Nanoparticles and their applications

Nanoparticles and their applications

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  Group members: 1. RabiaSadaqat 110 2. Attia Arif 118 3. Hajra Naseer 120 4. Imrana Shaheen 130 5. Mafia shehzadi 048 6. Fareeda Shahid 092 7. Erum Noreen 096 8. Ayesha Naseer 010 Nano particles and their applications
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  INTRODUCTION TO NANOMATERIALS: Thematerials having with an average grain size less than 100 nm in nanometeric scale are called nanomaterials. Particles having sizes in the range of 1 to 100 nm are termed as nanoparticles and the applications of Nano-sized particles is called nanotechnology. One billion nanometers equals to one meter. A single particle of smoke size is 1,000 nm and a human hair is 100,000 nm thick.
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  HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: Richard Feynman: 1959,entitled 'There's plenty of Room at the Bottom He presented ideas for creating Nano-scale machines to manipulate, control and image material at atomic scale. Tokyo Science University professor Norio Taniguchi: 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with nanometre tolerance (Top- down approach). He coined the term nanotechnology
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  CONTINUES…..  K EricDrexler:  1986, discussed Bottom-up approach of nanomaterials in his book "Engines of Creation".  Nanotechnology and Nano-Science got started in early1980's with two major developments  Birth of cluster science:  Invention of Scanning Tunneling Microscope by Gerd Binnig and Rohrer in 1981  In 1986, Atomic Force Microscope was invented.
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  WHY NANOMATERIALS? Nanotechnology exploitsbenefits of ultra small size, enabling he use of particles to deliver a range of important benefits. Small particles are invisible: transparent coatings/ Films are attainable Small particles are very weight efficient: Surface can be modified with minimal material large particle do not cover much surface area while nanoparticles provide thorough coverage(1 x 106 times more).
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  TYPES: Carbon based nanomaterials 1.Use in application of Carbon nanomaterials. 2. These are Allotropes of carbon. 3. They have long and thin cylinders of carbon formed by rolling of graphite sheet(graphene) Metal based nanomaterials 1. Metal ions present in solution are converted to zerovalent metal. Then it reduces and give rise to nanoparticles. 2. old,silver and Platinum are common examples of MBNs.
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  CONTINUES….. Composite based nanomaterials 1.Composite material are formed by combining two or more materials that usually have several different properties. 2. Two types of nanocomposites i. Natural composites ii. Synthetic composites Dendrimers 1. Nano molecules starting from a multifunctional core unit. 2. Dendrons are defined as the branched structure
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  APPROACHES FOR SYNTHESISOF NANOPARTICLES: Nanomaterial attracted great deal of attraction. Techniques have been developed to synthesis the nanomaterials. Nanomaterials performance depends on their properties. Two general approaches for synthesis of nanoparticles.
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  CONTINUES … Top down: Breaking downmatter into more basic building blocks. Frequently uses chemical or thermal methods. Bottom up Building complex system by combining simple atomic-level components.
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  SYNTHESIS: Ultrasound Hydrothermal synthesis Microwave Spark discharge Inertgas condensation Laser ablation Sputtering Sol-gel Biological synthesis
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  Surface to volumeratio. High thermal conductivity High mechanical strength Highly mobile in free state. They have enormous specific surface area. Uneven distribution of electron leads to magnetic properties. Nanomaterial absorb more solar energy in photovoltaic cell due to its smaller size. Metal nanoparticles have unique light scattering properties. Properties:
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  APPLICATI ONS:
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  BIOMEDICAL AND DRUGDELIVERY:  Gold nanoparticles as probes for the detection of targeted sequences of nucleic acids. Better imaging and diagnostic tools enabled by nanotechnology. Nanoparticle that mimics the body’s “good” cholesterol, known as HDL which helps to shrink plaque. Development of novel gene sequencing technologies that enable single-molecule detection. Deliver medication directly to cancer cells and minimize the risk of damage to healthy tissue. Fig: This image shows the bamboo-like structure of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for the treatment of cancer.
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  ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: Affordable, cleandrinking water through rapid, low- cost detection and treatment of impurities in water. Thin film membrane with Nano pores for energy- efficient desalination. Clean industrial water pollutants in ground water through chemical reactions. Nano fabric "paper towel" woven from tiny wires of potassium manganese oxide that can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for clean-up applications. Many airplane cabins have mechanical filtration,” in which the fibre material creates nanoscale pores that trap particles larger than the size of the pores. Able to detect and identify chemical or biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity.
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  ELECTRONICS AND ITAPPLICATIONS Smaller, faster, and better transistors mean that computer’s entire memory may be stored on a single tiny chip. MRAM is enabled by nanometre‐scale magnetic tunnel junctions and can quickly and effectively save data. Flexible, bendable, foldable, rollable, and stretchable electronics are reaching into various sectors and are being integrated into a variety of products, including wearables, medical applications, aerospace applications. Nanoparticle copper suspensions have been developed as a safer, cheaper, and more reliable alternative to lead-based solder.