Nano particles
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The document is a comprehensive overview of nanoparticles, including their classification, synthesis methods, physicochemical properties, and applications across various fields such as medicine, manufacturing, and environmental cleanup. It highlights the significance of nanotechnology in drug delivery and discusses the distinctions between top-down and bottom-up synthesis techniques. Ultimately, nanoparticles are presented as a promising avenue for advancements in biopharmaceuticals and other industries.
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Nano particles
- 1. NANOPARTICLES Mr. RAJENDRA SINGH Jr. Biotechnology Network
- 2. SYNOPSIS:- 1. Introduction 2. History of Nanotechnology 3. Classification of Nano-particles I. Carbon- based NPs II. Metal NPs III. Ceramics NPs IV. Semiconductor NPs V. Polymeric NPs VI. Lipid-based NPs 4. Methods of Nanoparticle Synthesis I. Top-down Syntheses II. Bottom-up Syntheses 5. Physicochemical properties of NPs 6. Application of NPs 7. Conclusion 8. References
- 3. 1. INTRODUCTION:- Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter at the scale of 1 billionth of a meter (i.e., 10 − 9 m = 1 nm). Is also the study of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale. In general, the size of a nanoparticle spans the range between 1 and 100 nm. There have been made various revolutionary materials of developments in the field of nanotechnology
- 4. FATHER OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Richard Feynman “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” December 29, 1959 Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
- 5. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF NPs:- I. Carbon- based NPs - Fullerenes and carbon nanotube (CNTs) represented two major classes of carbon-based NPs. Fullerenes contain nanomaterial that are made of globular hollow cage such as allotropic forms of carbon. Figure :- Different form of Fullerenes/buck balls (A) C60 and (B) C70.
- 6. Figure :- Rolling of graphite layer into single – walled and multi-walled CNTs.
- 7. II. Metal NPs – Metal NPs are purely made of the metals precursors. Due to well-known localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics, these NPs possess unique optoelectrical properties. NPs of the alkali and noble metals i.e. Cu, Ag and Au have a broad absorption band in the visible zone of the electromagnetic solar spectrum. The facet, size and shape controlled synthesis of metal NPs is important in present day cutting –edge materials. Fig :- Color dependence of Au NPs on size and shape .
- 8. III. Ceramics NPs – • Ceramics NPs are inorganic nonmetallic solids, synthesized via heat and successive cooling. • They can be found in amorphous, polycrystalline, dense, porous or hollow forms. IV. Semiconductor NPs – • Semiconductor materials possess properties between metals and nonmetals and therefore they found various applications in the literature due to this property. • They are very important materials in photocatalysis, photo optics and electronic devices. V. Polymeric NPs – • These are normally organic based NPs and in the literature a special term polymer nanoparticle (PNP) collective used for it. • They are mostly nanospheres or nanocapsular shaped.
- 9. VI. Lipid- based NPs – • These NPs contain lipid moieties and effectively using in many biomedical applications. • Generally, a lipid NP is characteristically spherical with diameter ranging from 10 to 1000 nm. • Like polymeric NPs, lipid NPs possess a solid core made of lipid and a matrix contains soluble lipophilic molecules. 5. METHODS OF NANO PARTICLE SYNTHESIS – Various methods can be employed for the synthesis of NPs, but these methods are broadly divided into two main classes-
- 10. Nanoparticle (NPs) Preparation Methods Bottom-Up Syntheses Top-Down Syntheses 1. Spinning 2. Template support synthesis 3. Plasma or flame spraying synthesis 4. Laser pyrolysis 5. CVD 6. Atomic or molecular condensation Biological Synthesis via Bacteria, yeasts, fungi, algae, plants ect. 1. Mechanical Milling 2. Chemical etching 3. Sputtering 4. Laser ablation 5. Electro- explosion
- 11. I. Top-down syntheses :- In this method, destructive approach is employed. Starting from larger molecule, which decomposed into smaller units and then these units are converted into suitable NPs. Examples of this method are grinding/milling, CVD, physical vapor deposition (PVD) and other decomposition techniques.
- 12. II. Bottom-up syntheses:- This approach is employed in reverse as NPs are formed from relatively simpler substances, therefore this approach is also called building up approach. Examples of this case are sedimentation and reduction techniques. It includes sol gel, green synthesis, spinning, and biochemical synthesis. Fig :- (A) Bottom-up approach, (B) Top-down approach.
- 13. 6. PHYSIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NPs – various physicochemical properties such as large surface area, mechanically strong, optically active and chemically reactive make NPs unique and suitable applicants for various applications. Fig :- Graphical illustration exemplifying the localized surface plasmon (LSPR) on nanoparticle outer surface.
- 14. 7. APPLICATION OF NPs – i. Applications in drugs and medications- • Nano-sized inorganic particles of either simple or complex nature, display unique, physical and chemical properties. • Represent an increasingly important material in the development of novel nanodevices which can be used in numerous physical, biological, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications • Researchers are testing the use of chemotherapy drugs attached to nanodiamonds to treat brain tumors. ii. Applications in manufacturing and materials- • Ceramic silicon carbide nanoparticles dispersed in magnesium produce a strong, lightweight material. • Silicate nanoparticles can be used to provide a barrier to gasses (for example oxygen), or moisture in a plastic film used for packaging. This could slow down the process of spoiling or drying out in food.
- 15. iii. Applications in the environment – • Researchers are using photocatalytic copper tungsten oxide nanoparticles to break down oil into biodegradable compounds. • Iron nanoparticles are being used to clean up carbon tetrachloride pollution in ground water. iv. Applications in energy and electronics – • Researchers have used nanoparticles called nanotetrapods studded with nanoparticles of carbon to develop low cost electrodes for fuel cells. • This electrode may be able to replace the expensive platinum needed for fuel cell catalysts. • The "solar steam device" is intended to be used in areas of developing countries without electricity for applications such as purifying water or disinfecting dental instruments.
- 16. OLAY MOISTURIZERS (Proctor and Gamble) ABRAXANE (American Biosciences, Inc.) Rapamune (Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories) EMEND (Merck & Co. Inc)
- 17. 8. CONCLUSION – Nanoparticles are one of the novel drug delivery systems, which can be of potential use in controlling and targeting drug delivery as well as in cosmetics textiles and paints. Judging by the current interest and previous successes, nanoparticulate drug delivery systems seems to be a viable and promising strategy for the biopharmaceutical industry. 9. REFERENCES – • www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/nanoparticles-and-itsapplications- field-pharmacy • Nanoparticles –A Review by VJ Mohanraj & Chen Y, Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 2006; 5(1): 561-573 • Google.com(images) • Jain N. K., Controlled and novel Drug Delivery, 1st edition 2001, CBS Publication; 292 - 301.