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Myofascial pain syndrome
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- 2. What is Myofascialpain syndrome? • Often overlooked • Central feature – MYOFASCIAL TRIGGER POINTS so named because its stimulation is like pulling the trigger of a gun, producing effects at another place (target) called the reference zone Myofascial pain syndrome is defined as pain of muscular origin that originates in a painful site in muscle
- 3. History of Pain •Acute/Chronic • Dull, deep, aching • Mimics radicular/visceral pain • Often referred to head/ neck/ leg/ hip
- 4. Some predisposers • Historyof remote injury relevant • Postural stress, muscle imbalance, overuse • Iron deficiency • Hypothyroidism • Low Vit D • Low B12 • Parasitic infections
- 5. • Certain effectsof sex hormones on pain mechanisms • Estradiol modulates NMDA receptor in dorsal horn increasing nociceptive response • Estradiol modulates excitability of primary sensory afferent nerves Gender differences???
- 6. ETIOLOGY How a triggeris formed Mechanism for tenderness and referred pain
- 7. Substance P Bradykinin Serotonin Cytokines HISTAMINE Intracellular Ca Muscle fibre contraction Achrelease SNS Ischemia Hypoxia
- 8. Central sensitization Central nervoussystem modulates afferent nociceptive activity • SENSITIZATION to peripheral noxious stimuli in DORSAL HORN NEURONS Substance P enhances activation
- 9. Central sensitization Dorsal hornneuron nociceptive impulses rostrally activation of somatosensory cortex interprets all input as coming from receptive field of that neuron (expanded due to sensitization)
- 10. On Examination • IdentifyMTrP • Can be active or latent
- 11. Taut Band Central TrP •Tight/hard muscle band • Palpated perpendicular to fibre direction • Once identified, palpate (pincer grasp) to find area of greatest hardness (it is most tender) = centre/heart of TrP • Compression at least for 5-10 seconds -Induces RP/LTR
- 12. Normal Fibres Contraction knots Thepurpose of locating the area of greatest hardness in the taut band, which is also the area of greatest tenderness, is that THIS IS THE AREA TO BE TREATED • Contains numerous electrically active loci and numerous contraction knots • Sarcomeres within contraction knot are markedly shorter and wider
- 13. Additional characteristics Mechanical stimulationof taut band local contraction Local Twitch Response • Should be differentiated from DTR (entire muscle contracts) • LTR = brief, 25-250 ms, high amplitude polyphasic electrical discharge • For LTR, intact spinal reflex arc is needed • Unique to TrP
- 14. Additional characteristics Referred pain LimitedROM • Due to pain on lengthening affected muscle • Examination gives clue about which muscle has TrP
- 15. Additional characteristics Weakness • Oftenbut not always present • Reversed when TrP is inactivated Autonomic changes • Vascular dilatation and constriction erythema/blanching/warmth/cool areas in distribution of nerve innervating involved muscle
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- 17. • Located ontaut muscle band • Exquisite Tenderness at a point on it • Reproduction of patients pain • Local twitch response • Referred pain • Produces weakness • Restricted ROM • Autonomic activity Essential for diagnosis Simmonds et al
- 18. Diagnostic inactivation When thereis doubt clinically • Manually • Laser • Dry needling • TrP injection • An immediate unequivocal decrease in pain is good evidence
- 19. Objective identification • MRelastography – differentiates tissues of varying densities • Ultrasound – localizes hypoechoic elliptical focal areas • EMG – Signature signal - persistant low amplitude, high frequency discharge in the active TrP - spontaneous electrical activity
- 20. Lab investigations • Notvery usefu for diagnosis • Can identify predisposers • Anemia • Hypothyroidism • Vit D • Vit B12 • Parasitic infections
- 21. Differential diagnosis of REGIONALPAIN SYNDROMES
- 22. HEAD AND NECK •Headache • Dizziness • Neurological signs • ROM neck is painful • Upper trapezius • Levator scapulae • Posterior cervical msc • SCM • Facial muscles like masseter
- 23. SHOULDER • ACJ dysfunction •Rotator cuff signs • Impingement • Trapezius • Supraspinatus • Levator scapulae • Infraspinatus • Rhomboids • Subscapularis • Teres Major Minor • Pectorals • Lats dorsi • Deltoid
- 24. CHEST PAIN • Historyand signs of esophageal disease • Cardiac disease (angina) • Pectoralis Major • Abd obliques • Rectus femoris • Back muscles
- 25. LOW BACK • Spondyloarthropathis •Spondylolisthesis • PIVD • Spinal stenosis • Psoas • Quadratus lumborum • Paraspinals • Abd obliques • Rectii
- 26. PELVIS/HIP • Internal organdisease (painful bladder, IBS, endometriosis) • Radicular pain from LS spine • Abdominal msc • Psoas • Quadratus lumborum • Piriformis • Adductors • Hams (specially upper Semitendinosis)
- 27. KNEE • Intrinsic jointdisease • Radiculopathy • Vastus medialis, lateralis • Hamstring, gastrocnemius
- 28. ANKLE/FOOT • Intrinsic jointdisease • Radiculopathy • Anterior and posterior leg muscles • Gastroc-soleus • Tibialis anterior • Foot intrinsics
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- 30. • Education • Pharmacologicalmanagement • Non pharmacological • Avoid unnecessary tests • Recognize and address underlying factors • Importance of sleep, cardiovascular fitness, body mechanics
- 31. • NSAIDs • Musclerelaxants • BZDs • Antidepressants • Tramadol • Lidocaine patch • Education • Pharmacological management • Non pharmacological
- 32. • Exercise • Posturaland ergonomic modifications • Stress reduction • Acupuncture • Massage • Ultrasound • Needling • Botulinum toxin • Education • Pharmacological management • Non pharmacological
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