Uploaded byDr. Kanwal Deep Singh Lyall
Nano technology
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale between 1 to 100 nanometers. It has applications in medicine such as using quantum dots for cancer detection, magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, and nanochips that can detect DNA sequences. However, there are also environmental concerns as some nanoparticles may harm beneficial bacteria and more research is needed to fully understand health impacts. The goal is to develop technologies like nanoassemblers that can build nanoprobes on a large scale and nanorobots that can distinguish between cell types for medical applications.
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Introduction to nanotechnology by Dr. Kanwal Deep Singh Lyall, M.D. Microbiology.
Nanotechnology studies materials at 1-100 nm dimensions; key examples include carbon atoms and human hair size.
Chronological developments in nanotechnology from ancient sulfide crystals to modern initiatives like the National Nanotechnology Initiative.
Two main approaches: Bottom-up (molecular assembly) and Top-down (large-scale structures).
Three categories: Bionanotechnology, Nanoelectronics, and Nanomaterials, focusing on properties and applications.
Nanomedicine aims to cure diseases, improve drug delivery, and provide therapeutic options with targeting capabilities.
Nanoparticles enhanced diagnostic capabilities, featuring Quantum Dots for imaging and detection of biomolecules.
Applications of cantilevers, gold nanoparticles, and magnetic nanoparticles in medical testing and detection.
Innovative applications of nano barcodes, nanowires, and nanochips in diagnostics and electronics.
Microfluidics utilize nanotechnology for efficient DNA analysis, combining multiple processes on a chip.
Development of nanorobots for health monitoring, powered by local glucose, designed to protect the human body.
Goals for nanoassembler technology and potential environmental and security concerns related to nanomaterials.
Conclusion section thanking the audience for their attention.
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Nano technology
- 1. Nano technology Dr. KanwalDeep Singh Lyall M.D. Microbiology
- 2. •Introduction •History •Categorization •Applications •Nanomedicine - Quantumdots Cantilever Gold nanoparticles Magnetic nanoparticles Nanobarcodes Nanowires Nanochips Lab on chip Nanorobots •MEMS •Goals •Environmental concerns
- 3. Nanotechnology is afield which deals with materials and systems having at least one dimension in the range of 1-100 nanometer(1nm=10-9 ). •Study of control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale. •The prefix “nano” is a Greek word for “dwarf” •One nanometer (nm) is equal to one-billionth of a meter •About a width of 6 carbon atoms or 10 water molecules •A human hair is approximately 80,000 nm wide •Red blood cells is 7000 nm wide •Atoms are smaller than 1 nanometer
- 4. History of nanotechnology ~2000 Years Ago – Sulfide nano crystals used by Greeks and Romans to dye hair ~ 1000 Years Ago (Middle Ages) – Gold nano particles of different sizes used to produce different colors in stained glass windows 1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” by R. Feynman 1974 – “Nanotechnology” - Taniguchi uses the term nanotechnology for the first time 1981 – IBM develops Scanning Tunneling Microscope 1985 – “Buckyball” - Scientists at Rice University and University of Sussex discover C60
- 5. 1986 – “Enginesof Creation” - First book on nanotechnology by K. Eric Drexler. Atomic Force Microscope invented by Binnig, Quate and Gerbe 1989 – IBM logo made with individual atoms 1991 – Carbon nanotube discovered by S. Iijima 1999 – “Nanomedicine” – 1st nanomedicine book by R. Freitas 2000 – “National Nanotechnology Initiative” launched
- 7. Two main approachesare used in nanotechnology: 1.Bottom up approach (simple to complex) •Materials and devices are built from molecular components which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. • Arrangement is favored due to non-covalent intermolecular forces. •DNA nanotechnology utilizes the specificity of Watson Crick base pairing to construct well defined structures out of DNA and other nucleic acids
- 8. 2.Top-down approach • Nano-objectsare constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control . •A number of physical phenomena become pronounced as the size of the system decreases •Include statistical mechanical effects, as well as quantum mechanical effects. •Solid state techniques can also be used to create devices known as NEMS
- 9. Nanotechnology categorized as: Bionanotechnology- deals with interfacing functional biomolecules with available devices for development of devices with higher performance in terms of selectivity, sensitivity and economics. Nanoelectronics - deals with miniaturization of present submicron semiconductor technology with feature size below 10nm. Nanomaterials - take advantage of entirely different chemical, physical, optical and electronic properties of nanoparticles than bulk material.
- 11. Medical Nanotechnology Nanomedicine -application of nanotechnology in medicine, including to cure diseases and repair damaged tissues such as bone, muscle, and nerve Key goals for nanomedicine •To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. Cancer) through the utilisation of nanotechnology •To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of targeted drug delivery systems
- 12. Diagnostic •Imaging •Quantum Dots •Microscopic sampling •Detectionof airway abnormalities Application of nanotechnology in medicine
- 13. Therapeutic •Delivering medication tothe exact location •Killing of bacteria, viruses & cancer cells •Repair of damaged tissues •Oxygen transport •Skin and dental care •Augmentation of immune system •Treatment of Atherosclerosis
- 14. Diagnostic nanotechnology Nanoparticles possesscertain size-dependent properties, particularly with respect to optical and magnetic parameters, that can be manipulated to achieve a detectable signal . The primary event in most nanoparticle-based assays is the binding of a nanoparticle label or probe to the target biomolecule that will produce a measurable signal characteristic of the target biomolecules. A variety of probes have been used for this purpose, including QDs, nanoshells, and metal nanoparticles
- 15. Quantum Dots QDs aresemiconductor nanocrystals (2–8 nm) , characterized by strong light absorbance, that can be used as fluorescent labels for biomolecules. Structure Semiconductor nanocrystals typically composed of a core semiconductor enclosed in a shell of another semiconductor with a larger spectral band-gap; a third silica shell can be added for water solubility Applications Multiplexed diagnostics; immunoassays; immunohistochemical assays; neurotransmitter detection; cellular imaging Toxicity Risk of leakage of toxic core semiconductor materials into host system or into environment on disposal
- 16. Schematic diagram ofa multiplex QD-based assay. •Multiple antigens (Ag) can be labeled by use of primary antibodies (Ab)conjugated to QDs with different sizes. •One antibody may be biotinylated and detected with a streptavidin-coated QD. •On excitation, QDs will have different emission maxima based on their sizes.
- 17. Cantilevers . Typical AFM setup Amicro fabricated cantilever with a sharp tip is deflected by features on a sample surface, much like in a phonograph but on a much smaller scale. A laser beam reflects off the backside of the cantilever into a set of photo detectors, allowing the deflection to be measured and assembled into an image of the surface Cantilevers Small beams –function by means of nanomechanical deflections cantilever arrays can detect molecular targets without the targets being labeled. Structure Micro machined silicon cantilevers similar to those used in atomic force microscope.
- 18. •DNA detection byhybridization •PSA detection •Salmonella enterica Cardiac troponins Toxicity No particular toxicity concerns Applications •Protein and DNA detection and quantification
- 19. Gold Nanoparticles -are associatedcolloids (3 to 100 nm) - rather stable and whose properties can be easily tailored by chemically modifying their surfaces. Structure Gold nanoshells consist of concenteric sphere nanoparticles with a dielectric core (gold sulphide or silica) surrounded with a thin gold shell Applications Immunoassays;detection of infectious agents by dna hybridisation Toxicity No particular
- 22. Magnetic nanoparticles •Label choiceis made so that its interaction with the analyte gives a magnetic signal. •Detection of label is done by magnetometer •High sensitivity - detect subtle modifications in magnetic character. • Ability to detect circulating cancer cells and microorganisms
- 23. Nano Barcodes •Sequential electrochemicaldeposition of metal ions to give submicrometer metallic barcodes whose differential reflectivity can lead to identification of the unique striping patterns by light microscopy •Used for multiplexed protein assays and single-nucleotide variation (SNP)mapping; • Does not interfere with use of fluorescence labeling
- 24. Nanowires and nanotubes •Similarto other nanoparticles, e.g., gold and QDs, but are characterized by having different shapes, thus allowing for different interactions with different entities and more unique signals •Can be associated with almost any chemical or biological recognition system; • allow real-time detection; •analyte-independent; •suitable for the use; in vivo diagnostics Applications in nanodevices •Nanoscale sensors •Solar cells •Transistors,diodes,lasers
- 25. Nanochip • employs thepower of an electronic current that separates DNA probes to specific sites on the array based on charge and size. • Once these probes are on specific sites of the nanochip, the test sample (blood) can then be analyzed for target DNA sequences by hybridization with these probes. •DNA molecules that hybridize with target DNA sequences fluoresce, detected and relayed back to an onboard system through platinum wiring that is present within the chip. •Detects within minutes(E.coli-4mins)
- 26. Microfluidics(lab on achip) •Composed of microfabricated fluidic channels, heaters, temperature sensors, electrophoretic chambers, and fluorescence detectors to analyze nanoliter-size DNA samples. •DNA sample is completely unknown • Combination of numerous processes of DNA analysis are combined on a single chip( single glass and silicon substrate.)
- 27. •Capable of measuringaqueous reagent and DNA-containing solutions, mixing the solutions together, • Amplifying or digesting the DNA to form discrete products, • And then separating and detecting those products Example of an integrated nanoliter device. The fluid substrate moves from one chamber to the next for processing by delicate air pressure controls.
- 28. MEMS-microelectromechanical systems •Allow bothelectronic circuits and mechanical devices to be manufactured on a silicon chip, •MEMS do not require reagents or a fluidity based substrate to react upon. •Primarily used in drug-delivery systems •Swallowed capsule technology pills that allow doctors to visualize GI bleeding A camera the size of a pill that contains metal oxide semiconductor particles
- 29. Nanorobots •Future nanodevices formaintaining and protecting human body against pathogens •Diameter of 0.5-3 microns •Will be constructed out of parts with dimensions in range of 1-100nm •Powering of nanorobots can be done by metabolising local glucose and oxygen for energy •Will have simple onboard computers capable of performing around 1000 or fewer computations per second •Will distinguish between different cell types by checking their surface antigens •Can be retrieved by allowing them to exfuse themselves via usual human excretory channels
- 32. GOALS •Construction of ananoassembler(build nanoprobes on a grand scale) •Self replication of nanoprobes-mitosis HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT CONCERNS •Silver nanoparticles(bacteriostatic) destroy beneficial bacteria imp for breaking down organic matter in waste treatment plants •The Center for Responsible Nanotechnology suggests that new developments could result, among other things, in untraceable weapons of mass destruction, networked cameras for use by the government, and weapons developments fast enough to destabilize arms races
- 33.