. Summers are extremely hot, while winters can be cold in upland areas like Quetta and Ziarat. These areas frequently experience droughts due to irregular rainfall and lack of irrigation facilities.
- 38. In conclusion, Pakistan’sclimate is largely dry and varies from tropical in the south to temperate and alpine in the north. These variations influence agriculture, population distribution, and economic activities across the country. Understanding climatic regions helps in planning agriculture, managing water resources, and preventing natural disasters. Q2. Explain the factors that influence the climate of Pakistan. Pakistan’s climate is influenced by several natural factors that determine temperature, rainfall, and seasonal variations. The major factors include latitude, altitude, distance from the sea, relief, and wind systems such as monsoon and western depressions. Latitude plays a vital role. Pakistan lies between 24°N and 37°N in the subtropical zone, where the sun’s rays are intense, making most of the country hot
- 39. and dry. Areasin the south, closer to the Tropic of Cancer, experience higher temperatures compared to northern highlands. Altitude greatly affects temperature. The northern mountainous regions, such as Gilgit and Skardu, are cold due to high elevation, while lowland areas like Sindh and Punjab are much hotter. For every 165 meters increase in altitude, the temperature drops by about 1°C, explaining the cool climate of Murree and Quetta. Distance from the sea also shapes Pakistan’s climate. Coastal areas like Karachi experience moderate temperatures because the sea absorbs heat slowly and releases it gradually. In contrast, interior regions such as Multan and Jacobabad face extreme temperatures because they are far from the sea’s moderating influence.
- 40. Relief features influencelocal climate as well. Mountains act as barriers to wind and rain. For example, the northern mountains receive heavy rainfall, while Balochistan lies in a rain shadow, resulting in arid conditions. Wind systems are another important factor. The summer monsoon winds blow from the southwest, bringing moisture from the Arabian Sea, causing rainfall in northern and eastern Pakistan. The western depressions, originating from the Mediterranean region, bring winter rain and snowfall to the northern and western parts of the country. In short, Pakistan’s diverse climate results from a combination of geographical and atmospheric factors. These variations affect agriculture, vegetation, and human settlement patterns, making climate an essential element in Pakistan’s development planning.
- 41. Q3. Discuss themajor types, causes, and effects of floods in Pakistan. Floods are among the most frequent and destructive natural disasters in Pakistan. They occur when rivers overflow due to heavy rainfall, glacier melting, or poor drainage. Floods have wide-ranging social, economic, and environmental impacts. The types of floods in Pakistan include riverine floods, flash floods, and urban floods. Riverine floods occur when the Indus River and its tributaries overflow during heavy monsoon rains, particularly in Sindh and Punjab. Flash floods are sudden and violent, caused by intense rainfall in hilly or mountainous areas like Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan. Urban floods occur in major cities such as Karachi and Lahore due to blocked drainage and poor infrastructure.
- 42. Causes of floodsinclude heavy monsoon rains, rapid melting of glaciers, deforestation, and unplanned settlements along riverbanks. The Indus River system, fed by glacier melt and monsoon rain, often exceeds its capacity during extreme weather. Deforestation reduces the land’s ability to absorb rainfall, increasing surface runoff. Poor water management and lack of early warning systems worsen the situation. The effects of floods are devastating. They destroy crops, houses, roads, and bridges, displacing millions of people. The 2010 floods affected over 20 million people and submerged one-fifth of Pakistan’s land. Economically, floods reduce agricultural productivity and strain the national budget due to relief and reconstruction efforts. Environmentally, floods cause soil erosion, siltation in dams, and loss of fertile land.
- 43. Preventive measures includebuilding dams, embankments, and barrages to control water flow, planting trees to increase soil absorption, and improving early warning systems. Public awareness and proper land use planning are also necessary to minimize losses. Floods, though natural, can be managed effectively through preparedness, strong infrastructure, and environmental conservation. Effective flood control ensures agricultural stability and national security. Q4. Describe the causes and effects of droughts in Pakistan. Droughts are prolonged periods of low rainfall that cause severe water shortages. In Pakistan, droughts mainly affect arid and semi-arid regions such as Tharparkar, Cholistan, and Balochistan. They have serious social and economic consequences.
- 44. The causes ofdroughts in Pakistan are both natural and human-made. Natural causes include irregular or below-average rainfall, high evaporation due to extreme heat, and climatic changes that disturb rainfall patterns. Human activities like deforestation, overgrazing, and overuse of groundwater also intensify drought conditions. The effects of droughts are extensive. Agriculture suffers the most, as crops fail and livestock die due to lack of water and grazing land. Farmers lose their income, leading to poverty and food shortages. People are forced to migrate to other areas in search of water and livelihood. Water scarcity also affects human health, leading to malnutrition and diseases. Economically, droughts reduce agricultural productivity, forcing the government to import food and spend heavily on relief measures.
- 45. Environmentally, droughts causedesertification and loss of vegetation, which further worsen the climate. To combat droughts, the government must invest in water storage projects such as small dams, promote efficient irrigation methods like drip irrigation, and encourage tree planting to retain soil moisture. Public awareness about water conservation is also essential. Long-term planning and scientific resource management can minimize drought impacts and ensure sustainable water use. Q5. Explain the main causes, areas, and impacts of earthquakes in Pakistan. Earthquakes are caused by sudden movements of tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s crust. Pakistan lies on the boundary between the Indian and Eurasian plates, making it highly prone to seismic activity. The northern and western regions of Pakistan are particularly vulnerable.
- 46. Major earthquake-prone areasinclude Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Gilgit-Baltistan, and Azad Kashmir. The 2005 earthquake in Kashmir and the 2013 earthquake in Balochistan are two of the most devastating in Pakistan’s history. The causes of earthquakes are mainly geological. The movement and collision of tectonic plates release enormous energy, shaking the earth’s surface. In mountainous areas, this often triggers landslides and destruction of infrastructure. The impacts of earthquakes are severe and far- reaching. Thousands of people lose their lives, and many are injured or displaced. Buildings, roads, bridges, and communication systems collapse, leading to widespread economic losses. The 2005 earthquake killed over 80,000 people and destroyed entire towns in northern Pakistan. It also disrupted education, health services, and livelihoods.
- 47. Earthquakes also causesecondary disasters such as landslides, fires, and water contamination. Rehabilitation and reconstruction after major quakes require years and substantial resources. To reduce the impact of earthquakes, Pakistan must implement strict building codes, educate the public about emergency preparedness, and strengthen early warning and rescue systems. Research centers and seismic monitoring networks should be improved to predict and mitigate future risks. Effective disaster management and community training are crucial for minimizing casualties and damage. Q6. Describe the causes, affected areas, and effects of cyclones in Pakistan. Cyclones are violent circular storms that form over warm ocean waters and move toward coastal regions, bringing heavy rain, strong winds, and tidal waves. They are also known as tropical storms or hurricanes
- 48. in other partsof the world. In Pakistan, cyclones primarily originate over the Arabian Sea and affect the coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan. The main causes of cyclones include high sea surface temperatures, low atmospheric pressure, and strong evaporation. When warm air rises from the ocean surface, it cools and condenses, forming clouds and releasing heat. This process strengthens the storm system, creating a rotating mass of winds around a low-pressure center known as the eye of the cyclone. Climate change, global warming, and rising sea temperatures are also increasing the frequency and intensity of these storms. In Pakistan, the most affected areas are Karachi, Thatta, Badin, Pasni, Ormara, and Gwadar. These coastal districts are highly vulnerable due to their proximity to the Arabian Sea. The cyclone season typically occurs during the pre-monsoon (May–June)
- 49. and post-monsoon (October–November)periods. Some notable cyclones in Pakistan’s history include the 1999 Thatta cyclone, the 2007 Cyclone Yemyin, and the 2010 Arabian Sea storm, which caused widespread destruction. The effects of cyclones in Pakistan are both immediate and long-term. Strong winds and tidal waves destroy homes, trees, and electric poles. Fishing communities and coastal villages suffer the most, losing boats, nets, and livelihoods. Flooding caused by heavy rainfall leads to water contamination and outbreaks of diseases like cholera and diarrhea. Agricultural lands near the coast are damaged by seawater intrusion, reducing soil fertility. Economically, cyclones disrupt trade, transportation, and power supply, especially in Karachi, Pakistan’s main commercial hub.
- 50. Environmentally, cyclones disturbmarine ecosystems, erode coastal land, and damage mangrove forests that serve as natural barriers against sea storms. Socially, thousands of people are displaced, requiring immediate relief and rehabilitation efforts. The government, along with the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD), plays a vital role in forecasting and managing cyclone impacts. Preventive measures include establishing early warning systems, constructing cyclone shelters, strengthening embankments, and restoring mangrove forests. Public awareness programs and community participation are also essential for minimizing damage. In conclusion, although cyclones cannot be prevented, their devastating impact can be reduced through preparedness, environmental conservation, and improved disaster management systems.
- 51. Q7. What arethe major causes and effects of environmental pollution in Pakistan? Environmental pollution is one of Pakistan’s most serious problems today. It refers to the contamination of air, water, and land by harmful substances that endanger human health, wildlife, and the ecosystem. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and population growth have greatly increased pollution levels across the country. The major causes of air pollution include emissions from vehicles, smoke from factories, burning of solid waste, and the use of low-quality fuels. In large cities like Lahore, Karachi, Faisalabad, and Peshawar, smog has become a yearly problem, especially in winter. The lack of green spaces and poor public transport infrastructure worsen the air quality. Deforestation also contributes by reducing the natural absorption of carbon dioxide.
- 52. Water pollution resultsfrom the discharge of untreated industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural chemicals into rivers and canals. The Indus River, Pakistan’s main water source, receives toxic waste from factories and cities. This contaminated water is used for irrigation and domestic purposes, leading to waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and hepatitis. Land pollution is caused by improper disposal of solid waste, plastic littering, and the excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers. Unplanned urban growth and lack of waste management systems have turned many cities into dumping grounds. Rural areas are also affected, as chemical use degrades soil quality and reduces crop yields. The effects of environmental pollution are alarming. Air pollution causes respiratory and heart diseases, reduces visibility, and contributes to climate change.
- 53. Water pollution harmsaquatic life and contaminates drinking supplies, endangering millions of people. Land pollution reduces soil fertility and damages crops. Together, these forms of pollution contribute to global warming, irregular rainfall, and loss of biodiversity. To control pollution, Pakistan has taken several steps. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (1997) established the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to monitor and regulate pollution levels. The government promotes tree plantation campaigns such as the Ten Billion Tree Tsunami, encourages renewable energy use, and enforces emission standards for industries. However, more efforts are needed, including stricter laws, better waste management, and public awareness programs. In conclusion, environmental pollution is a serious threat to Pakistan’s health, economy, and
- 54. sustainability. It canonly be controlled through combined efforts by the government, industries, and citizens. Cleaner technologies, environmental education, and sustainable practices are essential to ensure a safe and healthy future. Q8. Discuss the role of disaster management organizations in Pakistan and suggest ways to reduce environmental hazards. Pakistan frequently faces natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, droughts, cyclones, and landslides. Effective disaster management is essential to minimize their impact on people and the economy. Several organizations at the national and provincial levels are responsible for handling such emergencies. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), established in 2007, is the key federal institution for disaster management. It works under the National Disaster Management Act 2010 and
- 55. coordinates relief, rehabilitation,and reconstruction activities. NDMA develops national disaster policies, prepares contingency plans, and provides early warnings through collaboration with the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) and provincial disaster management authorities (PDMAs). At the provincial level, PDMAs handle local disasters such as floods, landslides, and urban fires. They coordinate with local governments, rescue teams, and NGOs to ensure timely evacuation and relief distribution. The District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs) operate at the grassroots level to provide first response and public awareness. Pakistan has also partnered with international agencies like the UNDP, World Bank, and Red Crescent Society for technical and financial support in disaster response. The military and civil defense
- 56. forces play acrucial role in rescue and rehabilitation during emergencies. To reduce environmental hazards, several preventive measures can be taken. Firstly, afforestation and reforestation programs should be expanded to prevent floods and landslides. Secondly, urban planning should avoid construction in flood-prone or seismic zones. Thirdly, public awareness campaigns and school-based disaster education can prepare citizens for emergencies. The government should also invest in early warning systems, climate monitoring, and emergency shelters in vulnerable areas. Proper maintenance of drainage systems, construction of dams, and efficient water management can mitigate flood and drought risks. Strict enforcement of environmental laws is necessary to reduce human-made hazards like pollution and deforestation.
- 57. In conclusion, disastermanagement in Pakistan requires a coordinated national effort supported by strong institutions, community participation, and environmental protection. By integrating disaster risk reduction with sustainable development, Pakistan can build resilience and safeguard lives, property, and natural resources for future generations.