Nanomedicine

By: Dr. Shruthi Rammohan
2nd Year PG
Pharmacology
RRMCH

Nanoparticle
Applications
Industrial
Healthcare &
Medicine
Electronics &
Computers
Food &
Agriculture
Textiles
Environment

 INTRODUCTION
 THERAPEUTICS
 NANOTOXICOLOGY
 FUTUREVISION

 A prefix meaning “extremely small”
 Translates to “one billionth”
 Greek origin “nanos” meaning “dwarf”
 Denotes a factor of 10-9 or 0.000000001

NANOTECHNOLOGY
 The use and application of materials
with sizes in the nanometer range
NANOPARTICLE
 A microscopic particle of matter that is
measured on the nanoscale
(1 to 100 nanometers)
NANOMEDICINE
 The branch of medicine concerned
with the use of nanotechnology

NANOTECHNOLOGY UTILIZES MATERIALS
BELOW 1,000 NANOMETERS!!!

 Just as a millimeter is one-thousandth of a meter,
a nanometer is one-millionth of a millimeter
 Diameter of Human hair
= 80,000 nanometers
 Red Blood Cells
= 8,000 nanometers
NANOTECHNOLOGY UTILIZES MATERIALS BELOW
1,000 NANOMETERS!!!

Nanoscale Materials  Increased Surface Area
Greater amount of material is in contact with surrounding materials
 HIGH REACTIVITY

Fathers of Nanomedicine
 Richard Feynman
 NorioTaniguchi
 K. Eric Drexler

 December 29th, 1959, Physicist Richard
Feynman gave a radical lecture at anAmerican
Physical Society meeting at Caltech University
entitled “There’s Plenty Of Room AtThe
Bottom.”
 Feynman suggested that it should be possible to
make machines at the nanoscale that “arrange
the atoms the way we want” and do chemical
synthesis by mechanical manipulation
 This lecture was the birth of the idea and study
of nanotechnology

 Professor NorioTaniguchi of theTokyo Science University
introduced the term “Nanotechnology” in 1974
“Nanotechnology”- Processing, separation,
consolidation and deformation of
materials by one atom or by one molecule

 In the 1980’s, Dr. K. Eric Drexler promoted the nanoscale
phenomena through books:
 Engines of Creation:The Coming Era of Nanotechnology
 Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation
 Ultimately responsible for the term
nanotechnology to acquire its current
sense

 Hollywood came out with a movie in 1966 that provided the public
with a glimpse of the future of nanoscience
 “FantasticVoyage”
 Depicts a miniaturized surgical team that was injected into a man
to operate on a blood clot in his brain

A new branch in pharmacology that is rapidly emerging
It is the application of nanotechnology to the development and
discovery of drug delivery methods
 Target Drug Delivery
 Diagnostically
 Therapeutically

Conventional Therapy Nanopharmacology
• Decreased bioavailability
• Wide and non-specific distribution
• Increased systemic toxicity
• Increased risk/benefit ratio
• Drug Resistance
• Protection of molecule from
metabolism and degradation
• Able to reach specific target site
• Reduced systemic toxicity
• Risk/benefit ratio ???
• Lower/Infrequent dosing

 Nanomedicine is the application of nanotechnology to achieve
breakthroughs in healthcare
 Enables early detection and prevention of diseases
 A new era of treatment and therapy
Overall
• Improve diagnosis and treatment
• Comprehensive monitoring, control and repair
- Of all human biological systems (molecular level)
- Using engineered devices and nanostructures
-To achieve medical benefit

Nanomedicine
Biology
Nano-
technology
Chemistry

 Imaging
 Identification
 Delivery of medication to exact
location
 Killing bacteria, viruses and cancer
cells
 Repair of damaged tissues
DIAGNOSTIC
THERAPEUTIC

 Nanoparticles are being used extensively as contrast agents in non-
invasive medical imaging tools
 CTs
 MRIs
 PETs
 Ultrasound
 Optical imaging
 Agents used:
 Nanosized metal oxides
 Dendrimers
 Quantum dots

 “Lab-on-a-chip”- In-vitro diagnostics based on a nanoscale
Advantages: Applications
- Reduced costs - Heart Disease
- Portability - Insulin Detection
- Shorter and faster analysis

 “Lab-on-a-chip” to monitor lithium medication levels at home for
manic depressive patients
 Size of postage stamp
 Lower cost
 Greater convenience

 Colloidal gold particles – rapid tests for pregnancy and ovulation
 Gold shell particles – biomedical imaging
 Magnetic nanoparticles – cell sorting in clinical diagnostics
 Silica nanoparticles – diagnostic imaging
 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles – MRI
 Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles – detection ofAlzheimer
plaques

Drug Delivery forms under investigation
 Dendrimers
 Nanoshells
 Liposomes
 Micelles
 Quantum Dots
 Nanocrystals

 Manmade molecules
 Tree like structure
 many small branching molecules
around a central core molecule
 2-20 nm
 Applications:
 Cancer cell recognition
 Diagnosis of cancer
 Drug delivery
 Reporting drug levels in tumors
 Reporting cancer cell death

 Examples:
 Doxorubicin IV
 Flurbiprofen IV
 Methotrexate IV
 Piroxicam IV

 Core of silica with metallic outer layer (usually gold)
 Linked to antibodies that recognize tumor cells
 Application:
 Once the cancer cells
take up the nanoshells,
an infrared light is
applied and taken up by
the nanoshells.
 Intense heat is created
which selectively kills the
tumor cells only and not the
neighboring healthy cells

 Small spherical vesicles
 200 nm or smaller
 Lipid bilayer
 Applications:
 Targeted drug delivery
 Cancer treatment

 Examples:
 Amikacin IV
 Amphotericin B IV
 Doxorubicin IV
 Paclitaxel IV
 Prednisolone IV

 Lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in an
aqueous solution
 Amphiphilic
 Hydrophobic core and hydrophilic shell
 Hydrophobic core serves as a reservoir for drug molecules

 Examples:
 Doxorubicin IV
 Paclitaxel IV
 Pilocarpine Ocular
 Tranilast Oral
 Micelles easily loaded with wide variety of poorly water soluble drug
 enhanced bioavailability
 Target drug delivery
 Targeting achieved by attaching specific ligands or antibodies
onto surface

 Examples:
 Rapamycin
 Fenofibrate
 Paclitaxel
 Silver
 Pure solid drug particles with a
size in the nanometer range
 Does not consist of any matrix
material

 Type of nanocrystal
 2-10 nm
 20 times brighter and 100 times more
stable than traditional fluorescent
dyes

Quantum
Dots
Drug
Delivery &
Cancer
Diagnostic
Imaging

 Applications
 Microscopy and multiplexed histology
 Flow cytometry
 Cellular Imaging (real-time intracellular events and cellular tracking)
 Tissue mapping and demarcation (Sentinel node)
 TumorTargeting/Staging
 Drug delivery

 Doxorubicin
 Methotrexate
 Flurbiprofen
 Piroxicam
 Paclitaxel
 Amikacin
 Amphotericin B
 Prednisolone
 Vitamin D₃

CANCER
PAIN
SUNSCREEN
AGENTS
ANTIBIOTICS
VITAMIN D
DENTAL
CERAMICS

Branch of nanoscience dealing with the study and
application of the toxicity of nanomaterials

Key Factors in the Interaction with Biological Systems:
 Size & Shape
 Surface Area
 Nanoparticle dose
 Solubility

INCREASEDTOXICITY DUETO QUANTUM SIZE EFFECTS
As particle size decreases, surface area to volume ratio increases 
highly active
Nanotoxicological studies intended to determine to what extent
these properties pose a threat to human beings

 Oxidative Stress
 PRIMARYCAUSE OF NANOTOXICITY
 Induced production of Reactive Oxygen Species
 DNA damage
 Apoptosis
 Inflammation
 Accumulation of Nanoparticles
 Nanoparticles that don’t dissolve easily accumulate in different parts of the
body and persist
Toxic effects of a particular organ system

Nanoparticle Application Toxicity
• Silica Nanoparticles
• Ceramic Nanoparticles
• Superparamagnetic Iron
Oxide Nanoparticles
• Gold Shell Nanoparticles
•Titanium dioxide
• Silver Nanoparticles
• Carbon Nanoparticles
-Drug Delivery
-Diagnostic Imaging
-Cancer Drug Delivery
-MRI contrast
-Cancer Drug Carriers
-Biomedical Imaging and
Therapeutics
-CancerTherapeutics
-Antibacterial Agents
-Drug Dellivery
-Platelet Aggregation
-ReproductiveToxicity
-Oxidative Stress
-Cytotoxic Activity- Lungs,
Liver, Heart and Brain
-Oxidative Stress
-Disturbance in iron
homeostasis
-Hepatic and SplenicToxicity
-CNSToxicity
-ER Stress Response
-PulmonaryToxicity
-Intestinal Inflammation

ADVANTAGES
 Reduced degree of invasiveness
 Reduced systemic side effects of drugs
 Cost effectiveness of medical & surgical therapy
 Benefits in cancer therapy
 Reduced morbidity and mortality rates
DISADVANTAGES
 Lack of proper knowledge about nanoparticle effects on biochemical
pathways and processes of the human body
 Toxicity
 Different effects of drugs due to particle size
 Difficulty in ADR monitoring

•To detect/repair targeted damage and infections
• Biomedical instrumentation
• Nanosurgery

 Full potential of nanomedicine may be years or even decades
away
 Recent advances in nanotechnology related diagnosis, drug
delivery and drug development are beginning to change
healthcare management
 Nanotherapy could be more economically convenient,
effective and safe
ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES… ONLYTIME WILLTELL

 The British Society for Nanomedicine
http://www.britishsocietynanomedicine.org/what-is-nanomedicine.html
 Khanna P., Ong C., Bay BH., Baeg GH. Nanotoxicity: An Interplay of Oxidative Stress,
Inflammation and Cell Death. Nanomaterials. 2015. (5) 1163-80
 Review: Quantum Dots and Application in Medical Science
 Satyanarayana V., Bhandare B., Adhikary J. Nanotechnology: Medical Applications and
Health Hazards. Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013. 1(1) 5-10
 https://copublications.greenfacts.org/en/nanotechnologies/l-2/6-ealth-effects-
nanoparticles.htm
 http://images.sciencesource.com/p/16352255/Quantum-Dots-Malaria-Progression-
JC2688.html
 Nanomedicine: Meaning, Advantages and Disadvantages
 “Disadvantages of Nanomedicine”
http://mhs-nanomedicine.weebly.com/disadvantages-of-nanomedicine.html

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