mycoremediation.pptx
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This document discusses mycoremediation, which is the process of using fungi to degrade or remove toxic materials from the environment. It describes how fungi produce enzymes that can break down pollutants like chlorinated pesticides, heavy metals, and hydrocarbons. Specifically, it focuses on the abilities of white rot fungi, which produce enzymes that break down lignin and can more efficiently degrade compounds than other microorganisms. Examples are given of mushrooms like oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms that have been used to break down pollutants like DDT, PAHs, and pentachlorophenol. The document also lists some advantages and disadvantages of using mycoremediation for bioremediation.
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mycoremediation.pptx
- 1. GURU GHASIDAS VISHWAVIDYALAYA PRESENTED BY – SAIKAT JANA M.Sc 1st sem ROLL NO. - 21059132 TOPIC – MYCOREMEDIATION GUIDED BY – Dr. PREETI VERMA
- 2. BIOREMEDIATION : Bioremediation is a process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganism that degrade the target pollutants. Bioremediation mainly three types – 1. Mycoremediation 2. Phytoremediation 3. Bacterial remediation MYCOREMEDIATION : Mycoremediation is the process of degrading or removing toxic materials from the environment using fungi. INTRODUCTION
- 3. Fungi are the important decomposers in the natural environment. Fungi have proven to modify soil permeability and soil ion exchange to detoxify contaminated soil. They create enzymes to degrade plant polymers such as cellulose , hemicellulose and lignin. These enzymes break bond between hydrogen and carbon. As a result, mycoremediation may break down certain chemicals such as chlorinated pesticides which tend to persist in the environment. USE OF FUNGI
- 4. Fungi form four basic ecological roles; i. Decomposers, ii. Mycorrhizal interaction, iii. Parasites, iv. Food source. Of these processes it is the ability of fungi to decompose that forms the integral part of mycoremediation, a process recognised as 'mycodegredation'. There is large characteristic variation between strains of fungi, with different strains able to breakdown and metabolise different compounds. They remove heavy metals from land by channeling them to fruit bodies for removal. They essentially use and digest these toxins as nutrients. ROLE OF FUNGI
- 5. WHITE ROT FUNGI The most developed branch of mycoremediation is concerned with 'white rot fungi'. The white rot fungi are taxonomically similar group of fungi which produce enzymes that break down lignin and other similar multi-chained compounds. Lignin is a complex chemical compound which is most commonly derived from wood, forming an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants. After the discovery of the extracellular oxidative ligninolytic enzymes of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium, proposed the use of this fungus for bioremediation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium has the ability to degrade toxic or insoluble compounds more efficiently than other fungi or microorganisms.
- 7. Oyster mushrooms can break down 80% of DDT in 28 days. The oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus to metabolise multiple pollutant Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Pleurotus ostreatus has a remarkable resistance to salty conditions, so it is able to grow and reproduce in sea water. Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom) can degrade pentachlorophenol (PCP), a broad-spectrum biocide that is more toxic than DDT. There has been great interest by the public and government in using this technology to treat polluted environments in the wake of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill. Aged mycelium from oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) mixed in with ‘compost' made from woodchips and yard waste resulted in far better degradation of hydrocarbons than oyster mushroom mycelium or compost alone. USE OF MUSHROOM
- 8. ADVANTAGES OF MYCOREMEDIATION : 1) Public acceptance: Natural system does not introduce any corrosives or other chemicals for clean up. 2)Safety: Safer than most other alternatives and it does not require digging up contaminated products, and disposing of it at waste sites. Additionally, the process does not produce secondary waste streams that require additional cleanup after the initial remediation. 3) Quiet: The technology is quieter than many alternatives, there are no structures, no machinery, and no noise. The system takes a day to set up, much like a landscaping project, and then left to do its work. 4) Low maintenance: There is minimal handling and low maintenance of sites treated with fungi.
- 9. 5) Reusable end products: The end product of mycoremediation is nontoxic. The enriched and cleaned soil can be used for landscaping, road underlayment, or other purposes. 6) Low cost: The cost of using mycoremediation is relatively low in comparison to other technologies, as it does not require building of new structures to house and process materials. 7) Flexible: The size of the application can vary without any problem, and can be the size of a bucket, to acres across. Additionally, fungal treatments can work in almost any habitat and season. 8) Fast: The technology shows immediate results. There is immediate mitigation of odor and visible improvement to a site. For end results, mycoremediation is quicker than other technologies, such as phytoremediation and bacterial bioremediation. These treatments may require one to three years or more, and cannot address all the contaminants that fungus can attack. Fungal treatment requires weeks to months.
- 10. DISADVANTAGES OF MYCOREMEDIATION 1) Still in testing: Organizations that currently want to use the technology for cleanup are finding it a hard sell to their decision makers, as it is a technology that is unproven, and often times, those decision makers want to rely on proven technologies. 2) Applicability: There are many approaches to remediation; and certain ones are suitable in particular situations. 3) Efficiency level: Biological systems are never 100% efficient, which is difficult for some end-users to understand. 4) Surrounding environment: The use of a natural system can run into problems with the competitive natural environment in some areas, or with seasonal efficiency in extreme habitats.
- 11. Mycoremediation has a wide range of applications. 1) INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER : Yeasts and fungi are used extensively to reduce the strength of a wide variety of food processing waste water. The most commonly used yeast is Candida utilis, because of its ability to utilize a wide variety of carbon and nitrogen sources, its capacity to grow rapidly in high yields, and its tolerance of low pH. Fungi have the ability to convert biodegradable organic matter into a mycelium that not only has a high enough protein content to be valuable as an animal feed supplement. APPLICATIONS
- 12. 2) DISTILLERY AND BREWERY WASTES: Distillery waste water is produced as a result of distillation of ethanol produced in the fermentation of carbohydrates, which pose considerable problems in disposal or treatment. Various strains of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are most widely used because of their good growth rate and high ethanol tolerance. S. cerevisiae has been shown to tolerate ethanol concentrations of up to 23% when grown under proper nutrient conditions. 3) METABOLISM OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS. 4) DEGRADATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS .
- 14. THANK YOU